{"title":"Black Carbon-Attributable Mortality and Its Disparity Across the Population Subgroups in India.","authors":"Pratima Gupta, Debajit Sarkar, Amarendra Singh, Fahad Imam, Alok Kumar, Arushi Sharma, Chandra Venkataraman, Yang Liu, Sagnik Dey","doi":"10.1029/2025GH001538","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GH001538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black carbon (BC) is an essential short-lived climate pollutant and a critical component of health-damaging fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), posing significant risks to public health and the climate system. Despite its dual impact, comprehensive assessments of population-level BC exposure, its associated mortality burden, and its disparities across population subgroups remain limited in India. We used an advanced machine learning algorithm to estimate annual BC mass concentration at a 1-km × 1-km spatial scale from 2016 to 2021. Following the global burden of disease (GBD) framework, we integrated the meta-analysis-derived risk estimates with demographic and epidemiologic attributes and estimated BC-attributable all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory mortality (per 100,000 population). Further, utilizing the socio-demographic information from the National Family Health Survey, we assessed the disparity in BC exposure and attributable burden across sub-populations. Annual population-weighted BC exposure varied from 0.4 to 13.7 μg/m<sup>3</sup> in India between 2016 and 2021. While BC exposure remained stagnant over the years, its disparity across most demographic subgroups has diminished in recent years. We estimated annual BC-attributable all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory mortality (per 100,000 population) to be 133 (95% uncertainty intervals: 113-155), 7 (5-9), and 9 (5-14), respectively. BC-attributable mortality was found to be higher among females, other backward classes, and economically deprived subgroups than their demographic counterparts. Our results demonstrate that prioritizing BC emission reduction would improve ambient air quality, result in a larger health benefit (for every unit reduction in concentration), and slow down regional warming, thereby creating a win-win situation for India.</p>","PeriodicalId":48618,"journal":{"name":"Geohealth","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2025GH001538"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13179582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeohealthPub Date : 2026-05-13eCollection Date: 2026-05-01DOI: 10.1029/2025GH001576
Daniel Jaffe, Haebum Lee, Sheryl Magzamen, Daniel L Goldberg, Katelyn O'Dell
{"title":"Health and Regulatory Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> From Wildland Fires for 2019-2024 in the US.","authors":"Daniel Jaffe, Haebum Lee, Sheryl Magzamen, Daniel L Goldberg, Katelyn O'Dell","doi":"10.1029/2025GH001576","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025GH001576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years the area of wildland fires has increased in the US and many regions have experienced extremely poor air quality due to smoke. We combine data for PM<sub>2.5</sub> (particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm) with a satellite product to identify smoke-influenced days and associated PM<sub>2.5</sub> for 2019-2024 from air quality monitors covering 85% of the US population. Averaged across the US, smoke is present on 14.2% of all days and increases the daily mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration on these days by 6.9 μg m<sup>-3</sup>, with a maximum of 687 μg m<sup>-3</sup>. For each region, we estimate the contribution of smoke PM<sub>2.5</sub> to emergency department visits (EDV) for asthma. While rural regions in the western US have the highest contributions of smoke to the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, larger metropolitan areas have a greater number of EDV from smoke due to greater populations. We next consider the impacts of smoke on compliance with the US annual standard for PM<sub>2.5</sub> (9.0 μg m<sup>-3</sup>). Using data for 2022-2024, out of 807 of monitors studied 174 would not meet the standard, but in the absence of smoke, only 57 of these would not meet the standard. While observed annual PM<sub>2.5</sub> has shown no significant change over the past 6 years, we find a significant decline in PM<sub>2.5</sub> when the smoke contributions are excluded.</p>","PeriodicalId":48618,"journal":{"name":"Geohealth","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2025GH001576"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13169160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147943315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeohealthPub Date : 2026-05-12eCollection Date: 2026-05-01DOI: 10.1029/2024GH001283
Julia Lee-Taylor, Zeyu Hu, Jessica Kyle, Ken Karipidis, Stuart Henderson, Robert Landolfi, Christopher M Tasich, Sasha Madronich
{"title":"Effects of Ozone-Depleting Substances on Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer Rates in Australia and the United States of America.","authors":"Julia Lee-Taylor, Zeyu Hu, Jessica Kyle, Ken Karipidis, Stuart Henderson, Robert Landolfi, Christopher M Tasich, Sasha Madronich","doi":"10.1029/2024GH001283","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024GH001283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stratospheric ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) losses and consequent increases in surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation remain a health concern due to close association with skin cancers and cataracts. This study estimated how emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) affect, via O<sub>3</sub> reductions, surface UV radiation and associated health impacts in Australia compared to the United States. We used climatological atmospheric data and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Atmospheric Health Effects Framework (AHEF) model to estimate these effects for historic and projected ODS emissions. Compared to the United States, the Australian population is potentially exposed to ca. 24% more biologically weighted UV radiation because of the closer proximity of its population to the equator, less stratospheric O<sub>3</sub> at comparable latitudes, and seasonal variations in the Earth-Sun distance. Surface UV increments owing to ODS-caused stratospheric O<sub>3</sub> depletion were largest in the 1990s, while the estimated health impacts peak several decades later at ca. 0.5% for cataracts, 1% for melanoma incidence, and 5% for keratinocyte cancer incidence (relative to 1980), and are similar in both countries. The study found that differences in population-weighted surface UV can only partly explain Australia's substantially higher incidence and mortality rates for UV-related maladies. Other factors like genetic susceptibility of skin types, exposure behaviors, and diagnosis practices likely play a role.</p>","PeriodicalId":48618,"journal":{"name":"Geohealth","volume":"10 ","pages":"e2024GH001283"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13162346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147934358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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