ICT ExpressPub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.006
Jiho Song
{"title":"Power Allocation for Beam Alignment in Millimeter Wave IoT Communications","authors":"Jiho Song","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lower transmission power capability of internet of things (IoT) devices in millimeter-wave (mmWave) networks necessitates the activation of beamforming techniques by employing multiple antennas. To ensure robust directional transmissions at mmWave frequencies, it is essential to accurately align narrow beams with the dominant channel direction. However, directional communications necessitate aligning the beam with the channel direction, resulting in significant transmit power consumption. We aim to reduce the transmit power required to achieve a desired beam-alignment performance, taking into account the power limitations of IoT devices.We propose an analytical framework for optimizing resource utilization in the hierarchical beam alignment algorithm, designed to progressively reduce the size of the beamformer candidate set. Based on the analytical studies, we develop a resource allocation algorithm that determines the optimal transmit power and constructs the optimal set of beamformer candidates at each beam alignment stage. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed power allocation algorithm effectively reduces the transmit power to meet the performance targets for IoT networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 305-309"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.005
Geonhui Kim, Jiha Kim, Yongho Kim, Hwan Kim, Hyunhee Park
{"title":"FedWT: Federated Learning with Minimum Spanning Tree-based Weighted Tree Aggregation for UAV networks","authors":"Geonhui Kim, Jiha Kim, Yongho Kim, Hwan Kim, Hyunhee Park","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, advances in communication technology, hardware, and deep learning have led to significant advancements in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). However, applying federated learning in UAV environments is challenging due to network instability and dependency on central server. In this paper, the Federated Learning with Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)-based Weighted Tree Aggregation (FedWT) is proposed to address transmission failure, delayed model updates, and single point of failure problems. FedWT uses MST to minimize model exchange during local aggregation, and addresses data heterogeneity through dynamic weighted averaging. It includes a decentralized federated learning method for UAVs, model sharing path scheduling to reduce communication overhead, and a flexible weight-based aggregation approach to handle data heterogeneity. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance and communication efficiency of FedWT compared to traditional federated learning methods. In particular, FedWT achieves up to 2% higher prediction accuracy and reduces communication traffic by up to 84.98% in highly heterogeneous data scenarios. Under different network topologies, FedWT consistently outperformed other federated learning methods in terms of learning accuracy and loss reduction. Future work will optimize the dynamic weight adjustment and validate the robustness of FedWT under various scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 275-280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.003
Sungmin Lee , Kichang Lee , JaeYeon Park , JeongGil Ko
{"title":"GMT: Gzip-based Memory-efficient Time-series classification","authors":"Sungmin Lee , Kichang Lee , JaeYeon Park , JeongGil Ko","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deployment of embedded time-series sensing devices enabled better understanding of user environments and contexts. However, classifying them solely on extremely limited devices under data-scarce conditions is still a remaining challenge. We introduce <em>GMT</em>, a memory-efficient parameter-free classifier that uses <em>gzip</em> compressor and <em>k</em>-nearest neighbors (<em>k</em>NN) for classifying multi-channel time-series data. <em>GMT</em> tackles issues due to high data fidelity, multi-channel characteristics, and numerical properties of sensor data using techniques such as <em>floating point quantization</em>, <em>channel-wise compression</em>, and <em>hybrid distance</em>. Experiments show that <em>GMT</em> provides superior accuracy and memory efficiency compared to other classifiers across various tasks and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 270-274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing proactive content caching with mobility aware deep reinforcement & asynchronous federate learning in VEC","authors":"Afsana Kabir Sinthia, Nosin Ibna Mahbub, Eui-Nam Huh","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Edge caching in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) can reduce backhaul strain and content access delay. However, due to the constant changes in vehicle requests, offloading applications to edge servers is crucial for efficiently anticipating and caching popular content. Additionally, conventional data-sharing techniques are inadequate for this task due to their inability to preserve the privacy of vehicular users (VU). To overcome these issues, we propose a cooperative proactive content caching system incorporating Asynchronous federated learning and Deep reinforcement learning named <strong>PCAD</strong> that leverages the strengths of Dueling Deep Q-Networks and Prioritized Experience Replay in vehicular edge computing. PCAD lowers the latency of content access by prefetching contents that are popular beforehand caching them on edge nodes and cutting the waiting time for every vehicle to complete training as well as uploading local models before updating the global model. Additionally, we investigate intelligent caching decisions based on content prediction. Comprehensive experimental evaluations indicate that our proposed approach significantly outperforms existing benchmark caching techniques. More specifically, our suggested approach works better than DDQN, c-<span><math><mi>ϵ</mi></math></span>-greedy, and PCAD without DRL methods and the cache hit rate improves by approximately 4.25%, 11.23%, and 25.82%, respectively, as the cache capacity hits 400 MB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"11 2","pages":"Pages 293-298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.004
Jingon Joung , Jian Zhao
{"title":"Instantaneous received signal strength-based sensor activation for energy-efficient distributed cooperative sensor networks","authors":"Jingon Joung , Jian Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a network-independent distributed relay sensor (RS) activating method is proposed for energy-efficient cooperative communications using RSs. To achieve this, we introduce a novel metric termed the signal contribution-to-noise contribution ratio and design the required instantaneous received signal strength at RS for each RS to independently determine the activation. Therefore, the proposed RS activation (i.e., adaptive cooperation) is readily enabled without significant signaling overhead in the networks. The numerical results indicated that the proposed RS activation strategy can improve the received signal-to-noise ratio at a destination sensor with fewer active RSs, extending the lifetime of the sensor network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"10 6","pages":"Pages 1288-1294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141141278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.08.002
Jicheng Yin, Shengmin Zhao, Seung-Hoon Hwang
{"title":"Dynamic separate resource pool algorithm for vehicle-to-infrastructure communication","authors":"Jicheng Yin, Shengmin Zhao, Seung-Hoon Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In conventional C-V2X, the resource pool used by all users for transmission is unified, regardless of the user identity. Moreover, NR-V2X sidelink feature allows users to randomly select a resource and maintain it for several periods, resulting in interference. In this paper, a separate resource pooling algorithm is introduced, in which the number of resources used by different users is dynamically changed with a fuzzy inference system, considering the current resource status and number of neighbours. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed mechanism, in terms of Packet Reception Ratio (PRR) as well as the data Update Delay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"10 6","pages":"Pages 1259-1265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.009
Xinyu Liu , Hongkun Zhou , Xiyun Ge , Miao Yu , Lei Liu
{"title":"Reduction of peak-to-average power ratio for FBMC/OQAM signals under the general linear non-symmetrical companding transform with a Laplace distribution","authors":"Xinyu Liu , Hongkun Zhou , Xiyun Ge , Miao Yu , Lei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The filter bank multi-carrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) is extensively utilized in communication scenarios characterized by severe Doppler interference, owing its remarkable ability for precise time–frequency positioning concentration. However, the distinctive staggered superposition structure leads to an additional increase in peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In this letter, we discover that the unique superposition structure results in a high likelihood of abnormal minima in FBMC/OQAM, consequently diminishing the efficacy of the general companding transform scheme relying on Gaussian distribution for PAPR reduction. Thus, we introduce a general companding transform scheme based on the Laplace distribution. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers a 3 dB advantage in PAPR reduction compared to the traditional general companding scheme, while also maintaining a nearly 1 dB advantage in BER.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"10 6","pages":"Pages 1247-1252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141134225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.014
Na-Eun Park, Seo-Yi Kim, Il-Gu Lee
{"title":"Selfish attack detection and response using cooperative backoff adjustment in wireless sensor networks","authors":"Na-Eun Park, Seo-Yi Kim, Il-Gu Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent times, the proliferation of intelligent internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies has significantly enhanced both daily life and industrial operations. Despite their widespread application, these networks face challenges with resource monopolization by selfish nodes, which detrimentally impacts network efficiency. This study introduces a novel detection and response strategy for selfish nodes, utilizing backoff adjustment mechanisms to reduce throughput deterioration. The effectiveness of this approach was rigorously evaluated using the NetSim simulator, focusing on the impact of backoff adjustment on network throughput. Simulation results indicate that the implementation of this method in the presence of selfish nodes yields a noteworthy improvement in network throughput, with approximately more than twice. This advancement holds promise for enhancing the robustness and efficiency of IoT and WSN technologies against disruptive selfish node behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"10 6","pages":"Pages 1295-1300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.07.002
Usman Iqbal , Yejin Lee , Sunghwan Cho , In-Ho Lee , Haejoon Jung
{"title":"Cooperative transmission of UAV swarm using orthogonal time–frequency space modulation","authors":"Usman Iqbal , Yejin Lee , Sunghwan Cho , In-Ho Lee , Haejoon Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) emerge as versatile aerial nodes capable of dynamically filling coverage gaps and enabling mission-critical communication based on their mobile nature. UAV swarms, characterized by the coordinated operation of multiple drones, are employed for a wide range of applications such as surveillance, environmental monitoring, precision farming, and autonomous delivery. While individual UAVs suffer from limited power, group transmissions of UAV swarms can enhance the data rate, reliability, and energy efficiency. However, their mobility may cause severe Doppler spread. The existing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system exhibits limitations such as susceptibility to the Doppler effect in high-speed mobile environments. To address this issue, orthogonal time–frequency space (OTFS)-aided cooperative transmission (CT) for UAV swarms is considered, which can surmount the aforementioned limitations. The results show the BER improvement of the order of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> at the SNR value of 10 dB when OTFS modulation is utilized and even better at the higher SNR values. Furthermore, the analytical framework of OTFS-based CT is presented by identifying the key design considerations on the subcarrier spacing, the number of symbols, and the number of subcarriers, which are subject to the maximum speed of the UAV and the cluster size of the UAV swarm. These results provide a significant platform for advancing research in the field of UAV-based CT, especially with the Doppler-resilient OTFS modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"10 6","pages":"Pages 1240-1246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ICT ExpressPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.icte.2024.07.003
Huifen Huang , Xinchang Zhang
{"title":"Toward reliability-satisfied and hop-constrained backup paths for industrial internet demands","authors":"Huifen Huang , Xinchang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.icte.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial data transfer must rapidly recover from possible link failures to ensure reliability. The backup path mechanism is one of the transfer protections against multiple link failures. In this paper, we study a reliability-satisfied and hop-constrained backup path model that strives to reduce network capacity consumption under constraints on the reliability and maximum hop number of the backup path. The constraint on the maximum hop number is used to ensure the reliability and delay of a backup path. We propose an approximation algorithm to solve the dynamic backup path arrangement problem that is NP-hard.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48526,"journal":{"name":"ICT Express","volume":"10 6","pages":"Pages 1273-1279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141699269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}