IET Electrical Systems in Transportation最新文献

Optimal Energy Efficiency in a Mass Rapid Transit System Through DC Traction Substation Voltage Control Utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization 基于粒子群算法的直流牵引变电站电压控制在轨道交通系统中的最优能效

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1049/els2/5531109

Waiard Saikong, Banri Khemkladmuk, Chaiyut Sumpavakup, Chanchai Techawatcharapaikul, Thanatchai Kulworawanichpong

{"title":"Optimal Energy Efficiency in a Mass Rapid Transit System Through DC Traction Substation Voltage Control Utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"Waiard Saikong, Banri Khemkladmuk, Chaiyut Sumpavakup, Chanchai Techawatcharapaikul, Thanatchai Kulworawanichpong","doi":"10.1049/els2/5531109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/els2/5531109","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses voltage level modifications in urban mass transit traction substations, focusing on DC railway substations, to reduce power consumption and improve energy efficiency. Substation voltage settings are usually adjusted by a skilled designer using practical judgment and design acumen. To maximize operations, all traction substation voltage levels are automatically adjusted to the same value. This arrangement works well and may not have affected the power supply system. This design often causes operations to deviate from optimal performance, perhaps reducing energy efficiency. This research seeks to determine the optimal traction substation voltage setting that minimizes total energy consumption of DC electric railways. A simulation-based approach is applied using train movement data and voltage variation scenarios. The proposed designs are linear, V-shaped, and fixed-voltage. Additionally, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an effective way to find the best design. The Bangkok Transit System (BTS) Sukhumvit line is used for testing. Reduction by the linear framework, energy consumption may be 2.341% lower than the base case. By the PSO, the results in 30 trial test runs suggest a 6.107% energy consumption reduction from baseline.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/5531109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Secretary Bird Optimization-Based Frequency and Voltage Control of Single Area and Multi Area Power Systems With Hydrogen-Based Energy and Electric Vehicle Integration 基于秘书鸟优化的氢能源与电动汽车一体化单区域和多区域电力系统频率和电压控制

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1049/els2/6401188

Hiramani Shukla, Anupam Kumar

{"title":"A Novel Secretary Bird Optimization-Based Frequency and Voltage Control of Single Area and Multi Area Power Systems With Hydrogen-Based Energy and Electric Vehicle Integration","authors":"Hiramani Shukla, Anupam Kumar","doi":"10.1049/els2/6401188","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/6401188","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces simultaneous control of oscillations in voltage and frequency within a single-area power system that includes hydrogen energy and electrical vehicles as source. The study focuses on the critical roles played by Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Automatic Generation Control (AGC) loops in maintaining frequency and voltage stability. The article incorporates renewable energy sources (RESs) in this investigation, like photovoltaic (PV) systems, fuel cells (FCs), and aqua electrolyzers (AEs) into the power grid. Energy storage and electric vehicle integration have also been included in the research to see how they affect the reduction of frequency and voltage oscillations. This study also examined the impact of communication time delays (Tds), which may be the cause of system instability in real-power systems. The proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is selected as a subsidiary controller for the combined study of AGC and AVR, and its efficacy in terms of operation is contrasted with classical I and PI controllers and other control techniques from the literature. A recently developed Secretary Bird Optimization (SBO) algorithm is selected for obtaining the parameters of the controller. This article contributes valuable insights into power system stability enhancement.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/6401188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric Vehicle Technologies in the Smart Grid Era: A Comprehensive Review 智能电网时代的电动汽车技术综述

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1049/els2/3139124

Shady S. Refaat, Amira Mohammed, Tareq Foqha, Ahmed Syed, Samer Alsadi, Mostafa Farrag

{"title":"Electric Vehicle Technologies in the Smart Grid Era: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Shady S. Refaat, Amira Mohammed, Tareq Foqha, Ahmed Syed, Samer Alsadi, Mostafa Farrag","doi":"10.1049/els2/3139124","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/3139124","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) present an efficient solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing grid power quality. They offer multiple advantages over traditional internal combustion engines (ICEs), including lower emissions, reduced dependance on oil, higher energy efficiency, quieter operation, zero emissions, and improved air quality by minimizing the release of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere. However, there is a lack of literature that comprehensively reviews the factors that can facilitate the assimilation of EV technology. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of EV technologies, focusing on the growth of global EV adoption and the various types of EVs, including all-EVs and hybrid EVs (HEVs). The comparative analysis of different HEV technologies is presented, covering full HEVs, mild HEVs, and plug-in HEVs (PHEVs). The paper also discusses the different classifications of HEVs based on electrification level and energy source, along with a comparative analysis of their configurations. Furthermore, the EV architecture is examined, with a specific focus on electric motors, battery management systems (BMSs), batteries, and charging technologies, including conductive and wireless charging systems. The challenges in EV charging and the associated charging standards are also addressed. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for the advancement of EV technologies and infrastructure to overcome the significant barriers to rapid EV adoption, while demonstrating how smart grid technologies enhance EV charging efficiency, grid resilience, and energy sustainability.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/3139124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery From a Platoon Powered by a DC Electric Road System 由直流电力道路系统供电的车队的再生制动能量回收

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1049/els2/8479155

Saleh A. Ali, Volker Pickert, Mansoureh Zangiabadi, Mohammed A. Alharbi, Handong Li

{"title":"Regenerative Braking Energy Recovery From a Platoon Powered by a DC Electric Road System","authors":"Saleh A. Ali, Volker Pickert, Mansoureh Zangiabadi, Mohammed A. Alharbi, Handong Li","doi":"10.1049/els2/8479155","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/8479155","url":null,"abstract":"Electric road systems (ERSs) are anticipated to be major energy consumers. The energy efficiency of an ERS can be significantly improved by implementing the practice of driving electric vehicles (EVs) in closely spaced platoons. This driving configuration effectively reduces the drag coefficient of all vehicles within the platoon, resulting in a substantial decrease in the power demanded from the grid. Moreover, it enables the collective recuperation of regenerative energy from braking EVs rather than feeding the individual braking energy into each vehicle battery. Recuperating energy is well understood from trains. To safeguard the network from overvoltage, braking resistors are commonly utilised in conjunction with a nearby energy storage system (ESS) or feeding power upstream into the AC grid via bidirectional substations. This paper utilises Simulink to model an ERS featuring two EV platoons (EVPs), simulating power flow within the system and assessing various technologies for regenerative energy recuperation. A control technique for efficient management of regenerative energy is introduced and validated through experiments by using dedicated software designed for emulating regenerative braking energy in DC railway applications.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/8479155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric Power Derivation From 25 kV AC Overhead Line Systems: A Solution for Electrified Railway Networks 25千伏交流架空线系统的电力引出：电气化铁路网的解决方案

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1049/els2/3696402

Yljon Seferi, Robert D. Gardner, Brian G. Stewart

{"title":"Electric Power Derivation From 25 kV AC Overhead Line Systems: A Solution for Electrified Railway Networks","authors":"Yljon Seferi, Robert D. Gardner, Brian G. Stewart","doi":"10.1049/els2/3696402","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/3696402","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonizing rail transport in response to global warming is fundamental to achieving a net zero transportation system. Along with increased passenger mobility and network electrification initiatives, significant connectivity between the train and infrastructure is needed to underpin operational communications and safety, information exchange, and customer comfort. Track-to-train data connectivity solutions that are being proposed require a source of electrical power available at regular locations. This source of electricity is not always readily accessible along the railway track, even when the traction systems are powered by electricity. For low-power and low-voltage (LV) applications, deriving electric power from the overhead catenary system is costly, potentially bulky, complicated, or not even technically feasible with present conventional or innovative power derivation methods. This paper investigates the technical feasibility and applicability of the capacitive divider technology in electrified AC traction systems and proposes a power supply solution that could utilize the in situ 25 kV AC overhead line to supply low-power LV applications. A prototype has been developed, and the principles of deriving active power up to 47 W at 108 V have been demonstrated through laboratory experiments and simulations. The prototype has a relatively low complexity, does not require any auxiliary power supply circuitry, has relatively a lower cost compared to other solutions, and can be constructed rapidly due to the availability of off-the-shelf components. The proposed power supply solution has the potential to support data connectivity applications thus becoming an enabler of the information exchanged between train and infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/3696402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling and Assessing Vulnerabilities of Aircraft Cyber–Physical Power Systems Based on Complex Network Theory 基于复杂网络理论的飞机信息物理动力系统脆弱性建模与评估

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1049/els2/3785433

Chang Liu, Shuo Wang, Zhiyong Fan, Huixin Bai, Tianlei Zang

{"title":"Modeling and Assessing Vulnerabilities of Aircraft Cyber–Physical Power Systems Based on Complex Network Theory","authors":"Chang Liu, Shuo Wang, Zhiyong Fan, Huixin Bai, Tianlei Zang","doi":"10.1049/els2/3785433","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/3785433","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of more electric aircraft (MEA) is a major trend in the aircraft industry. Compared to the conventional aircraft electrical power system (AEPS), the MEA–EPS has become more integrated and complex. The MEA–EPS demonstrates typical characteristics of a cyber–physical system (CPS) as a result of the implementation of intelligent management and information sensing techniques, thereby transforming into an aircraft cyber–physical power system (ACPPS). However, the improved architecture provides reliability while also introducing vulnerability. The methodologies used to evaluate the reliability of conventional aircraft EPS are not easily transferable to ACPPS. Therefore, it is essential to assess the vulnerability of MEA–EPS for stable operation and optimal system design. To identify the critical components and branches of MEA–EPS, this paper proposes an ACPPS framework and a modeling approach. Additionally, by applying complex network theory, the system is abstracted into an undirected network. The statistical properties of the network are examined from both structural and functional perspectives, revealing that the system exhibits a robust scale-free characteristic. Finally, four attack strategies are used to simulate random failures and malicious attacks. Simulation results indicate that the cyber-side is more fragile than the physical-side and several countermeasures are recommended to defend against attacks.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/3785433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Smart and Secure Wireless Power Transfer for EVs: Exploring IoT, Edge Computing and Blockchain Solutions 智能安全的电动汽车无线电力传输：探索物联网、边缘计算和区块链解决方案

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1049/els2/9926412

Gaurav Kumar, Suresh Mikkili, Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla

{"title":"Smart and Secure Wireless Power Transfer for EVs: Exploring IoT, Edge Computing and Blockchain Solutions","authors":"Gaurav Kumar, Suresh Mikkili, Praveen Kumar Bonthagorla","doi":"10.1049/els2/9926412","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/9926412","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been developed as a transformative alternative to traditional plug-in charging for electric vehicles (EVs), offering significant developments in mobile charging. EVs are charged while moving on the roads. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various WPT technologies, including inductive power transfer (IPT), resonant inductive transfer, capacitive power transfer (CPT), microwave power transfer (MWPT) and laser power transfer (LPT), for both near-field and far-field applications. Different WPT topologies, such as series–series (SS), series–parallel (SP), parallel–parallel (PP), parallel–series (PS), LC-S, LC-P, S-SP and LC-LC, are analysed for their specific advantages in EV applications. Additionally, key standards for WPT, including SAE J2954, IEC 61980, ISO 19363, IEEE C95.1-2345 and TA-15, are providing a regulatory framework for safe and efficient implementation. The paper also explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques like deep Q-network (DQN) and large language model (LLM) in the WPT system. Further, smart road technologies and cybersecurity measures in WPT systems, with a particular focus on issues such as data protection for cyberattacks, are discussed. The role of the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing in monitoring and controlling EVs for optimal charging is discussed. Furthermore, the application of blockchain technology in WPT is discussed. The advancements in coil design are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and limitations of WPT, such as energy transfer efficiency, misalignment of coils, electromagnetic interference (EMI), safety and security, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/9926412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comprehensive Eco-Cooperative Driving, Considering a Suitable Energy Consumption Model in the Proximity of a Signalized Intersection 考虑合适能量消耗模型的综合生态协同驾驶

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1049/els2/5574313

Ali Parsi, Teymoor Ghanbari, Ebrahim Farjah

{"title":"A Comprehensive Eco-Cooperative Driving, Considering a Suitable Energy Consumption Model in the Proximity of a Signalized Intersection","authors":"Ali Parsi, Teymoor Ghanbari, Ebrahim Farjah","doi":"10.1049/els2/5574313","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/5574313","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly gaining popularity due to zero greenhouse gas emissions and some other privileges. However, limited battery capacity and drive range are known as the main obstacles to the widespread usage of EVs. Signalized intersections are among the bottleneck situations, in which the transportation systems are away from their optimal operation point. Eco-driving is an effective solution for dealing with idle stop-and-go issue before the signalized intersections, which is attainable thanks to the merits of advanced connected vehicle (ACV) technology. In this study, an eco-cooperative driving strategy is presented in proximity to the signalized intersections, considering driver comfort. First, Virginia Tech’s microscopic (VT-Micro) model is developed, taking into account road slope and regenerative braking energy. Then, using the model, all optimal acceleration and deceleration levels for uphill, flat, and downhill scenarios with consideration of driver comfort are determined. Finally, the effectiveness of the eco-cooperative driving strategy is examined.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/5574313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and Hybrid Analytical Model for Interior Permanent Magnet Generator in an Electric Vehicle Auxiliary Power Unit Application 内置式永磁发电机在电动汽车辅助动力装置中的设计与混合分析模型

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1049/els2/6472337

Mostafa Shabanpour, Fariba Farrokh, Vahid Zamani Faradonbeh, Abolfazl Vahedi, Pedram Asef

{"title":"Design and Hybrid Analytical Model for Interior Permanent Magnet Generator in an Electric Vehicle Auxiliary Power Unit Application","authors":"Mostafa Shabanpour, Fariba Farrokh, Vahid Zamani Faradonbeh, Abolfazl Vahedi, Pedram Asef","doi":"10.1049/els2/6472337","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/6472337","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses a brushless permanent magnet (PM) generator. A high-efficiency interior PM (IPM) generator has been designed. It is suggested to use a three-phase, 12-/10-pole generator for the auxiliary power unit application. In this regard, to compute the components of the flux density distribution in the air gap of an IPM generator, a hybrid analytical model is employed. The unique aspects of this work include the development of a 2-dimensional (2-D) analytical method to determine the air gap magnetic flux density in the IPM generator, as well as the first-ever replacement of the stator slot with surface currents without the need for a repetitive loop. The rotor body bore receives 1-dimensional (1-D) analytical IPMs first transferred using the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model. After that, the 2-D analysis is modified to take the stator slot’s impacts into account by adding virtual surface currents (VSCs). Using boundary conditions and the Laplace/Poisson equations, the radial and tangential flux components of the flux density distribution in the air gap IPM generator were computed. The suggested method and the acquired findings have been validated by the finite element method (FEM), analytical model, and experimental results, indicating that the IPM generator is a promising option for electric vehicle (EV) auxiliary power unit applications.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/6472337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review of Certification Compliance Assessment for Nonresettable Protection Devices in eVTOL Applications eVTOL应用中不可复位保护装置认证符合性评估综述

IF 2.2 4区工程技术

IET Electrical Systems in Transportation Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1049/els2/7218316

Shadan Altouq, Chung M. Fong, Patrick J. Norman, Graeme M. Burt

{"title":"A Review of Certification Compliance Assessment for Nonresettable Protection Devices in eVTOL Applications","authors":"Shadan Altouq, Chung M. Fong, Patrick J. Norman, Graeme M. Burt","doi":"10.1049/els2/7218316","DOIUrl":"10.1049/els2/7218316","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of electrical vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft enables a greener, quieter, and faster method of aerial transportation method than helicopters. Key electrical power technologies are also being developed to enable the realization of these new aircraft types. The Pyrofuse protection device is a nonresettable protection device (NRPD) that offers desirable features for use within small electric aircraft applications. The components used in the Pyrofuse are also currently available at the intended power levels and at low cost. However, the nonresettable aspect of the device represents a challenge in the certification process for its use in eVTOL electrical system protection, although there is a current shortage of published literature on this aspect. Accordingly, this paper provides the first document-based review of certification compliance assessment for the use of NRPDs in an eVTOL environment. This assessment shows that devices such as Pyrofuses can achieve airworthiness in a range of roles as the primary protection for eVTOL electrical power system (EPS). However, this airworthiness is highly dependent on the physical design of the aircraft design, the proposed location of NRPDs, and the immunity to common mode and common cause failures.","PeriodicalId":48518,"journal":{"name":"IET Electrical Systems in Transportation","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/els2/7218316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0