{"title":"Sleep traits and the longitudinal progression of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity: A prospective study from UK-Biobank.","authors":"Yali Niu, Tianrun Wang, Xiaocan Jia, Chaojun Yang, Jingwen Fan, Chenyu Zhao, Nana Wang, Zhixing Fan, Xuezhong Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity is defined as the coexistence of two or three cardio-renal-metabolic diseases, namely cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. The association between sleep traits and cardio-renal-metabolic disease progression is often overlooked. Anxiety and depression may affect both sleep and cardio-renal-metabolic diseases, while their mediating role is unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a multistate analysis using data from 375,837 UK Biobank participants (42.16% men, mean age 55.77 years, 95.37% White) to investigate the associations between sleep traits and the longitudinal progression from healthy to first cardio-renal-metabolic disease, cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity, and death. Sleep traits, including sleep duration, ease of getting up in the morning, chronotype, napping during day, insomnia, and snoring, were self-reported at baseline, and an integrated sleep score was calculated, with higher scores indicating healthier sleep. Counterfactual mediation analysis assessed the role of anxiety and depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a median follow-up of 13.68 years, 110,287 participants developed first cardio-renal-metabolic disease, 14,562 experienced cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity, and 2709 died. Healthy sleep traits were associated with a decreased risk of progressing from healthy to first cardio-renal-metabolic disease (HR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.67-0.72), healthy to death (HR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.70-0.88), and first cardio-renal-metabolic disease to cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity (HR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.64-0.76). Anxiety or depression mediated 16.48% of the first cardio-renal-metabolic disease risk, 14.48% of cardio-renal-metabolic multimorbidity risk, and 25.17% of mortality risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Healthy sleep traits were associated with a protective effect in early- to mid-stage cardio-renal-metabolic disease development, with anxiety and depression acting as mediators. Adhering to healthy sleep traits and addressing anxiety and depression may help prevent cardio-renal-metabolic diseases and their progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145056015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep HealthPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2025.08.002
Brian T Gillis, Stephen A Erath, Ben Hinnant, Mona El-Sheikh
{"title":"A between- and within-group approach to examine sleep, discrimination, and mental health among sexual-minority youth.","authors":"Brian T Gillis, Stephen A Erath, Ben Hinnant, Mona El-Sheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To advance our understanding of sleep among sexual-minority (SM) youth using actigraphy and to assess sleep as a buffer against minority stress (i.e., discrimination) for SM youth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 211 SM and 2768 non-SM youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (M age = 11.96 years, SD = 7.80 months). Youth reported SM status and minority stress (past 12-month discrimination), sleep was derived from actigraphy, and parents reported on youth mental health (internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors). A multivariate analysis of covariance was used to compare the sleep of SM and non-SM youth; interaction models were used to test sleep as a moderator of relations between SM-based discrimination and mental health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and internalizing symptoms, SM youth had shorter sleep duration (F = 13.90, p < .001), higher sleep efficiency (F = 4.46, p = .04), less wake after sleep onset (F = 10.43, p = .001), later sleep timing (F = 17.67, p < .001), and more irregularity in duration (F = 18.91, p < .001) and timing (F = 12.00, p < .001) compared with non-SM peers. Across parameters, sleep quality moderated relations between discrimination and externalizing behaviors: for SM youth with better sleep, there was no relationship between discrimination and externalizing (aggressive/rule-breaking) behaviors, suggestive of a protective role for sleep quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sleep should be promoted among sexual-minority youth. For adolescent externalizing behaviors, sleep quality could play a key role in buffering against the stress of sexual-minority discrimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep HealthPub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.012
Jean-Marie Bruzzese, Melanie A Gold, Malia C Maier, April J Ancheta, Jianfang Liu, Yihong Zhao, Suzanne M Bertisch, Samantha Garbers
{"title":"Preliminary outcomes of healthy sleep practices and mind-body integrative health intervention among urban youth: Feasibility, acceptability, and initial impact.","authors":"Jean-Marie Bruzzese, Melanie A Gold, Malia C Maier, April J Ancheta, Jianfang Liu, Yihong Zhao, Suzanne M Bertisch, Samantha Garbers","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate feasibility, acceptability, and initial effects of Sleeping Healthy, Living Healthy (SHLH), an integrated behavioral sleep-mind-body integrative health (MBIH) intervention to improve sleep health, among urban adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-one adolescents (66% female; 84% Hispanic/Latino; 25% Black or African American) who slept less than 8 h/weeknight from two NYC high school campuses were randomized to SHLH (n = 30) or an attention-control group (n = 31). Outcomes assessed at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 10 weeks postintervention included sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)); PROMIS sleep-related impairment; stress and anxiety; and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale). Actigraphy data were collected at each assessment. Generalized linear mixed-effects models with a random subject effect tested effects on outcomes following the intent-to-treat principle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median number of sessions adolescents randomized to SHLH attended was 5.0 of seven sessions (interquartile range = 2.50-6.00). They reported high satisfaction with the intervention and used the MBIH techniques taught in the intervention at least once in the past week. Relative to controls, adolescents in SHLH had lower odds of reporting poor sleep quality (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.77, p = .026) and reported significant improvements in healthy sleep practices (β = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.52, p = .019), PSQI global sleep quality scores (β = -1.52, 95% CI = -3.42, -0.25, p = .27), and PROMIS sleep-related impairment (β = -5.73, 95% CI = -9.42, -2.04, p = .002). They also reported significantly less perceived stress (β = -1.82, 95% CI: -2.88, -0.77). No differences in actigraphy-estimated sleep were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Preliminary evaluations of SHLH suggest that it is feasible to implement, acceptable to adolescents, and had favorable short-term improvements in sleep. Larger trials are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association of sleep patterns with the trajectory of multimorbidity: A large community-based longitudinal study.","authors":"Xuerui Li, Yuyang Miao, Wenzhe Yang, Abigail Dove, Weili Xu, Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate whether sleep patterns are associated with the accumulation of multiple chronic diseases and multimorbidity-free survival, and to explore the role of C-reactive protein in these associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 247,751 chronic disease--free participants from the UK Biobank (mean age: 55.20 ± 8.09, 54.69% females) who were followed for up to 16 years to detect incident chronic diseases. A total of 59 chronic diseases were ascertained through information on medical records. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic diseases. Sleep patterns were assessed based on duration, chronotype, insomnia, snoring, and daytime sleepiness and categorized as healthy, intermediate, or poor. Plasma C-reactive protein concentration was measured through blood samples. Data were analyzed using the linear mixed-effects models, Cox regression, Laplace regression, and mediation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the follow-up (median: 10.34 years), 108,764 (43.90%) participants developed multimorbidity. Having a poor compared with healthy sleep pattern was related to significantly faster accumulation of chronic diseases (β<sub>mix</sub> = 0.081, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.075, 0.086). Among people with a poor sleep pattern, the hazard ratio (95% CI) of multimorbidity was 1.347 (1.304, 1.392). Further, having poor sleep pattern shortened the median multimorbidity-free survival time by 1.747 (95% CI: -1.949, -1.546) years. In mediation analysis, C-reactive protein mediated 5.24% of sleep-multimorbidity association.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Poor sleep pattern is associated with accelerated accumulation of chronic disease, increased risk of developing multimorbidity, and shortened multimorbidity-free survival time. C-reactive protein partially mediates the sleep-multimorbidity association. Our findings underscore the connection between sleep and the development of chronic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep HealthPub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.007
Shijia Wang MB , Yingxin Liao MB , Yuqing Deng MD, PhD , Chao Yu MD, PhD , Xuechen Chen MD, PhD , Xinyu Liu MB , Qiaoqiao Yang MB , Ke Chen MD, PhD , Xu Chen MD, PhD , Hongliang Xue MD, PhD
{"title":"Healthy sleep patterns and risk of incident cardiovascular disease, liver-related events, and all-cause mortality among individuals with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease: A large prospective cohort study","authors":"Shijia Wang MB , Yingxin Liao MB , Yuqing Deng MD, PhD , Chao Yu MD, PhD , Xuechen Chen MD, PhD , Xinyu Liu MB , Qiaoqiao Yang MB , Ke Chen MD, PhD , Xu Chen MD, PhD , Hongliang Xue MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the association between overall healthy sleep patterns and cardiovascular disease, liver-related events, and all-cause mortality among individuals with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cohort study included 123,228 participants with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease from the UK Biobank, who had detailed sleep assessment at baseline. The healthy sleep pattern was constructed by a composite healthy sleep score that incorporated different sleep behaviors. Incident cardiovascular disease, liver-related events, and all-cause mortality were identified from hospital inpatient records and death register systems. Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic splines were applied to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During a 15.45 person-years of follow-up, we recorded 20,287 cardiovascular disease events, 1304 liver-related events, and 10,306 deaths in patients with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease. Compared with participants with a poor sleep pattern, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for participants with a healthy sleep pattern were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.67-0.77) for cardiovascular disease, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.57-0.94) for liver-related events, and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.96) for all-cause mortality. Restricted cubic splines indicated a significant linear association between healthy sleep scores and cardiovascular disease, liver-related events, and all-cause mortality in patients with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest that patients with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease who maintained healthy sleep patterns were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, liver-related events, and mortality, highlighting the importance of favorable sleep patterns in the prevention of intrahepatic/extrahepatic events in individuals with metabolic dysfunction--associated steatotic liver disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":"11 5","pages":"Pages 702-710"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association between subjective sleepiness and vigilant attention in elementary school students","authors":"Qinye Zhu PhD , Hiroo Wada MD, PhD , Yuito Ueda PhD , Keisuke Onuki MD, PhD , Mariko Miyakawa MMA , Setsuko Sato PhD , Yoshihito Kameda MD, PhD , Fumihiko Matsumoto MD, PhD , Ayako Inoshita MD, PhD , Hiroshi Nakano MD, PhD , Takeshi Tanigawa MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Daytime sleepiness in children is a significant public health concern. This study aimed to examine the association between subjective sleepiness and vigilant attention in elementary school students, as well as the interaction effects of grade and sleepiness on this association.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We enrolled 2789 students from six elementary schools in Tokyo, Japan. Sleepiness was assessed using the self-reported Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and a parent-reported questionnaire. Vigilant attention was measured with the 3-minute brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B). Generalized linear models were used to examine the associations between sleepiness and PVT-B performance metrics, including response speed (mean reciprocal reaction time, 1/s) and lapse500 (number of reaction time ≥500 ms), as well as the interaction effects between sleepiness and grade.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included 1955 elementary school students (aged 6-12 years; 52% boys). Significant interactions between KSS and grade were observed for response speed (B = −0.0032, FDR-adjusted q < 0.05) and lapse500 (B = 0.0096, FDR-adjusted q < 0.01). Similarly, significant interactions between parent-reported sleepiness (“falling asleep during an activity”) and grade were found for lapse500 (B = 0.0347, FDR-adjusted q < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings indicate that the association between sleepiness and vigilant attention among children varies by age, emphasizing the importance of considering developmental differences when evaluating sleep health in pediatric populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":"11 5","pages":"Pages 640-646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep HealthPub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.006
Bryan Butler PhD , Christine Laganière MA , Malka Hershon MA , Adrienne Vandenberg BA , Charlène Thauvin BA , Hélène Gaudreau PhD , Marie-Hélène Pennestri PhD
{"title":"Maternal-reported shorter total sleep duration but not consecutive sleep duration in infancy is associated with future sleep problems in preschoolers","authors":"Bryan Butler PhD , Christine Laganière MA , Malka Hershon MA , Adrienne Vandenberg BA , Charlène Thauvin BA , Hélène Gaudreau PhD , Marie-Hélène Pennestri PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Poor sleep during childhood can affect multiple domains of functioning. However, the association between early infant sleep patterns and future sleep problems is not well-understood. This study aimed to assess whether maternal-reported total sleep duration (over 24 hours) and consecutive sleep duration in infancy are associated with later maternal reports of sleep problems in preschoolers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This longitudinal study included a community sample of 294 mother-child dyads. Total sleep duration and consecutive sleep duration were measured by maternal reports using the Questionnaire about Sleep Habits at 6 months. Sleep problems were assessed by maternal reports using the Sleep Problems subscale of the Child Behaviour Checklist/1.5-5 at 48 and 60 months.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Generalized Estimating Equations models revealed that maternal-reported infant shorter total sleep duration, but not consecutive sleep duration, was associated with more sleep problems in preschoolers (higher total Child Behaviour Checklist Sleep Problems subscale scores), adjusting for socioeconomic status, maternal depression, breastfeeding status, sleeping arrangements, time, and biological sex. More specifically, infant shorter total sleep duration was associated with more bedtime resistance, difficulty falling asleep, the presence of nightmares, and shorter sleep duration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Shorter maternal-reported total sleep duration but not consecutive sleep duration at 6 months was a marker of future parental reports of sleep problems in preschoolers. The results suggest that total sleep duration over 24 hours and sufficient opportunity to sleep should be prioritized over striving for an infant to sleep through the night during early infancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":"11 5","pages":"Pages 631-639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sleep HealthPub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.009
Ella Louis PhD , Elif Eyuboglu PhD , Didier Drieu PhD , Eve Reynaud PhD , Carmen Schröder PhD , Jean-Michel Coq PhD , Régine Scelles PhD
{"title":"Family implication in adolescents’ sleep: A qualitative exploration with quantitative insights","authors":"Ella Louis PhD , Elif Eyuboglu PhD , Didier Drieu PhD , Eve Reynaud PhD , Carmen Schröder PhD , Jean-Michel Coq PhD , Régine Scelles PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The multiple changes in sleep patterns during adolescence are influenced by both biological and environmental factors, resulting in later bedtimes and insufficient sleep. Since most adolescents live with their families, the family environment plays a crucial role in shaping adolescent sleep behaviors. Existing research on this topic remains limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore family involvement in adolescent sleep. A total of 114 participants (31 families, including both parents, siblings, and the target adolescents) participated in semistructured interviews and wore actigraphs to measure sleep over 7 days.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Actigraphy results revealed that most adolescents slept less than the recommended amount, with similar sleep patterns observed between adolescents, their siblings, and mothers. Thematic content analysis identified how sleep behaviors and attitudes were transmitted within families. Similar habits in the evening were observed between family members, such as meals, screen time, reading, and homework.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The study highlighted how family members model behaviors related to sleep, with parents and siblings influencing adolescents’ sleep patterns. Parental roles, such as setting sleep-related rules, limiting screen time, and maintaining consistent bedtime routines, serve as key behavioral models that adolescents often adopt, leading to better sleep quality and quantity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study underscores the significant role of family in shaping adolescent sleep patterns through both explicit behaviors and implicit modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":"11 5","pages":"Pages 665-675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}