Current Epidemiology Reports最新文献_第9页

Cardiovascular Disease and Coronavirus Disease 2019: Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention. 2019年心血管疾病和冠状病毒病:流行病学、管理和预防。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00261-2

Junichi Ishigami, Minghao Kou, Ning Ding, Kunihiro Matsushita

{"title":"Cardiovascular Disease and Coronavirus Disease 2019: Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention.","authors":"Junichi Ishigami, Minghao Kou, Ning Ding, Kunihiro Matsushita","doi":"10.1007/s40471-020-00261-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00261-2","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes findings up to date on the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and COVID-19.Recent findings: Preexisting CVD is a common condition among patients with COVID-19 and is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Conversely, COVID-19 has various clinical manifestations on cardiovascular system, including thrombotic events and cardiac dysfunction. The pandemic has impacted healthcare utilization among patients with CVD, which may have led to potential delay in access to the healthcare system during acute events not directly COVID-19-related.Summary: While COVID-19 vaccine is being developed and distributed, controlling CVD risk factors and adherence to recommendations of existing immunization (e.g., influenza vaccine) are key in protecting the health of individuals with CVD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiological and pathophysiological basis for the interaction between CVD and COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40471-020-00261-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38806154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Aging and COVID-19 in Minority Populations: a Perfect Storm. 少数民族人口的老龄化与 COVID-19：完美风暴。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-021-00267-4

Tubanji Walubita, Ariel Beccia, Esther Boama-Nyarko, Melissa Goulding, Carly Herbert, Jessica Kloppenburg, Guadalupe Mabry, Grace Masters, Asli McCullers, Sarah Forrester

{"title":"Aging and COVID-19 in Minority Populations: a Perfect Storm.","authors":"Tubanji Walubita, Ariel Beccia, Esther Boama-Nyarko, Melissa Goulding, Carly Herbert, Jessica Kloppenburg, Guadalupe Mabry, Grace Masters, Asli McCullers, Sarah Forrester","doi":"10.1007/s40471-021-00267-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-021-00267-4","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: COVID-19 is a major concern for the health and wellbeing of individuals worldwide. As COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to increase in the USA, aging Black and Hispanic populations have emerged as especially at-risk for increased exposure to COVID-19 and susceptibility to severe health outcomes. The current review discusses the weathering hypothesis and the influence of social inequality on the identified health disparities.Recent findings: Aging minoritized populations have endured structural and social inequality over the lifecourse. Consequently, these populations experience weathering, a process that results in physiological dysregulation due to stress associated with persistent disadvantage. Through weathering and continued inequity, aging minoritized populations have an increased risk of exposure and poor health outcomes from COVID-19.Summary: Current literature and available data suggests that aging minoritized persons experience high rates of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The current review hypothesizes and supports that observed disparities are the result of inequalities that especially affect Black and Hispanic populations over the lifecourse. Future efforts to address these disparities should emphasize research that supports governments in identifying at-risk groups, providing accessible COVID-19-related information to those groups, and implementing policy that addresses the structural and social inequities that perpetuate current COVID-19 disparities.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7959878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25511711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Update on Medication Use in Older Adults: a Narrative Review. 老年人用药的最新情况：叙述性综述。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-021-00274-5

Heather E Barry, Carmel M Hughes

{"title":"An Update on Medication Use in Older Adults: a Narrative Review.","authors":"Heather E Barry, Carmel M Hughes","doi":"10.1007/s40471-021-00274-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-021-00274-5","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: The global phenomenon of population aging is impacting the health and care needs of society. The use of medications by older adults is acknowledged to be the most common form of medical intervention for many acute and chronic conditions and prescribing in this population continues to increase. In this narrative review, we summarise the age-related factors that should be considered when prescribing for older adults, address some of the perennial challenges related to medicine use in older people, and highlight important emerging research in this area.Recent findings: A range of age-related factors should be considered when prescribing for older adults. However, the evidence base still lacks data pertaining to older adults due to their continued under-representation in clinical trials. Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and inappropriate prescribing continue to remain prevalent among older adults, although recent research has been focused on the development and evaluation of complex interventions to address these challenges.Summary: Further high-quality studies of interventions to improve and support medication use in older adults are needed, ensuring that older adults are well represented in such trials and consideration is given to the measurement of patient- and provider-focused outcomes.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39220127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New Developments and Insights in the Improvement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccines and Diagnostics Within the End TB Strategy. 在最终结核病战略中改进结核分枝杆菌疫苗和诊断的新进展和见解。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-021-00269-2

Juan Ignacio García, Anna Allué-Guardia, Radhika P Tampi, Blanca I Restrepo, Jordi B Torrelles

{"title":"New Developments and Insights in the Improvement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccines and Diagnostics Within the End TB Strategy.","authors":"Juan Ignacio García, Anna Allué-Guardia, Radhika P Tampi, Blanca I Restrepo, Jordi B Torrelles","doi":"10.1007/s40471-021-00269-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-021-00269-2","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: The alignment of sustainable development goals (SDGs) with the End Tuberculosis (TB) strategy provides an integrated roadmap to implement key approaches towards TB elimination. This review summarizes current social challenges for TB control, and yet, recent developments in TB diagnosis and vaccines in the context of the End TB strategy and SDGs to transform global health.Recent findings: Advances in non-sputum based TB biomarkers and whole genome sequencing technologies could revolutionize TB diagnostics. Moreover, synergistic novel technologies such as mRNA vaccination, nanovaccines and promising TB vaccine models are key promising developments for TB prevention and control.Summary: The End TB strategy depends on novel developments in point-of-care TB diagnostics and effective vaccines. However, despite outstanding technological developments in these fields, TB elimination will be unlikely achieved if TB social determinants are not fully addressed. Indeed, the End TB strategy and SDGs emphasize the importance of implementing sustainable universal health coverage and social protection.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8024105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25591202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HIV Drug Resistance in Children and Adolescents: Always a Challenge? 儿童和青少年艾滋病毒耐药性:始终是一个挑战?

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-021-00268-3

Wei Li A Koay, Judith Kose-Otieno, Natella Rakhmanina

{"title":"HIV Drug Resistance in Children and Adolescents: Always a Challenge?","authors":"Wei Li A Koay, Judith Kose-Otieno, Natella Rakhmanina","doi":"10.1007/s40471-021-00268-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-021-00268-3","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: With the expanded roll-out of antiretrovirals for treatment and prevention of HIV during the last decade, the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has become a growing challenge. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology and trajectory of HIVDR globally with an emphasis on pediatric and adolescent populations.Recent findings: HIVDR is associated with suboptimal virologic suppression and treatment failure, leading to an increased risk of HIV transmission to uninfected people and increased morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV. High rates of HIVDR to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors globally are expected to decline with the introduction of the integrase strand transfer inhibitors and long-acting combination regimens, while challenge remains for HIVDR to other classes of antiretroviral drugs.Summary: We highlight several solutions including increased HIV viral load monitoring, expanded HIVDR surveillance, and adopting antiretroviral regimens with a high-resistance barrier to decrease HIVDR. Implementation studies and programmatic changes are needed to determine the best approach to prevent and combat the development of HIVDR.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40471-021-00268-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25510751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Sex-specific neurotoxic effects of early-life exposure to fluoride: A review of the epidemiologic and animal literature. 早期接触氟化物的性别特异性神经毒性作用:流行病学和动物文献综述。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00246-1

R Green, J Rubenstein, R Popoli, R Capulong, C Till

{"title":"Sex-specific neurotoxic effects of early-life exposure to fluoride: A review of the epidemiologic and animal literature.","authors":"R Green, J Rubenstein, R Popoli, R Capulong, C Till","doi":"10.1007/s40471-020-00246-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-020-00246-1","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: A growing body of evidence suggests adverse neurodevelopmental effects of early-life exposure to fluoride that may differ depending on timing of exposure and sex of the exposed. We conducted a literature search to identify the animal and human epidemiologic studies that examined sex-specific neurodevelopmental differences in response to prenatal and postnatal exposure to fluoride.Recent findings: Six of 138 animal studies and 15 of 106 human epidemiologic studies tested for sex-specific effects. Prenatal exposure to fluoride was associated with a male susceptibility to adverse behavioural effects in four of six animal studies and lower IQ in one of three prospective cohort studies. The body of evidence examining sex-effects associated with postnatal fluoride exposure was scarce, and many animal and cross-sectional human studies were considered to have a high risk of bias.Summary: Compared to females, male offspring appear to be more sensitive to prenatal, but not postnatal, exposure to fluoride. We discuss several sex-specific mechanisms and emphasize the need for future research.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011433/pdf/nihms-1642776.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25569478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Associations of metals and neurodevelopment: a review of recent evidence on susceptibility factors. 金属与神经发育的关系:易感因素的最新证据综述。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00249-y

Julia A Bauer, Victoria Fruh, Caitlin G Howe, Roberta F White, Birgit Claus Henn

{"title":"Associations of metals and neurodevelopment: a review of recent evidence on susceptibility factors.","authors":"Julia A Bauer, Victoria Fruh, Caitlin G Howe, Roberta F White, Birgit Claus Henn","doi":"10.1007/s40471-020-00249-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-020-00249-y","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Epidemiologic evidence exists that many metals are associated with adverse neurobehavioral effects in young children, including lead (Pb), methylmercury (meHg), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As)5-8. Importantly, chemical insult can vary depending on host factors and exposure circumstance. This systematic review summarizes the recent literature investigating modifying factors of the associations between metals and neurodevelopment, including immutable traits (sex or genetics) or exposure conditions (timing or co-exposures).Recent findings: Of the 53 studies included in this review, the number investigating modification of exposure effects were: 30 for sex, 21 for co-exposures, 12 for timing of exposure, and six for genetic modifiers. Sex-specific effects of metal-neurobehavioral associations were inconclusive for all metals, likely due to the heterogeneity of outcome domains assessed and the exposure time points measured. Seven studies evaluated both sex and exposure timing as modifying factors using deciduous teeth or other biomarkers with repeated measures to characterize metals exposure over time. Only five studies used statistical methods for mixtures to evaluate associations of more than two metals with neurobehavioral domains.Summary: Despite the expansion of research on susceptibility to the neurodevelopmental effects of metals exposure, considerable gaps remain. This work remains critical, as characterizing susceptible subpopulations can aid in identifying biological mechanisms and is fundamental for the protection of public health.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7993302/pdf/nihms-1642784.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25525136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Difference-in-Difference in the Time of Cholera: a Gentle Introduction for Epidemiologists. 霍乱时期的差异:给流行病学家的温和介绍。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00245-2

Ellen C Caniglia, Eleanor J Murray

引用次数: 17

A Selective Review of Negative Control Methods in Epidemiology. 流行病学中阴性对照方法的选择性回顾。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00243-4

Xu Shi, Wang Miao, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

{"title":"A Selective Review of Negative Control Methods in Epidemiology.","authors":"Xu Shi, Wang Miao, Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen","doi":"10.1007/s40471-020-00243-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40471-020-00243-4","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Negative controls are a powerful tool to detect and adjust for bias in epidemiological research. This paper introduces negative controls to a broader audience and provides guidance on principled design and causal analysis based on a formal negative control framework.Recent findings: We review and summarize causal and statistical assumptions, practical strategies, and validation criteria that can be combined with subject-matter knowledge to perform negative control analyses. We also review existing statistical methodologies for the detection, reduction, and correction of confounding bias, and briefly discuss recent advances towards nonparametric identification of causal effects in a double-negative control design.Summary: There is great potential for valid and accurate causal inference leveraging contemporary healthcare data in which negative controls are routinely available. Design and analysis of observational data leveraging negative controls is an area of growing interest in health and social sciences. Despite these developments, further effort is needed to disseminate these novel methods to ensure they are adopted by practicing epidemiologists.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8118596/pdf/nihms-1655093.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38986680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flame retardants and neurodevelopment: An updated review of epidemiological literature. 阻燃剂与神经发育:流行病学文献的最新综述。

3区医学

Current Epidemiology Reports Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00256-z

Ann M Vuong, Kimberly Yolton, Kim M Cecil, Joseph M Braun, Bruce P Lanphear, Aimin Chen

{"title":"Flame retardants and neurodevelopment: An updated review of epidemiological literature.","authors":"Ann M Vuong, Kimberly Yolton, Kim M Cecil, Joseph M Braun, Bruce P Lanphear, Aimin Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40471-020-00256-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00256-z","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of review: Flame retardant (FR) compounds can adversely impact neurodevelopment. This updated literature review summarizes epidemiological studies of FRs and neurotoxicity published since 2015, covering historical (polybrominated biphenyls [PBBs], polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs]), contemporary (polybrominated diphenyl ethers [PBDEs], hexabromocyclododecane [HBCD], and tetrabromobisphenol A [TBBPA]), and current-use organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) and brominated FRs (2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobezoate [EH-TBB] TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate [BEH-TEBP]), focusing on prenatal and postnatal periods of exposure.Recent findings: Continuing studies on PCBs still reveal adverse associations on child cognition and behavior. Recent studies indicate PBDEs are neurotoxic, particularly for gestational exposures with decreased cognition and increased externalizing behaviors. Findings were suggestive for PBDEs and other behavioral domains and neuroimaging. OPFR studies provide suggestive evidence of reduced cognition and more behavioral problems.Summary: Despite a lack of studies of PBBs, TBBPA, EH-TBB, and BEH-TEBP, and only two studies of HBCD, recent literature of PCBs, PBDEs, and OPFRs are suggestive of developmental neurotoxicity, calling for more studies of OPFRs.","PeriodicalId":48527,"journal":{"name":"Current Epidemiology Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40471-020-00256-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9194993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15