Soil最新文献

{"title":"Biochar reduces early-stage mineralization rates of plant residues more in coarse than fine-texture soils – an artificial soil approach","authors":"Thiago M. Inagaki, Simon Weldon, Franziska B. Bucka, Eva Farkas, Daniel P. Rasse","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1143","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Quantifying the impact of biochar on carbon persistence across soil textures is complex, owing to the variability in soil conditions. Using artificial soils with precise textural and mineral composition, we could disentangle the effects of biochar from the effects of soil particle size. We can show that biochar application significantly reduces early-stage carbon mineralization rates of plant residues in various soil textures (from 5 to 41 % clay) but more significantly in sandy soils. This finding suggests that biochar can compensate for the lack of clay in promoting C persistence in soil systems. This short report significantly contributes to understanding soil texture and biochar application interactions.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil contamination in arid environments and assessment of remediation applying surface evaporation capacitor model; a case study from the Judean Desert, Israel","authors":"Rotem Golan, Ittai Gavrieli, Roee Katzir, Galit Sharabi, Uri Nachshon","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1014","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Many of the globe arid areas are exposed to severe soil contamination events, due to the presence of highly pollutant industries in these regions. In this work a case study from the Ashalim basin, at the Judean desert, Israel was used to examine the nature of solutes and contaminants transport in sandy terraces of an ephemeral stream that was exposed to a severe pollution event. In order to to shed new light on contaminants distribution along the soil profile and transport mechanisms, in arid environments, three complimentary approaches were used: (1) Periodic on-site soil profile sampling, recording the annual solute transport dynamics; (2) Laboratory analyses and controlled experiments in a rain simulator, to characterize solutes release and transport; and (3) Numerical simulation was used to define and understand the main associated processes. The study highlights the stubborn nature of the pollutants in these natural setting that dictates they will remain near the soil surface, despite the presence of sporadic rain events. It was shown that a vertical circulation of the contaminates is occurring with soil wetting and drying cycles. The ‘surface evaporation capacitor’ concept of Or and Lehmann from 2019 was examined and compared to field measurements and numerical simulations, and found to be a useful tool to predict the fate of the contaminants along the soil profile.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifts in controls and abundance of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter fractions among subfield yield stability zones","authors":"Sam J. Leuthold, Jocelyn M. Lavallee, Bruno Basso, William F. Brinton, M. Francesca Cotrufo","doi":"10.5194/soil-10-307-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-307-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Spatiotemporal yield heterogeneity presents a significant challenge to agricultural sustainability efforts and can strain the economic viability of farming operations. Increasing soil organic matter (SOM) has been associated with increased crop productivity, as well as the mitigation of yield variability across time and space. Observations at the regional scale have indicated decreases in yield variability with increasing SOM. However, the mechanisms by which this variability is reduced remain poorly understood, especially at the farm scale. To better understand the relationship between SOM and yield heterogeneity, we examined its distribution between particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) at the subfield scale within nine farms located in the central United States. We expected that the highest SOM concentrations would be found in stable, high-yielding zones and that the SOM pool in these areas would have a higher proportion of POM relative to other areas in the field. In contrast to our predictions, we found that unstable yield areas had significantly higher SOM than stable yield areas and that there was no significant difference in the relative contribution of POM to total SOM across different yield stability zones. Our results further indicate that MAOM abundance was primarily explained by interactions between crop productivity and edaphic properties such as texture, which varied amongst stability zones. However, we were unable to link POM abundance to soil properties or cropping system characteristics. Instead, we posit that POM dynamics in these systems may be controlled by differences in decomposition patterns between stable and unstable yield zones. Our results show that, at the subfield scale, increasing SOM may not directly confer increased yield stability. Instead, in fields with high spatiotemporal yield heterogeneity, SOM stocks may be determined by interactive effects of topography, weather, and soil characteristics on crop productivity and SOM decomposition. These findings suggest that POM has the potential to be a useful indicator of yield stability, with higher POM stocks in unstable zones, and highlights the need to consider these factors during soil sampling campaigns, especially when attempting to quantify farm-scale soil C stocks.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140819148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon balance and emissions of methane and nitrous oxide during four years of moderate rewetting of a cultivated peat soil site","authors":"Kristiina Lång, Henri Honkanen, Jaakko Heikkinen, Sanna Saarnio, Tuula Larmola, Hanna Kekkonen","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-934","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> We experimented a gradual water table rise at a highly degraded agricultural peat soil site with plots of willow, forage and mixed vegetation (set-aside) in southern Finland. We measured the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) for four years. The mean annual ground water table depth was about 80, 40, 40 and 30 cm in 2019–2022, respectively. The results indicated that a 10 cm raise in the water table depth was able to slow down annual CO₂ emissions from soil respiration by 0.87 Mg CO₂-C ha^-1. CH₄ fluxes changed from uptake to emissions with a raise in the water table depth, and the maximum mean annual emission rate was 11 kg CH₄-C. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 2 to 33 kg N₂O-N ha^-1 year; they were high from bare soil in the beginning of the experiment but decreased towards the end of the experiment. Short rotation cropping of willow reached net sequestration of carbon before harvest, but all treatments and years showed net loss of carbon based on the net ecosystem carbon balance. Overall, the short rotation coppice of willow had the most favourable carbon and greenhouse gas balance over the years (10 Mg CO₂ eq. on the average over four years). The total greenhouse gas balance of the forage and set-aside treatments did not go under 27 Mg CO₂ eq. ha^-1 year^-1 highlighting the challenge in curbing peat decomposition in highly degraded cultivated peatlands.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140814333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gully rehabilitation in Southern Ethiopia – value and impacts for farmers","authors":"Wolde Mekuria, Euan Phimister, Getahun Yakob, Desalegn Tegegne, Awdenegest Moges, Yitna Tesfaye, Dagmawi Melaku, Charlene Gerber, Paul Hallett, Jo Smith","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1125","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Gully erosion can be combatted in severely affected regions like sub-Saharan Africa by a range of low-cost interventions that are accessible to affected farmers. However, for successful implementation, biophysical evidence of the effectiveness of interventions needs to be combined with buy-in and input from local communities. Working with farmers in a watershed in Southern Ethiopia, we investigated (a) the effectiveness of low-cost gully rehabilitation measures to reduce soil loss and upward expansion of gully heads, (b) how farmers and communities view gully interventions, and (c) whether demonstrating gully interventions in-context changes farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of their capacity to act. On-farm field experiments, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys were used to collect and analyze data. Three gully treatments were explored, all with riprap, one also with grass planting, and one with grass planting and check-dam integration. Over a period of 26 months these low-cost practices ceased measurable gully head expansion, whereas untreated gullies had a mean upward expansion of 671 cm resulting in a calculated soil loss of 11.0 tonnes. Farmers viewed these gully rehabilitation measures positively, apart from the high cost of input materials and technical requirements of gabion check-dams. Ongoing rehabilitation activities and on-farm trials influenced knowledge and understanding of similar gully treatments among survey respondents. On-farm experiments and field day demonstrations empowered farmers to act, addressing pessimism from some respondents about their capacity to do so.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140640095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A millennium of arable land use – the long-term impact of tillage and water erosion on landscape-scale carbon dynamics","authors":"Lena Katharina Öttl, Florian Wilken, Anna Juřicová, Pedro V. G. Batista, Peter Fiener","doi":"10.5194/soil-10-281-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-281-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In the last decades, soils and their agricultural management have received great scientific and political attention due to their potential to act as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Agricultural management has strong potential to accelerate soil redistribution, and, therefore, it is questioned if soil redistribution processes affect this potential CO2 sink function. Most studies analysing the effect of soil redistribution upon soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics focus on water erosion and analyse only relatively small catchments and relatively short time spans of several years to decades. The aim of this study is to widen this perspective by including tillage erosion as another important driver of soil redistribution and by performing a model-based analysis in a 200 km2 sized arable region of northeastern Germany for the period since the conversion from forest to arable land (approx. 1000 years ago). The spatially explicit soil redistribution and carbon (C) turnover model SPEROS-C was applied to simulate lateral soil and SOC redistribution and SOC turnover. The model parameterisation uncertainty was estimated by simulating different realisations of the development of agricultural management over the past millennium. The results indicate that, in young moraine areas, which are relatively dry but have been intensively used for agriculture for centuries, SOC patterns and dynamics are substantially affected by tillage-induced soil redistribution processes. To understand the landscape-scale effect of these redistribution processes on SOC dynamics, it is essential to account for long-term changes following land conversion as typical soil-erosion-induced processes, e.g. dynamic replacement, only take place after former forest soils reach a new equilibrium following conversion. Overall, it was estimated that, after 1000 years of arable land use, SOC redistribution by tillage and water results in a current-day landscape-scale C sink of up to 0.66 ‰ yr−1 of the current SOC stocks.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140607641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complexity of nutrient enrichment on subarctic peatland soil CO2 and CH4 production under increasing wildfire and permafrost thaw","authors":"Eunji Byun, Fereidoun Rezanezhad, Stephanie Slowinski, Christina Lam, Saraswati Saraswati, Stephanie Wright, William L. Quinton, Kara L. Webster, Philippe Van Cappellen","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1047","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> The adverse impacts of excessive soil nutrients on water quality and carbon sequestration have been recognized in tropical and temperate regions, with already widespread industrial farming and urbanization, but rarely in subarctic regions. However, recent studies have shown significant increases in porewater nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in burned subarctic peatlands and downstream waters, which is a growing concern as climate change leads to increasing wildfires, permafrost thaws, and waterlogged peatlands. In this study, we present the results of a short-term incubation experiment conducted on soils from subarctic bogs and fens, aimed at evaluating the effects of high levels of nutrients on carbon gas production rates. We divided aliquots of the peatland soil samples into separate containers and added artificial porewater to each, enriching them with dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), both, or none for controls. Overall, the fen samples showed higher carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) production rates at 1, 5, 15, and 25 °C compared to the bog samples, which we attributed to differences in soil properties and initial microbial biomass. The bog sample with added N produced more CO₂ compared to its control, while the fen sample with added P produced more CO₂ compared to its control. It was unexpected that the addition of both N and P reduced CO₂ but increased CH₄ production in both soils compared to their controls. After a month, the pore water C, N, and P stochiometric ratios approached the initial soil microbial biomass ratios, suggesting microbial nutrient recycling in an inherently nutrient-poor soil environment. These preliminary results imply a complex response of carbon turnover in peatland soils to nutrient enrichment.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140556455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The six rights of how and when to test for soil C saturation","authors":"Johan Six, Sebastian Doetterl, Moritz Laub, Claude R. Müller, Marijn Van de Broek","doi":"10.5194/soil-10-275-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-275-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The concept of soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation emerged a bit more than 2 decades ago as our mechanistic understanding of SOC stabilization increased. Recently, the further testing of the concept across a wide range of soil types and environments has led some people to challenge the fundamentals of soil C saturation. Here, we argue that, to test this concept, one should pay attention to six fundamental principles or “rights” (R's): the right measures, the right units, the right dispersive energy and application, the right soil type, the right clay type, and the right saturation level. Once we take care of those six rights across studies, we find a maximum of C stabilized by minerals and estimate based on current data available that this maximum stabilization is around 82 ± 4 g C kg−1 silt + clay for 2 : 1-clay-dominated soils while most likely being only around 46 ± 4 g C kg−1 silt + clay for 1 : 1-clay-dominated soils. These estimates can be further improved using more data, especially for different clay types across varying environmental conditions. However, the bigger challenge is a matter of which C sequestration strategies to implement and how to implement them in order to effectively reach this 82/46 g C kg−1 silt + clay in soils across the globe.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140553631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of greenhouse gas fluxes in agricultural soils with a flexible, open-design automated system","authors":"Samuel Franco-Luesma, María Alonso-Ayuso, Benjamin Wolf, Borja Latorre, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-804","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Over the last decades and due to the current climate change situation, the study of the impacts of human activities on climate has reached great importance, being agriculture one of the main sources of soil greenhouse gas. There are different techniques to quantify the soil gas fluxes, such as micrometeorological techniques or chamber techniques, being the last one capable to assess different treatment at the same site. Manual chambers are the most common one. However, due to the low sampling frequency, this approach cannot resolve short-term emission events, like fertilization or rewetting. For this reason, automated chamber systems are an opportunity to improve soil gas flux determination, but their distribution is still scarce due to the cost and challenging technical implementation. The objective of this study was to develop an automated chamber system for agricultural systems under Mediterranean conditions and compare measured GHG flux rates to those derived using manual chambers. A comparison between manual and automated chamber systems was conducted to evaluate the soil gas fluxes obtained by the automated system. Moreover, over a period of one month the soil gas fluxes were determined by both systems to compare their capabilities to capture the temporal variability of soil gas emissions. The automated system reported higher soil GHG fluxes compared to the manual chamber system. Additionally, the higher sampling frequency of the automated chamber system allowed for the capture of daily flux variations, resulting in a more accurate estimation of cumulative soil gas emissions. The study emphasises the importance of chamber dimension and shape, as well as sampling frequency, in the development of chamber systems, especially when using the manual chamber system.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140545013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling biogeographical patterns and environmental drivers of soil fungal diversity at the French national scale","authors":"Christophe Djemiel, Samuel Dequiedt, Walid Horrigue, Arthur Bailly, Mélanie Lelièvre, Julie Tripied, Charles Guilland, Solène Perrin, Gwendoline Comment, Nicolas P. A. Saby, Claudy Jolivet, Antonio Bispo, Line Boulonne, Antoine Pierart, Patrick Wincker, Corinne Cruaud, Pierre-Alain Maron, Sébastien Terrat, Lionel Ranjard","doi":"10.5194/soil-10-251-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-251-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The fungal kingdom is among the most diversified kingdoms on Earth, with estimations of up to 12 million species. However, it remains poorly understood, with only 150 000 fungal species currently described. Given the major ecological role of fungi in ecosystem functioning, these numbers stress the importance of investigating fungal diversity description across different ecosystem types. Here, we explored the spatial distribution of the soil fungal diversity on a broad geographical scale, using the French Soil Quality Monitoring Network that covers the whole French territory (2171 soils sampled along a systematic grid). Fungal alpha diversity was assessed directly from soil DNA using a meta-barcoding approach by targeting the 18S rDNA gene. The total accumulated fungal diversity across France included 136 219 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), i.e., about 1 % of worldwide soil fungal diversity (based on a maximum diversity estimate of 12 million) for a territory representing only 0.3 % of the terrestrial surface on Earth. Based on this dataset, the first extensive map of fungal alpha diversity was drawn and showed a heterogeneous and spatially structured distribution in large biogeographical patterns of 231 km radius for richness (Hill diversity of order 0) and smaller patterns of 36 km radius for dominant fungi (Hill diversity of order 2). As related to other environmental parameters, the spatial distribution of fungal diversity (Hill numbers based on different orders of diversity) was mainly influenced by local filters such as soil characteristics and land management and also by global filters such as climate conditions with various relative influences. Interestingly, cropped soils exhibited the highest pool of fungal diversity relative to forest and vineyard soils. To complement this, soil fungal OTU network interactions were calculated for the different land uses across France. They varied hugely and showed a loss of 75 % of the complexity in crop systems and grasslands compared to forests and up to 83 % in vineyard systems. Overall, our study revealed that a nationwide survey with a high spatial-resolution approach is relevant for deeply investigating the spatial distribution and determinism of soil fungal diversity. Our findings provide novel insights for a better understanding of soil fungal ecology across the 18S rDNA gene and upgrade biodiversity conservation policies by supplying representative repositories dedicated to soil fungi.","PeriodicalId":48610,"journal":{"name":"Soil","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140544760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}