Microbial Risk Analysis最新文献

{"title":"An approach to the microbiological risk ranking of cheeses","authors":"Elli Amanatidou ,&nbsp;J. Andrew Hudson ,&nbsp;Johanna Jackson ,&nbsp;Victoria Cohen ,&nbsp;Svetlozara Chobanova ,&nbsp;Marianne James ,&nbsp;Andy Axon","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) promote risk categorization approaches to assist understanding the public health risk associated with imported foods such as cheeses. A risk categorization should use information from the imported food, importer and exporting country profile to establish risk associated with imported foods. The first step involves assessing the product characteristics whilst step two is intended to consider country specific controls.</div><div>In this paper, we describe the first step in the development of a risk ranking approach using product characteristics to rank cheeses based on microbiological risk. The approach is applied to sixty types that may be commonly traded, based on an assessment of UK data on cheese imports. It uses risk factors of milk pasteurization, ripening method, and predicted pathogen growth in the finished cheese. Each risk factor was scored, and the total used to rank the cheeses with respect to the likelihood of them containing viable pathogens at the border, dependent on initial pathogen presence and potential for subsequent growth. The possible range of scores was 0 to 6. After scoring, none scored 0 or 1, and 13 scored 6.</div><div>Using international foodborne disease outbreaks and EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) notifications as benchmarks, cheese types were assigned one of four qualitative risk levels, from Very Low to High, based on their scores. These qualitative intervals did not align with trade codes, which are not risk-based, as some codes included cheeses from different risk levels. Neither was there a good correlation with Codex cheese classes, although it was noted that some very hard cheeses (e.g., Parmesan) received the lowest risk scores.</div><div>When scores were compared with outbreak and RASFF qualitative data there was a good correlation. For example, of those scored, no cheese scoring ≤3 had received a RASFF notification or caused an outbreak. Of the outbreaks associated with cheese types that were scored, 83.3 % of outbreaks implicated cheeses with a score ≥5.</div><div>For the sixty cheeses presented here, the data required for scoring were available. However, data may not be available for all cheeses. Where it is necessary to score a cheese that is lacking the necessary data, a read-across approach would be a potential solution, but this would increase associated uncertainty. The use of a standardized approach to risk ranking of cheeses produced consistent risk-based information that can be compared between cheese types but not between two classification systems (Harmonised System and Codex system). This aligns with the fact that neither classification system was designed to correlate with consumer safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biothermodynamic analysis of the Dengue virus: Empirical formulas, biosynthesis reactions and thermodynamic properties of antigen-receptor binding and biosynthesis","authors":"Marko E. Popović ,&nbsp;Maja Stevanović ,&nbsp;Vojin Tadić","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>After the experience with the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO has issued a warning about the possible causes of future pandemics. One such causative agent is the Dengue virus. Until now, we have had information mostly on biological properties of the Dengue virus and very little information about its chemical and thermodynamic properties. To be better prepared for a potential Dengue pandemic, the goal of this paper is to chemically and thermodynamically characterize the Dengue virus, as well as to describe the biophysical basis of the virus-host interactions of the Dengue virus. To that goal, the empirical formula was determined, as well as biosynthesis reactions and thermodynamic properties of antigen-receptor binding and thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis and multiplication of the Dengue virus. A model was developed of virus-host interactions between the Dengue virus and its host tissues, based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the growth probability of Clostridium Perfringens in cooked cured meat as affected by sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate","authors":"Cheng-An Hwang,&nbsp;Lihan Huang,&nbsp;Shiowshuh Sheen","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2024.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Clostridium perfringens</em> has been implicated in food poisoning outbreaks linked to cooked cured meat. Although there are regulatory requirements to prevent its growth during meat production, additional control measures may reduce the <em>C. perfringens</em> risk. This study examined the effect of sodium chloride (salt) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on the growth probability of <em>C. perfringens</em> in a cooked cured meat. Ground beef (10 % fat) was mixed with 200 ppm sodium nitrite, 1–4 % salt, and 0–1.5 % STPP and inoculated with <em>C. perfringens</em> spores. Five grams of meat were vacuum-packaged in individual bags and heated at 70 °C for 30 min to activate the spores. Ten bags from each formulation were incubated at 46 °C for 48 h. The populations of <em>C. perfringens</em> before and after incubation were enumerated to determine the growth event of <em>C. perfringens</em> (an increase of &gt;1.0 log CFU/g population after incubation) for each sample. The growth event ratios were fitted with a logistic model to develop a <em>C. perfringens</em> growth probability model as a function of the concentrations of salt and STPP. The combinations of 1 % salt and up to 1.5 % STPP were not able to prevent the growth of <em>C. perfringens</em>. For 2, 3, and 4 % salt, the growth/no growth boundaries were observed at approximately 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 % STPP, respectively. The resulting model indicates that salt and STPP were significant factors (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) affecting the growth probability of <em>C. perfringens</em>. This study identified the concentrations of salt and STPP that prevent the growth of <em>C. perfringens</em> in a cooked cured meat containing 200 ppm sodium nitrite. The model could be used for predicting the growth probability of <em>C. perfringens</em> as affected by salt and STPP concentrations and for selecting the additive concentrations that may reduce the growth probability of <em>C. perfringens</em> in cooked cured meat products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140618760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return of the forgotten nightmare: Bordetella pertussis uses a more negative Gibbs energy of metabolism to outcompete its host organism","authors":"Marko E. Popović ,&nbsp;Maja Stevanović ,&nbsp;Marijana Pantović Pavlović","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2024.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pertussis (whooping cough) has been nearly eradicated during the 20th century, first of all due to an organized and comprehensive vaccination campaign that lasted for decades. Generations of doctors educated in Serbia (and other countries) rarely had an opportunity to see the clinical picture of pertussis. However, during 2023, the number of registered cases of pertussis in Serbia has increased several times. This is why the health authorities were forced to declare danger of an epidemic. During 2023, in Belgrade, around 1000 cases were registered. During the two months of 2024, 400 cases were registered. Some of them have ended with lethal outcome. This paper reports for the first time the biosynthesis reaction and thermodynamic properties of biosynthesis (enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy) of <em>Bordetella pertussis</em>, the cause of whooping cough. Moreover, a mechanistic model of multiplication of <em>B. pertussis</em> was developed. The mechanistic model was related to the pathogenesis of pertussis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of SARS-CoV-2 to understand possible exposure to health risks in selected wastewater treatment plants located in the Eastern region of South Africa","authors":"Velisa Vuyolwethu Qongwe ,&nbsp;Kingsley Ehi Ebomah ,&nbsp;Luyanda Msolo ,&nbsp;Nolonwabo Nontongana ,&nbsp;Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2024.100293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the past two years, Covid-19 has emerged as the most severe and pressing public health issue, causing a great deal of damage to societal and economic welfare, as well as causing illness and mortality. The operators in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), particularly those employed in rural communities, appear to often exhibit a lack of adherence to proper safety protocols by not utilizing sufficient protective equipment while handling unprocessed sewage samples throughout the different phases of wastewater treatment and disposal. This study aimed at examining the potential health risk of infection among WWTP operators, as a result of unintentional ingestion of wastewater during routine duties in facilities that receive influent containing Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) from various areas. This study examined the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in grab samples of untreated wastewater samples using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was employed on three probable exposure of SARS-CoV-2 scenarios that are expressed as moderate, aggressive and extreme (2 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL) to evaluate the probability of infection to WWTP workers based on the 6 h that the workers spent in WWTPs performing their daily activities which exposed them to potential health risk of various pathogens. At the highest SARS-CoV-2 genome of 266.23 × 10² gc/mL, the findings indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the probability of infections with respect to seasonal differences because the P(i) value was greater than 0.05 (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). Overall, P(i) was highly significant across all volumetric scenarios in the study with p value that was <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001. The probability of getting infected during the different seasons is assumed to be low since there was no statistically difference in P(i) with respect to season however it can be assumed that there is a high chance of getting infected regardless of volumetric intake. Our study suggests that the risk of accidental occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewater is negligible to workers whereby workers would perform their daily activities without wearing protective gear. Nevertheless, the importance and work of WWTPs by workers should not be overlooked. Regardless of the situation, it is widely recognized that residential wastewater poses a potential risk of infection due to the presence of several enteric pathogens, therefore, it is crucial to ensure that those who are occupationally exposed to untreated wastewater are well equipped with suitable personal protective equipment (PPE).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352352224000045/pdfft?md5=c9ee5fc14f54a5ab10d6483feaecaa21&pid=1-s2.0-S2352352224000045-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140621866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The wind of change: Gibbs energy of binding and infectivity evolution of Omicron BA.2.86 Pirola, EG.5.1, XBB.1.16 Arcturus, CH.1.1 and BN.1 variants of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Marko E. Popović ,&nbsp;Gavrilo Šekularac ,&nbsp;Marta Popović","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A question is often asked about what tomorrow brings. During the last 4 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, this question was asked with every appearance of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant. It seems that science has an ability to offer a relatively reliable answer. Theoretical and experimental research have allowed a deep insight into structure and function of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the developed mechanistic models allow prediction of virus-host interactions. In August 2023, the Omicron BA.2.86 Pirola variant was detected. Taught by the bad experience from 2019 to 2023, when every new variant that appeared during SARS-CoV-2 evolution has caused a new pandemic wave, the question was raised whether this will be the case with the new variant. Research presented in this paper shows that the driving force for antigen-receptor binding of the Omicron BA.2.86 variant is lower than that of the BN.1 and similar to that of the other variants. Based on the presented research, it seems that the new variant will not be more aggressive relative to the previous variants. The movement in the number of newly infected cases in USA in the period between August and mid-October 2023 is in favor of this prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139658152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for elevator design to mitigate the risk of spread of airborne diseases","authors":"Pravin M. Tipnis ,&nbsp;Parag Chaware ,&nbsp;Vinay G Vaidya","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2023.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mran.2023.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Airborne viral transmission in confined spaces, such as elevators, could lead to the spread of diseases such as COVID-19. A quantitative study of viral transmission in enclosed spaces, with a focus on assessing the efficacy of the present ventilation methods is hard to find. Additionally, there is a lack of guidelines for viral dispersion. The non-availability of such information reduces overall effectiveness in controlling the spread of the virus. A properly designed ventilation system for the elevator car will benefit in both pandemic situations as well as non-pandemic situations, especially for people using hospital elevators. For better control of the airborne viral transmission spread, it is essential to study the airflow in elevator cars. Exposure to high-emitter coughing for one minute by a SARS-CoV-2-infected person in an elevator can increase the risk of the virus reaching the lungs by generating a viral load that may remain airborne for a long time. There is little that has been considered for lessening the anticipated viral load in the elevator car. In this paper, we use a two-step approach. The first step is the risk assessment, and the second is risk mitigation. The risk is assessed by computing the probable viral load a healthy passenger will be subjected to during the typical travel in an elevator car contaminated by the ride of an infectious person. It is seen that the ventilation provided as per the minimum permissible requirements by various international codes is inadequate to maintain the viral load in the elevator car below the risky levels. To come up with the risk mitigation strategies, the required ventilation in the car was computed using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Further, mathematical models are developed to enable quick calculations during the design of the elevator car ventilation system. Our CFD study shows that in the case of a 20-passenger capacity elevator car, with doors open, a 2000 Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM) airflow will disperse most of the viral load in less than one minute. In this paper, we give easy-to-follow design guidelines, and mathematical models to enable quick calculations during the design of the elevator car ventilation system. This study is useful for practicing engineers to achieve effective ventilation of the elevator car to curtail the spread of viral transmission.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138527113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical evaluation of parametric models for predicting faecal indicator bacteria concentrations in greywater","authors":"Émile Sylvestre ,&nbsp;Michael A. Jahne ,&nbsp;Eva Reynaert ,&nbsp;Eberhard Morgenroth ,&nbsp;Timothy R. Julian","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2024.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Greywater reuse is a strategy to address water scarcity, necessitating the selection of treatment processes that balance cost-efficiency and human health risks. A key aspect in evaluating these risks is understanding pathogen contamination levels in greywater, a complex task due to intermittent pathogen occurrences. To address this, faecal indicator organisms like <em>E. coli</em> are often monitored as proxies to evaluate faecal contamination levels and infer pathogen concentrations. However, the wide variability in faecal indicator concentrations poses challenges in their modelling for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Our study critically assesses the adequacy of parametric models in predicting the variability in <em>E. coli</em> concentrations in greywater. We found that models that build on summary statistics, like medians and standard deviations, can substantially underestimate the variability in <em>E. coli</em> concentrations. More appropriate models may provide more accurate estimations of, and uncertainty around, peak <em>E. coli</em> concentrations. To demonstrate this, a Poisson lognormal distribution model is fit to a data set of <em>E. coli</em> concentrations measured in shower and laundry greywater sources. This model estimated arithmetic mean <em>E. coli</em> concentrations in laundry waters at approximately 1.0E + 06 MPN 100 mL⁻¹. These results are around 2.0 log₁₀ units higher than estimations from a previously used hierarchical lognormal model based on aggregated summary data from multiple studies. Such differences are considerable when assessing human health risks and setting pathogen reduction targets for greywater reuse. This research highlights the importance of making raw monitoring data available for more accurate statistical evaluations than those based on summary statistics. It also emphasizes the crucial role of model comparison, selection, and validation to inform policy-relevant outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352352224000082/pdfft?md5=df790524916e9d9f7835570932441a90&pid=1-s2.0-S2352352224000082-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140631255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When the Weibull model helps in deciphering bacterial resistance variability related to survival behaviour","authors":"Jeanne Marie Membré ,&nbsp;Ivan Leguérinel","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Survival curves of bacterial vegetative cells or spores subjected to an inactivation process are often log-linear and then described by the <span>d</span>-value parameter. However, non log-linear, convex, shapes might be also observed particularly when mild inactivation treatments are applied. Our objective was to investigate whether the 3-parameters Weibull model (logN₀, <span><math><mi>δ</mi></math></span>, p) could be used to go beyond a simple fitting of convex curve by providing information related to bacterial variability. First, survival curves were simulated to mimic the behaviour of a cocktail containing bacterial vegetative cells or spores undergoing an inactivation treatment, on which the Weibull model was fitted. Second, a mathematical model was developed to describe the link between the Weibull parameters p and delta with the <span>d</span>-values of sub-populations of bacterial vegetative cells or spores (considering as well the percentage of each sub-population). Based on this model, it was shown that the Weibull model can be used to go beyond a simple description of a convex curve. For instance, if p is estimated around 0.8, that means the presence of a resistant sub-population, but with a limited resistant variability (ratio of resistance from 1.5 to 4). In contrast, if p is estimated to 0.3–04 that means the presence of a resistant sub-population in a small proportion (less than 10 %) combined with a large resistant variability (ratio of 10 or more). This study shows that the Weibull model can be used in combination with the new model developed here to decipher vegetative cell or spore resistance variability, with application in food industry processes such as thermal or physical inactivation treatment as well as cleaning and disinfection verification procedure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140635935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Like a summer storm: Biothermodynamic analysis of Rotavirus A - Empirical formula, biosynthesis reaction and driving force of virus multiplication and antigen-receptor binding","authors":"Marko E. Popović,&nbsp;Gavrilo Šekularac,&nbsp;Marija Mihailović","doi":"10.1016/j.mran.2024.100291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2024.100291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For thousands of years, medicine has made efforts to study and heal infectious diseases. For centuries, medicine and biology have attempted to study the mechanisms of development of infectious diseases. For 100 years, virology has tried to understand and describe different viruses and reveal the secrets of pathophysiology of infections. Several decades ago, the efforts of biomedical scientists were joined by chemists. Since then viruses have been explored not only as biological systems, but also as chemical systems. With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, biothermodynamics has made its contribution to the research on driving forces and mechanisms of lifecycles of viruses, the virus-host interaction. Since then, viruses have been analyzed as biological, chemical and thermodynamic systems. After reporting of chemical and thermodynamic properties of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Mpox, West Nile virus and bacteriophages, this paper reports for the first time the empirical formulas (unit carbon formulas) of Rotavirus A, as well as its thermodynamic properties of virus-host interaction at the membrane (antigen-receptor binding) and virus-host interaction in the cytoplasm (virus multiplication). The virus-host interactions are essentially chemical reactions, the driving force of which is Gibbs energy (of binding and biosynthesis).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48593,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Risk Analysis","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139726093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}