IET Electrical Systems in Transportation最新文献

{"title":"New trends in electric motors and selection for electric vehicle propulsion systems","authors":"Sreedhar Madichetty,&nbsp;Sukumar Mishra,&nbsp;Malabika Basu","doi":"10.1049/els2.12018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increase in the numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as an upgrading of the existing vehicles for various reasons. This calls for an in-depth analysis of the heart of these vehicles—the motor. A motor in an electric vehicle propulsion system is a crucial component that has the ability to affect the efficiency, weight, cost, reliability, power output and performance. Hence a detailed comparative study, that compares the existing types and topologies of various motors, is the need of the hour. The various motors that can be used in electric traction, namely DC, induction, switched reluctance, permanent magnet brushless AC motors and permanent magnet brushless DC motors, are reviewed in view of their capabilities with respect to EV propulsion. A detailed review is presented of existing motors and the application of power electronic techniques to EVs, and recommendations for some new designs of brushless DC motors. These include permanent magnet hybrid motors, permanent magnet spoke motors and permanent magnet inset motors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"186-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109165943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of an automatic all-wheel steering system for multiple-articulated rubber-tire transit","authors":"Jianghua Feng,&nbsp;Yunqing Hu,&nbsp;Xiwen Yuan,&nbsp;Ruipeng Huang,&nbsp;Xinrui Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Xiao","doi":"10.1049/els2.12023","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When driving a 32-m long multi-set rubber-tire transit in a manual driving mode, it is easy for the driver to feel tired due to the massive concentration, and it is hard to manually operate in a narrow and twist gauge. The authors introduce a six-axle coordinated automatic all-wheel steering control system and its design method is based on the visual perception and the geometric relationship. First, the functions of the two subsystems of the full-axle automatic steering control system are introduced. One subsystem is a path tracking control system and the other subsystem is a trajectory following the control system. Secondly, the theoretical principles of the two control systems are introduced in detail. Then, the controller design method of the two subsystems is introduced. Finally, the simulation results of Trucksim and MATLAB/Simulink are compared with the actual vehicle test data to test the controller’s perception and the follow-up control effect. It can be concluded that the gap between the platform and the train is kept between a relatively 10∼20 cm narrow when the train pulls in and out of the station. When the train runs at a high speed, it is stabilised at 72 km/h, and the lateral deviation from the virtual track centreline is controlled within ±15 cm.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"227-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43069379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system–based equivalent consumption minimisation strategy to improve fuel economy in hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"Krishna Veer Singh,&nbsp;Hari Om Bansal,&nbsp;Dheerendra Singh","doi":"10.1049/els2.12020","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The most viable option to achieve the goals of saving energy and protecting the environment is to replace conventional vehicles with hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In HEVs, the operational characteristics of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor (EM) are different from each other and thus require an adaptive control strategy to achieve higher fuel economy along with smooth operation and better performance of the vehicle. An energy management control strategy is proposed for an HEV based on an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The proposed adaptive equivalent consumption minimisation strategy decides the power to be drawn from ICE and EM based on input parameters such as the speed of the vehicle, the state of charge of the battery, the EM torque and the ICE torque. The whole system is simulated in an advanced vehicle simulator tool. The proposed non-linear controller has also been tested for real-time behaviour using a field-programmable gate array–based MicroLabBox hardware controller to compare its performance against existing controllers. The authors compared the fuel economy obtained using the proposed method with several other methods available in the literature. The comparison clearly reveals that the proposed ANFIS-based method results in better optimization of energy and hence offers better fuel economy. The urban dynamometer driving schedule has been employed for this analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"171-185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46375699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Speed-and-current control approach for dynamic electric car modelling","authors":"Buddhadeva Sahoo,&nbsp;Sangram Keshari Routray,&nbsp;Pravat Kumar Rout","doi":"10.1049/els2.12015","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Considering environmental conditions and reduced fuel availability, electric cars (ECs) play a vital role in many applications such as consumer cars and short-distance transportation. This paper proposes a detailed dynamic modelling of battery, motor, and inverter developed for the design of an EC. In addition, an improved controller is developed with a different geometrical method using the sensitivity gain of the current sensor and tachometer to assure the optimal performance of the EC. For achieving linear vehicle operation and improved stability, a system transfer function model is designed by considering various uncertainties such as force acting on the car, wheel, road, and wind speed conditions. To offer better regulation and excellent tracking operation of the EC, a combined proportional–integral–derivative controller-based outer-speed and inner-current control approach is suggested to regulate the nonlinear parameters for different driving profile applications. The proposed designed control approach and system model are tested using two input conditions such as step and driving profile inputs through MATLAB/Simulink software, and performance is analysed through various open-loop and closed-loop test scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"200-217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44829119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning of electric vehicle charging stations and distribution system with highly renewable penetrations","authors":"Jingqi Zhang,&nbsp;Shu Wang,&nbsp;Cuo Zhang,&nbsp;Fengji Luo,&nbsp;Zhao Yang Dong,&nbsp;Yingliang Li","doi":"10.1049/els2.12022","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), the EV charging station (EVCS) and power distribution have become a coupled physical system. A multi-objective planning model is developed herein for the sizing and siting of EVCSs and the expansion of a power distribution network with high wind power penetration. The objectives of the planning model are to minimise the total cost of investment and energy losses of the distribution system while maximising the total captured traffic flow. The uncertainties associated with wind power sources are considered. Additionally, the uncertainties in EV daily charging loads are also important concerns in the optimisation of the planning model. To model the EV load uncertainties, a recent scenario generation (SG) method is adopted. Further, a multi-objective optimisation tool, Multi-Objective Natural Aggregation Algorithm (MONAA), is introduced to obtain the final solutions of the planning model. The simulations based on coupled 54-node distribution network and 25-node traffic network systems are conducted to verify the efficiency of the proposed model and the effectiveness of SG-based MONAA.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"256-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44367582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of switched structure semi-active battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles","authors":"Ihor Shchur,&nbsp;Ihor Bilyakovskyy,&nbsp;Valentyn Turkovskyi","doi":"10.1049/els2.12017","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Among new configurations of battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) for electric vehicles (EVs), several can be united under the common name of ‘switched structure’. Their features are the ability to switch their structure during operation to direct power of a DC-bus from the battery or from the SC bank, as well as the use of a low-power DC–DC converter that connects both ESSs. Here, such a switched structure between battery/SC HESS was improved, which made it possible to obtain new operating modes. They expand the operating range of the SC bank, while the DC-bus voltage range remains relatively small. As a result, the installed capacity of the SC bank can be reduced by 50% without decreasing the available energy of the SC bank. An algorithm for the energy management system was developed according to the rule-based strategy that allows to choose one from the eight operating modes. The simulation of investigated EV operation with the proposed HESS was carried out during the transport cycle on a model developed through the energetic macroscopic representation approach. The simulation results are confirmed by experiments on a scaled-down experimental setup.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"241-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57937722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of linear eddy current brakes for maglev train using an equivalent circuit method","authors":"Jun Liu,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Lijun Jin,&nbsp;Guobin Lin,&nbsp;Yan Sun,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang","doi":"10.1049/els2.12016","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An equivalent circuit method (ECM) is developed to analyse the linear eddy current braking system (ECBS) of the maglev train. The distribution of eddy current in the rail is represented by dividing the rail into a series of small segments in which the current is assumed to be uniform. Each segment is described as an equivalent circuit with parameters of resistance and inductance. The circuit parameters, such as self-inductance and mutual inductance, are evaluated from the geometry parameters using an analytic method. The state equation derived from the circuit equations and the Newton's equations is solved using the Runge–Kutta method, from which the dynamic performance of the linear ECBS can be obtained. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed ECM are verified by comparing the results with the one obtained from the finite element method. By adopting the developed ECM, the influence of parameters, such as speed, the exciting current and air gap of the linear ECBS, are analysed. The variation law of the linear ECBS with parameters is roughly grasped.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 3","pages":"218-226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41618189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rebecca Todd","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/els2.12013","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12013","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Rebecca Todd was the deputy editor in chief of &lt;i&gt;IET Electrical Systems in Transportation&lt;/i&gt; and a member of the organising committee for the IET Power Electronics, Machines and Drives conference, leading the power electronics theme. Rebecca passed away suddenly in May 2020, cutting short a blossoming academic career in electrical power conversion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rebecca grew up in Chesterfield, as the daughter of Maria and Jeff and younger sister to Ryan. Rebecca's fascination with engineering became evident at an early age as she eschewed many of her toys in favour of Lego, Meccano and helping her father fix cars, thereby developing the practical skills that would prove invaluable throughout her career. Rebecca was the first in her family to attend university when she joined UMIST (now The University of Manchester) in 1997, studying electrical and electronic engineering. The course fuelled Rebecca's enthusiasm for practical power engineering and subsequently led to her undertaking an EngD at Manchester in the control of doubly-fed induction generators for wind power applications, which was sponsored by FKI Energy Technology and supervised by Mike Barnes and Sandy Smith. The project provided some excellent practical experience at DeWind in Lubeck on the north German coast, although the chilly temperature was a challenge. The research led to a very well cited paper on the analysis of different operating strategies for induction generator systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;On completing her EngD, Rebecca joined the Rolls-Royce University Technology Centre in Electrical Power Conversion at Manchester as a research associate and played a major role in investigating DC power networks for future aircraft, leading to notable publications on the control of fault-tolerant generators, grey-box modelling of switched reluctance generators and the application and control of super-capacitors to manage system transients. Rebecca built a reputation as an excellent experimentalist and her work was characterised by thorough validation at representative power levels, typically up to 100 kW.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rebecca was appointed as a lecturer in electrical power conversion at Manchester in 2010 and was promoted to the post of senior lecturer in 2017. As an academic Rebecca's research mainly focussed on energy storage using batteries or super-capacitors. She played a major role in securing a multi-million-pound EPSRC capital grant for large-scale storage facilities, which included a 250-kW grid-linked lithium-ion battery system, high power battery testing equipment and a real-time grid simulator. Rebecca was leading much of the research based on these facilities, which included the stacking of multiple grid-support services, the coordination of multiple storage assets, hardware-in-the-loop validation, and battery degradation modelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rebecca's research also included investigating wide bandgap device applications for transport systems as part of the Converters Theme within the EPSRC Power Ele","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57937698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric vehicle charging stations’ location in urban transportation networks: A heuristic methodology","authors":"Sebastian Torres Franco,&nbsp;Ivan Camilo Durán Tovar,&nbsp;Mónica Marcela Suárez Pradilla,&nbsp;Agustin Marulanda Guerra","doi":"10.1049/els2.12011","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lack of public charging infrastructure has been one of the main barriers preventing the technological transition from traditional vehicles to electric vehicles. To accelerate this technological transition, it is necessary to elaborate optimal charging station location strategies to increase the user confidence, and maintain investment costs within acceptable levels. However, the existing works for this purpose are often based on multipath considerations or multi-objective functions, that result in taxing computational efforts for urban transportation networks. This article presents a heuristic methodology for urban transportation networks, that considers the deployment of the charging stations for coverage purposes, and the fulfilment of user preferences and constraints as two separated processes. In this methodology, a Reallocation Algorithm is formulated to prioritize the selection of Locations of Interest, and to reduce the number of stations with overlapping covering areas. The methodology results are compared to those drawn from a Greedy Algorithm based on a multipath consideration, in an extensive metropolitan transportation network. The results show that the proposed methodology significantly reduce the computational time required for solving the location problem, and furthermore, allows for similar results to those obtained when considering <i>k</i> = 2 and <i>k</i> = 3 deviation paths.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 2","pages":"134-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42678142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model predictive control for on–off charging of electrical vehicles in smart grids","authors":"Ye Shi,&nbsp;Hoang D. Tuan,&nbsp;Andrey V. Savkin,&nbsp;H. Vincent Poor","doi":"10.1049/els2.12010","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2.12010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the next decade, a massive number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will need to be integrated into current power grids. This is likely to give rise to unmanageable fluctuations in power demand and unacceptable deviations in voltage. These negative impacts are difficult to mitigate because PEVs connect and disconnect from the grid randomly and each type of PEVs has different charging profiles. This paper presents a solution to these problems that involves coordination of power grid control and PEV charging. The proposed strategy minimises the overall costs of charging and power generation in meeting future increases in PEV charging demand and the operational constraints of the power grid. The solution is based on an on–off PEV charging strategy that is easy and convenient to implement online. The joint coordination problem is formulated by a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINP) with binary charging and continuous voltage variables and is solved by a highly novel computational algorithm. Its online implementation is based on a new model predictive control method that is free from prior assumptions about PEVs' arrival and charging information. Comprehensive simulations are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the proposed methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"11 2","pages":"121-133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2.12010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46511969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}