Journal of Computer Languages最新文献

{"title":"Advanced LPeg techniques: A dual case study approach","authors":"Zixuan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents advanced optimization techniques for Lua Parsing Expression Grammars (LPeg) through two complementary case studies: a high-performance JSON parser and a sophisticated Glob-to-LPeg pattern converter. We demonstrate how strategic grammar construction can dramatically improve parsing performance without modifying the underlying LPeg library. For the JSON parser, we implement substitution capture and table construction optimization to reduce memory allocation overhead and improve object processing. For the Glob converter, we introduce segment-boundary separation, implement Cox’s flattened search strategy, and develop optimized braced condition handling to prevent exponential backtracking. Comprehensive benchmarks demonstrate that our JSON parser achieves processing speeds up to 125 MB/s on complex documents, consistently outperforming dkjson and showing competitive results against rxi_json across most test cases. Our Glob-to-LPeg converter exhibits 14%–92% better performance than Bun.Glob and runs 3–14 times faster than Minimatch across diverse pattern matching scenarios. This research provides practical optimization techniques for LPeg-based parsers, contributing valuable strategies to the text processing ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 101343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting learners in the transition from block-based to text-based programming, a systematic review","authors":"Glenn Strong,&nbsp;Nina Bresnihan,&nbsp;Brendan Tangney","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes a systematic review of the approaches being taken to providing support to learners as they transition from block-based programming environments to text-based ones. It identifies and analyses the literature in the area, identifies the themes which are common across the different approaches being used, and determines gaps in the literature. With the widespread use of block-based programming environments in introductory programming education, the question of how to support learners in the transition to text-based environments has received much attention. The contribution of this paper is to analyse and characterise the approaches being taken to support learners by considering the question: what approaches have been developed to facilitate the transition from block-based programming to text-based programming for learners? To answer this, a systematic literature review was undertaken, combining manual and automatic searches to identify work in the field. A thematic analysis of the literature found eight themes covering technical and non-technical approaches to supporting transition, prompting a set of recommendations for gaps to be addressed in future development in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 101342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the energy consumption of C++ and Java solutions mined from a programming contest site","authors":"Sérgio Queiroz de Medeiros,&nbsp;Marcelo Borges Nogueira,&nbsp;Gustavo Quezado","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current concern about global warming has led to an increasing interest in the energy efficiency of computer applications. Assuming power is constant, the general trend is that faster programs consume less energy, thus optimizing a program for speed would also improve its energy efficiency.</div><div>We investigate this tendency in a set of C++ and Java solutions mined from Code Submission Evaluation System (CSES), a popular programming competition site, where each solution must give the correct answer under a given time limit. In such context, we can consider that all correct solutions for a problem were written with a speed concern, but not with energy efficiency in mind.</div><div>We selected 15 problems from CSES and for each of them we mined at least 30 C++ and Java solutions, evaluating time and energy efficiency of each solution in at least two different machines. In our scenario, where there is a great diversity of programming styles, execution speed, and memory usage, we could confirm the general trend: faster programs consume less energy. Moreover, we were able to use ordinary least squares to fit a linear function, with good precision, that relates energy consumption of a program to its execution time, as well as to automatically identify programs with abnormal energy consumption. A manual analysis of these programs revealed that often they perform a different amount of allocation and deallocation operations when compared to programs with similar execution times.</div><div>We also calculated the energy consumption profile of sets of random C++ solutions for these 15 CSES problems, and we tried to associate each set with its corresponding CSES problem by using the energy consumption profiles previously computed for each one of them. By using this approach, we could restrict, for each set of random C++ solutions, the classification task to a subset of 7 CSES problems, a reduction of more than 50% in the search space.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 101341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Python’s evolution on Stack Overflow: An empirical analysis of topic trends","authors":"Fengqi Hu,&nbsp;Weihao Xue,&nbsp;Siyuan Zhou,&nbsp;Ye Wang,&nbsp;Bo Jiang,&nbsp;Qiao Huang,&nbsp;Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of information technology and changing programming practices, the demand for programming discussions on online Q&amp;A platforms is growing. This study analyzes over two million Python-related posts on Stack Overflow to identify core topics and challenges over fifteen years. By using a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) model to quantify post popularity, we objectively show what the hottest as well as the most disturbing topics related to Python are to users at different times. We find that: The domains most closely associated with Python are data processing and machine learning, while development environments as well as automation and testing are gradually increasing in popularity. Machine learning is the area that bothers users the most. Moreover, we found that some questions that confuse users can increase the popularity of related topics. These findings can help developers grasp the direction of the Python language so that they can better plan their personal learning and project development. Enterprises and organizations can also optimize resource allocation based on trends in hot topics for training, tool development, and technical support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 101340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of data transformation in modern analytics: A comprehensive survey","authors":"Sanae Borrohou,&nbsp;Rachida Fissoune,&nbsp;Hassan Badir","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data transformation is a fundamental step in modern data analytics, enabling the conversion of raw data into structured, high-quality formats suitable for analysis. This process plays a crucial role in data cleaning, integration, and preprocessing, ensuring consistency across diverse data sources while addressing challenges such as missing values, inconsistencies, and redundancy. By applying techniques such as scaling, normalization, encoding, feature extraction, and aggregation, data transformation enhances the accuracy and efficiency of analytical and machine learning models. This study provides a comprehensive survey of data transformation techniques, categorizing them into key types: data cleaning and preprocessing, normalization and standardization, feature engineering, encoding categorical data, data augmentation, discretization and data aggregation. We analyze their impact on data quality and explore their interdependencies, presenting a structured framework that connects these transformations within the broader data preprocessing workflow. Additionally, we highlight the challenges of implementing transformation methods in large-scale, heterogeneous datasets, including data integration complexities, security concerns, and resource constraints. By synthesizing recent advancements in the field, this research offers a structured reference for data scientists and researchers, guiding them in selecting appropriate transformation strategies based on their specific analytical needs. Future work will focus on developing a complete data cleaning workflow that integrates transformation techniques for large-scale applications, emphasizing automation and scalability in modern analytics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 101329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards democratisation of veterinary clinical protocols: Transferring their development from technical-coding experts to veterinary professionals for the case of Chronic Kidney Disease for Cats (CKD4Cats Domain-Specific Language)","authors":"Sofia Meacham ,&nbsp;Hessa Alfraihi","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents CKD4Cats, a domain-specific language (DSL) for computerised Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) clinical protocols in cats - a very common disease in veterinary practice. Building on DSLs used in human health, CKD4Cats addresses veterinary-specific needs while addressing their shortcomings. Developed with JetBrains’ Meta-Programming System (MPS) and veterinary input, the DSL ensures ease of use and adoption. It employs advanced evaluation methods, creating a projectional editor that streamlines protocol creation, displays relevant options, and guarantees ”correct-by-construction” clinical protocols. This innovative approach democratises software development, making advanced tools accessible to non-technical users and significantly improving veterinary practice management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 101328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel framework for evaluating developers’ code comprehension proficiency through technical and non-technical skills","authors":"Divjot Singh,&nbsp;Ashutosh Mishra,&nbsp;Ashutosh Aggarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Code comprehension is an essential software maintenance skill, where technical skills are often considered the primary benchmark for evaluating developers’ proficiency, overlooking the significant role of non-technical skills.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>Our work aims to propose a generalized framework for measuring developers’ code comprehension proficiency by integrating technical and non-technical skills, inspired by cognitive attraction networks, and conducting an empirical study to evaluate code comprehension proficiency based on selective skills.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>The generalized framework evaluates developers’ technical and non-technical skills separately using collected data and computes their respective indices to derive an overall measure of code comprehension ability, represented as the comprehension measure index (CMI). Additionally, an empirical study with 158 participants assessed technical skills, including code understanding, debugging, and completion, alongside non-technical skills such as problem-solving, emotions, long-term memory, belief, desire, intention, and commitment to compute their overall code comprehension proficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Based on the obtained indices values related to technical and non-technical parameters, the study identifies multiple factors affecting participants’ performance, including lack of technical knowledge, reliance on guesswork, stress intolerance, lack of commitment and desire, difficulty understanding logic, inability to recall concepts, and check other contributing factors. To enhance our results K-means clustering is done to group the participants into three clusters according to their performance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>Integrating technical and non-technical skills enables a more accurate assessment by addressing factors beyond technical expertise. The framework can help managers and tutors identify strengths and weaknesses, allowing task assignments that align with strengths of developers while addressing areas for improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of Lua, continued","authors":"Roberto Ierusalimschy ,&nbsp;Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo ,&nbsp;Waldemar Celes","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lua is a scripting language created in 1993 in Brazil. We have reported in detail on the birth of Lua and its evolution until 2007. Here, we chronicle the evolution of Lua since then. In particular, we discuss in detail the evolution of global variables, the introduction of integers, and the implementation of garbage collection and finalizers, including deterministic finalization. We also comment on some landmark social developments in the history of Lua.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Debugging in the Domain-Specific Modeling Languages for multi-agent systems","authors":"Baris Tekin Tezel ,&nbsp;Geylani Kardas","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many cases, developers face challenges while implementing Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) due to the complexity of expanding software systems, despite the presence of numerous agent programming environments and platforms. To tackle this complexity, Model-driven Engineering (MDE) can be employed at a higher level of abstraction and component modeling before diving into MAS development, which helps alleviate the intricacies. Probably, the most effective method of incorporating MDE into Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is to adapt Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) along with integrated development environments (IDEs). These tools make it easier to model the system and generate the necessary code for the development process. Although existing MAS DSML IDEs offer some control over systems modeled based on the language’s syntax and semantics, they lack built-in debugging support. This deficiency leads to uncertainty among agent developers about the accuracy of models prepared during the design phase. To address this issue, this study proposes a comprehensive debugging framework (MASDebugFW) that facilitates the design of agent components within modeling environments. The framework’s utilization commences with modeling MASs using a design language, and then converting these design model instances into a runtime model. Following that, the runtime model undergoes simulation using an integrated simulator specifically designed for debugging purposes. Additionally, the framework includes a simulation environment model and a control mechanism to manage the simulation process effectively. These features further enhance the debugging capabilities and overall functionality of MASDebugFW. Furthermore, we have qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated MASDebugFW, subjecting all obtained results to statistical analysis. The evaluation results show that, on average, the implemented framework reduces debugging time by around 45%, leading to more efficient debugging processes. Moreover, it significantly enhances bug detection and repair capabilities, as it increases the number of bugs fixed in the models by approximately 50%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101325"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GPotion: Embedding GPU programming in Elixir","authors":"André Rauber Du Bois,&nbsp;Gerson Geraldo H. Cavalheiro","doi":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cola.2025.101323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes GPotion, a DSL for GPU programming embedded in the Elixir functional language. GPotion allows programmers to write low-level GPU kernels, similar to CUDA kernels, in Elixir but also provides high-level facilities, like garbage collection of host and device arrays allocated in the host, type inference and simplified data transfer. This paper describes the design and implementation of GPotion and also presents experiments that demonstrate that GPotion allows fast and efficient kernels with little overhead in comparison to pure CUDA. GPotion is implemented using metaprogramming features of Elixir, without having to modify Elixir’s compiler. The source code for GPotion and the benchmarks used in the experiments are available in a GitHub repository.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48552,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Languages","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}