Research Policy最新文献

{"title":"Implementing responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment in research projects: A framework and application","authors":"Melf-Hinrich Ehlers ,&nbsp;Nadja El Benni ,&nbsp;Mélanie Douziech","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Responsible research and innovation concepts are popular at higher levels of organising research policy, which must align with the design and management of individual research projects. However, at this lower level, there is still a need for clearer guidance on how to support responsible research and innovation through the development of socially desirable and sustainable technologies. This is particularly evident in the agri-food sector, where calls for innovation have been on the increase, but novel technologies are often controversial and their contribution to sustainable development is uncertain. Integration of responsible research and innovation with sustainability assessment is required at the early stages of technology development in projects, during which technology development can still respond to social concerns and sustainability assessments. The few first attempts are often vague about the methods applicable in projects to support the sustainable and responsible development of technology. This paper develops a conceptual approach that integrates methods required to support the anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion, and responsiveness keys of responsible research and innovation with sustainability assessment methods, along typical phases of a research project. A case study of agricultural photovoltaics illustrates the applicability of the framework across a full research project cycle. The framework addresses the gap in how to apply methods that support responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment in research projects. It enables synergies between responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment. In the first steps of assessment, when the unknowns and uncertainties surrounding novel technologies are great, research and sustainability assessment require systematic anticipation of developments and impacts. In this context, sustainability assessment can support reflexivity in more detail than previously suggested approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105164"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How symmetry between intrafirm knowledge and collaboration structures influences exploratory innovation under conditions of combinability","authors":"Arjan Markus ,&nbsp;Juan Antonio Candiani ,&nbsp;Victor A. Gilsing","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine how symmetry between intrafirm knowledge and collaboration structures influences firms' exploratory innovation performance. Symmetry means that the inventors' collaboration structure mimics their knowledge structure, implying that inventors with similar domain knowledge collaborate, whereas inventors with dissimilar domain knowledge do not. We argue and show that intrafirm symmetry is the commonly used form by most firms, as it is intuitive and pays off on average. However, it also comes with an inherent risk for their exploratory innovation performance. To address this, we include a key condition of a firm's technological environment: the ease or difficulty with which its knowledge domains can be combined. Based on a sample of 170 publicly traded semiconductor firms over 23 years, we find a positive association between the symmetry of a firm's collaboration and knowledge structure and its exploratory innovation performance under average combinability. This relationship changes when firms operate under low or high combinability conditions. Both these conditions favor firms that deviate from symmetry by relying on a parallel, isolated configuration or multidisciplinary configuration. Our contribution to the literature lies herein that we show when firms and their managers should pay attention to stimulating and optimizing collaboration, as has been the dominant focus until now, but also, and equally important, when disbanding this standing collaboration among inventors is more effective for a firm's exploratory innovation. Most firms overlook the risk that comes with a symmetric configuration under conditions of low or high combinability and are better off instead through one of two less common, asymmetric configurations of their inventor collaboration and knowledge structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105030"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Free-riding in academic co-authorship: The marginalization of research students","authors":"Mehdi Khodakarami ,&nbsp;Fakhroddin MohammadRezaei ,&nbsp;Amin Sarlak ,&nbsp;Mukesh Garg ,&nbsp;Zabihollah Rezaee","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the phenomenon of free-riding in academic co-authorship, focusing particularly on scenarios involving accounting faculty and research students. Using strain theory, illegitimate opportunity theory, and power distance theory, we theoretically examine both the supply and demand sides of the free-riding phenomenon in academic co-authorship. Drawing on 54 semi-structured interviews, our findings reveal that free-riding in academic co-authorship is a widespread problem in Iran and India, though less pronounced in selected developed countries. In the Iranian and Indian contexts, the most frequently observed scenario involves faculty members free-riding from research students. In contrast, in the developed countries studied, the most prevalent scenario is faculty members free-riding from their counterparts. The study identifies meso- and macro-level inefficiencies as the primary root causes of this phenomenon in the developing countries of Iran and India. These include economic challenges, inappropriate formal and informal regulations and norms at universities, cultural issues, over-engagement of faculty in teaching, administrative duties, and non-academic work, as well as a high student-to-faculty ratio. In developed countries, where such inefficiencies are less common, the role of individual characteristics in driving this phenomenon becomes more pronounced. Nonetheless, cultural factors and faculty busyness remain important considerations even in developed countries. Moreover, many interviewees believe that free-riding behavior can be contagious and that experiencing it can lead to pessimism toward co-authorship. Most interviewees from Iran and India perceive free-riding as endemic in their countries' accounting research communities, in contrast to interviewees from developed countries. Drawing on participant insights, this study offers a range of recommendations to address and mitigate free-riding in academic co-authorship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105165"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical research and health care finance: Evidence from Academic Medical Centers","authors":"Pierre Azoulay ,&nbsp;Misty Heggeness ,&nbsp;Jennifer Kao","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) — comprising medical schools, teaching hospitals, and research laboratories — play an important role in US biomedical innovation. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 changed reimbursements for Medicare inpatient claims and subsidies for medical residents. We compare AMCs’ relative exposure to the reform, how these differences affect their researchers’ ability to attract NIH grant funding, and the quantity, impact, and content of their publications. We find that in response to the reform, research activity increased by approximately 6%. Changes in research composition suggest that hospitals responded to Medicare funding cuts by encouraging incumbent investigators to increase their research activities and by redirecting hiring efforts towards individuals attracted to AMCs (e.g., translational researchers). We find little effect on clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105163"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143128970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can money buy scientific leadership? The impact of excellence programs on German and French universities","authors":"Nicolas Carayol ,&nbsp;François Maublanc","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>German and French governments have had , quasi simultaneously, this ambitious goal to push forward national champions on the global higher education and research market via, as they called it, “excellence programs”. We develop a difference-in-difference approach to identify the impact of such non standard research policy on selected universities. Our identification strategy builds upon matching those entities to European universities and upon controlling for a number of potential confounding factors via regression adjustment. We find that excellence programs have an overall positive effect on scientific outcomes that we precisely estimate. Interestingly, impact does not concentrate on top cited papers but is larger on the internationalization of research and on collaborations with industry. Additional evidence from event studies supports the idea that excellence policy essentially helped treated universities maintaining their scientific competitive edge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105155"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Meet me at the backdoor”: A multiple case study of academic entrepreneurs bypassing their technology transfer offices","authors":"Norrin Halilem,&nbsp;Balla Diop","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigates the underexplored phenomenon of technology transfer office (TTO) bypassing in academic entrepreneurship. While TTOs are established to centralize and support intellectual property-based commercialization, a significant portion of entrepreneurial projects avoid the TTO. Relying on both economic (transaction cost theory) and ethical (Tyler's justice model) considerations, this study explores the motivations and contextual factors behind a researcher's decision to commercialize an invention using means other than the TTO. This multiple case study employs an in-depth exploratory qualitative approach to investigate five academic entrepreneurs across different disciplines in Canadian universities who chose to bypass their TTO, often in contravention of institutional policies. Our findings reveal a complex interplay among individual motivations, institutional policies, and market realities. We identified four paths of awareness and strategic intent in this process ranging from unintentional non-compliance to tactical avoidance which challenge a simplistic perception of TTO bypassing as merely unintentional rather than deliberate. The study also reveals four overlapping contexts that promote TTO bypassing: confidence in personal expertise, previous negative experience of using the TTO, peer-influenced skepticism, and external partner challenges. Furthermore, the findings show that the reasons for bypassing include both economic and ethical motivations which steer academic entrepreneurs toward alternative, privately managed commercialization paths. The article concludes with some implications for university managers and policymakers related to how to address the multifaceted motivations for TTO bypassing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105156"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governance of knowledge development in a public-private partnership: NASA's efforts to design the Space Shuttle","authors":"Raja Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What conceptual opportunities for the theory of innovation governance are uncovered by analyzing the knowledge development required to design the first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, through a public-private partnership? Using data collected from various sources, this study provides insights into how NASA, a public agency, governed knowledge development while engaging private actors in anticipation of creating a long-running shuttle program. First, <em>within</em> each phase of the design process, knowledge was developed through knowledge generation, knowledge filtration, and knowledge combination and involved a division of labor. Second, knowledge reinforcing—whereby the knowledge developed in the previous phase was innovated upon using new knowledge—occurred <em>between</em> phases. In summary, the paper highlights how public-private partnerships govern knowledge development by managing division of labor and reinforcing knowledge. These insights pave the way for future investigations at the intersection of governance mechanisms and innovation processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 2","pages":"Article 105151"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfaces, social information processing, and diversity cascades: How board diversity influences invention output","authors":"Daniel Z. Mack ,&nbsp;Guoli Chen ,&nbsp;Po-Hsuan Hsu ,&nbsp;Yen Teik Lee ,&nbsp;Gerard George","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although recent studies report a positive relationship between board diversity and firms' invention output, less is known about the mechanisms by which they operate, given that boards are typically far removed from on-the-ground invention activities. Drawing from research on interfaces and social information processing, we propose a theory of diversity cascades across the organizational hierarchy. Specifically, we posit that board diversity has a positive––albeit indirect––influence on firms' invention output. This relationship is mediated by the diversity of top management teams and inventor diversity, as board diversity cascades from the top to lower ranks of an organization. This indirect effect is strengthened by the presence of inside executive directors who span the board-TMT interface, especially in terms of demographic diversity. We find support for our hypotheses by investigating a longitudinal sample of S&amp;P 1500 firms and their patenting activities over the period 2000–2018.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 1","pages":"Article 105148"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Government Patent Register: A new resource for measuring U.S. government-funded patenting","authors":"Daniel P. Gross ,&nbsp;Bhaven N. Sampat","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce new historical administrative data identifying U.S. government-funded patents since the early twentieth century. In addition to the funding agency, the data report whether the government has title to the patent (“title” patents) or funded a patent assigned to a private organization (“license” patents). The data include a large number of “license” patents that cannot be linked to government funding from patent text or other sources. Combining the historical data with modern administrative sources, we present a public, consolidated data series measuring U.S. government-funded patents — including funding agencies — through 2020, and we provide code to extend this series in the future. We use the data to document long-run patterns in U.S. government-funded patents and federal patent policy, propose ways in which these data can be used in future research, and discuss limitations of the data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 1","pages":"Article 105142"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing productivity growth channels in the UK","authors":"Daniel Garcia-Macia ,&nbsp;Julia Korosteleva","doi":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.respol.2024.105149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What drove the UK productivity slowdown post-Global Financial Crisis, and how is the post-Covid recovery expected to differ? This paper traces the sources of TFP growth in the UK over the last two decades through the lens of a structural model of innovation, using registry data on the universe of firms. The dominant innovation source in the pre-GFC decade were improvements by incumbent firms on their own products, whereas creation of new varieties by entrants took a leading role post-GFC. In the Covid recovery, survey data (as of July 2021) suggested that creative destruction (i.e., innovation replacing other firms' products) was expected to gain importance. Innovation remains key for the UK economy to secure sustainable productivity growth. Once the recovery is underway, growth policies should prioritize labor and capital reallocation across firms, in addition to R&amp;D support and human capital investment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48466,"journal":{"name":"Research Policy","volume":"54 1","pages":"Article 105149"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}