{"title":"Convergence and divergence in adolescent- and parent-reported daily parental positive reinforcement: Dynamic links with adolescent emotional and behavioral problems.","authors":"Kehan Li, Yao Zheng","doi":"10.1037/dev0001947","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0001947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parents and adolescents often hold concordant and discordant views on parenting behaviors. Scant research has explored short-term within-family dynamics of parent-adolescent congruency and discrepancy on parental positive reinforcement on a micro timescale. Adopting a month-long daily diary design, we examined the convergence and divergence among 86 dyads of adolescents (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 14.5 years, 55% female, 45% non-White) and one of their parents (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 43.7 years, 72% female, 38% non-White) on their perceived daily parental positive reinforcement behaviors and the links to adolescents' daily emotional, hyperactivity, and conduct problems. Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling revealed both convergence and divergence at the within-family level. At the between-family level, however, there was minimal evidence for parent-adolescent convergence. Within-families, parent divergence was positively and reciprocally linked with adolescent emotional problems prospectively. Parent divergence was also associated with fewer adolescent hyperactivity problems the next day. More adolescent hyperactivity problems were negatively linked to parent-adolescent convergence the next day. The findings unveiled distinct structure of, and associations with parent-adolescent convergence and divergence on parental positive reinforcement behaviors, which highlights the importance of disentangling short-term within-family fluctuations from stable between-family differences at different levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1778-1792"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143524227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louise Mackie, Leslie-Ann Eickhoff, Eluisa Nimpf, Ludwig Huber, Stefanie Hoehl
{"title":"Parental models and overimitation in 5-year-old children.","authors":"Louise Mackie, Leslie-Ann Eickhoff, Eluisa Nimpf, Ludwig Huber, Stefanie Hoehl","doi":"10.1037/dev0001798","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0001798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals often copy another's causally irrelevant actions despite their inefficiency toward goals. The present study investigated the influence of model familiarity on this behavior-known as \"overimitation\"-with a two-phase overimitation task. We tested whether 5-year-old Austrian children (<i>N</i> = 52, 28 males) would overimitate their parents more than a stranger when operating a novel puzzle box. First, an inefficient strategy was demonstrated by a parent (or stranger) before the child's first turn on the box; then, an efficient strategy was demonstrated by a stranger (or parent) before the child's second turn. Results showed that children who first saw their parent's inefficient strategy overimitated it slightly more than those who saw the stranger's. After the efficient demonstration, we observed a reduction in children's overimitation of their parent's (but not the stranger's) inefficient strategy. Comparisons to a no-model (baseline) condition revealed significantly higher overimitation scores for our parent-then-stranger and stranger-then-parent conditions in the first phase, but only for the stranger-then-parent condition in the second phase. We also observed children protesting against their parents' efficient demonstration (in favor of the stranger's inefficient demonstration). These results suggest (a) that overimitation can occur in two ways (supporting a dual-process theory) and (b) that children selectively overimitate depending on model familiarity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1641-1652"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142141387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mika Asaba, Melissa Santos, Julian Jara-Ettinger, Julia A Leonard
{"title":"Adolescents report being most motivated by encouragement from people who know their abilities and the domain.","authors":"Mika Asaba, Melissa Santos, Julian Jara-Ettinger, Julia A Leonard","doi":"10.1037/dev0001920","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0001920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Students often receive encouragement but do not always find it motivating. Whose encouragement motivates students and what cognitive mechanisms underlie this process? We propose that students' responses to positive feedback (e.g., encouragement) hinge on mental state representations, specifically what the speaker knows. Across three studies, we find that U.S. adolescents (<i>n</i> = 581-759 11- to 19-year-olds per study, preregistered; > 80% racial/ethnic minorities; > 36% low income) report being more motivated by, more confident in, and more likely to seek out encouragement from hypothetical and real-world speakers (e.g., parents, teachers, peers) who are knowledgeable about both their abilities (e.g., students' math skills) and the task at hand (e.g., math). To make feedback most effective, our findings suggest that students should seek and receive encouragement from those who know them and their activities well. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1793-1807"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franziska Sieber, Jan Czarnomski, Axel Schölmerich, Moritz M Daum, Norbert Zmyj
{"title":"The two functions of imitation in the second year of life: A longitudinal study.","authors":"Franziska Sieber, Jan Czarnomski, Axel Schölmerich, Moritz M Daum, Norbert Zmyj","doi":"10.1037/dev0001856","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0001856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infant imitation serves a cognitive and a social function. As part of their temperament, infants' attention and social orientation mirror these two functions. This longitudinal study investigated the development of the two functions within the second year of life in German infants (<i>N</i> = 136, 74 female), using standardized tests at the ages of 12, 18, and 24 months, conducted in 2018 and 2019. We measured temperament using two established parental questionnaires (Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised, Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire) and behavioral observation (Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery), imitation using the Frankfurt Imitation Test, and cognitive development using the Cognitive Scale of the Bayley Scales. Hierarchical regressions revealed an association between imitation and social orientation from 12 months onward, whereas no clear relation emerged between imitation and attentional variables independently of infants' cognitive development. The findings suggest that imitation serves a primarily social function early in life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1653-1668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erim Kızıldere, Christian M Nelson, Marianella Casasola, Katharine Graf Estes, Lisa M Oakes
{"title":"Parents' multimodal spatial language structures infants' in-the-moment attention during spatial play.","authors":"Erim Kızıldere, Christian M Nelson, Marianella Casasola, Katharine Graf Estes, Lisa M Oakes","doi":"10.1037/dev0002068","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0002068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We asked how caregivers use spatial language and deictic gestures, in addition to object labeling, with their infants during spatial play, and how such spatial multimodal input scaffolds infants' in-the-moment attention. Forty-nine North American middle-class racially and ethnically diverse caregivers (four fathers, 45 mothers; 51% White and not Hispanic) and their 9-month-old infants (15 girls, 34 boys; 43% White and not Hispanic) played with a puzzle while wearing head-mounted eye trackers. Results showed that caregivers' speech with spatial words or objects labels extended the duration of infants' looking at the puzzle, compared to looking accompanied by utterances without such words. Notably, the combination of spatial and labeling language was more effective than either type alone. Furthermore, infants' attention was longer when caregivers used deictic gestures (e.g., pointing) compared to when they did not use these gestures, highlighting the support of multimodal communication. Together these results add to our understanding of how the content of caregivers' speech, and not simply the presence of speech, along with deictic gestures may shape infants' attention in real time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Özge Ugurlu, Anna Luerssen, Joseph Ocampo, Oliver P John, Özlem Ayduk
{"title":"Developmental trajectories and socioemotional correlates of emotion recognition in vocal bursts in early childhood.","authors":"Özge Ugurlu, Anna Luerssen, Joseph Ocampo, Oliver P John, Özlem Ayduk","doi":"10.1037/dev0001949","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0001949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotion recognition, one key aspect of emotion reasoning, is crucial to socioemotional development in childhood. While much developmental research has focused on facial emotion recognition, studies on the recognition of emotions conveyed through vocal bursts remain relatively scarce, despite the voice being one of the primary channels for conveying emotion. To address this gap, we investigated (a) how recognition accuracy across six well-studied emotions in vocal bursts changes between the ages of 5 and 8 (N = 162, 47.53% girls and 52.47% boys), (b) whether gender moderates the developmental trajectories of recognition accuracy (both overall and at the level of distinct emotions), and (c) whether recognition accuracy predicts socioemotional functioning concurrently and longitudinally. Our findings revealed that recognition accuracy was highest for happiness and lowest for fear and that accuracy improved with age for all emotions except for happiness, which was positively associated with age at a marginal level. While younger girls (compared with boys) were better at recognizing emotions, this difference disappeared by age 8. This same pattern was observed for sadness and anger at the level of distinct emotions. The capacity to recognize emotion in vocal bursts did not correlate with caregivers' perceptions of children's emotional symptoms or hyperactivity. However, it predicted a lower likelihood of conduct problems and a higher tendency toward prosocial behavior concurrently, with the latter effect staying significant longitudinally. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of emotion recognition beyond the face and its implications for children's socioemotional adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rowena Garcia, Michael C Valdez, Natalie Boll-Avetisyan
{"title":"Infants discriminate subtle nasal contrasts late: Evidence from field psycholinguistic experiments on Tagalog-learning infants in the Philippines.","authors":"Rowena Garcia, Michael C Valdez, Natalie Boll-Avetisyan","doi":"10.1037/dev0002053","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0002053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies suggest that infants initially show universal discrimination abilities. However, this narrative has been heavily based on Indo-European languages. It has also been proposed that infants' speech sound discrimination is affected by acoustic salience, such that acoustically subtle contrasts are not discriminated until the end of an infant's first year. Furthermore, others have suggested an influence of word position and positional frequency in discrimination abilities. In Study 1, we analyzed a child-directed corpus of Tagalog and found that the /n/-/ŋ/ contrast is more frequent in the word-final than word-initial position, which might make the contrast easier to discriminate in the final than initial position. In three preregistered field psycholinguistic studies, we tested the nasal discrimination abilities of Tagalog-learning infants in the Philippines (total <i>n</i> = 60) using a habituation task and the central fixation paradigm. Experiment 1 tested 4- to 6-month-olds' discrimination of /na/ and /ŋa/, while Experiment 2 tested 10- to 12-month-olds. Experiment 3 tested 4- to 6-month-olds' discrimination of /an/ and /aŋ/. We found that only the 10- to 12-month-olds showed discrimination of /na/ and /ŋa/. The 4- to 6-month-olds did not show discrimination of the contrast in the word-initial nor in the final position. These results are in line with the acoustic salience account and with previous findings of studies in Asia showing a late discrimination of native contrasts. We discuss language- and context-specific factors that can explain these results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madeleine Oswald, Alana Foley, Susan Goldin-Meadow, Susan C Levine
{"title":"Iconic number gestures: Naturalistic use by children and parents in the early home environment.","authors":"Madeleine Oswald, Alana Foley, Susan Goldin-Meadow, Susan C Levine","doi":"10.1037/dev0002058","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0002058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A growing body of research suggests that children's use and understanding of cardinal number gestures (e.g., raising two fingers to indicate \"two\") reflect greater cardinal number knowledge than their number words alone (e.g., Butts, 2025; Gibson et al., 2019, 2022; Gunderson et al., 2015; Orrantia et al., 2024; Oswald et al., 2025). The present study adds to these findings by examining how often, and in what contexts, parents and their young children use iconic number gestures, with a particular focus on how these gestures are used in relation to number words. In a naturalistic, at-home longitudinal study, we found that 14- to 58-month-old children and their parents used iconic number gestures far less often than number words. Parents used more number words than the children, but children used more number gestures than the parents. Both children and parents used number gestures more often for nonpresent entities than for present entities, even though they both displayed the opposite pattern for number words (i.e., more number words for present than nonpresent entities). Finally, children were more likely to use number gestures if their parents used them (some parents never used number gestures during the observations), but neither parents' nor children's use of number gestures early on predicted children's cardinal number knowledge at 46 months of age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12396510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Longitudinal relations between early prosocial behaviors toward parents and later prosocial and aggressive behaviors in Turkish early adolescents.","authors":"Zehra Gulseven, Asiye Kumru, Gustavo Carlo, Sahitya Maiya, Melike Sayıl, Bilge Selçuk","doi":"10.1037/dev0002057","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0002057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Because Turkish early adolescents learn and practice many essential prosocial behaviors (i.e., helping, sharing) within the family context, it is important to examine whether early adolescents' prosocial behaviors toward parents at age 10 (Time 1) were related to their later prosocial and aggressive behaviors at age 13 (Time 3) via perceived parental psychological control at age 12 (Time 2). Participants were 355 early adolescents (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 9.89 years, <i>SD</i> = 0.32; 51% girls) from Türkiye at Time 1. Early adolescents reported their prosocial behaviors toward mothers and fathers at age 10, perceived maternal and paternal psychological control at age 12, and prosocial and aggressive behaviors at age 13. Mediation analyses showed that early adolescents' greater prosocial behaviors toward parents were significantly related to less perceived psychological control, which, in turn, was related to less altruistic and reactive prosocial behaviors but related to greater reactive and proactive aggressive behaviors. Importantly, these associations were robust across boys and girls, and all indirect effects were statistically significant. The findings inform theories that suggest interindividual stability in youth's levels of prosocial behavior and reciprocal relations between parenting and youth behaviors but extend such findings to a non-Western, relatively collectivist-oriented, predominantly Muslim culture. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethnic-racial identity as a developmental asset in the context of marginalization.","authors":"M Dalal Safa, Rebecca M B White, George P Knight","doi":"10.1037/dev0002043","DOIUrl":"10.1037/dev0002043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to ethnic-racial discrimination is a common experience for immigrant and ethnic-racial minoritized youth in the United States. Given the detrimental effects of exposure to ethnic-racial discrimination for minoritized youth development and adjustment, it is important to elucidate risk-reducing mechanisms, processes set in motion in response to risk that support adolescent adjustment. Specifically, this study investigated whether ethnic-racial identity (ERI) achievement and affirmation functioned as mediating mechanisms that reduced the negative effects of peer ethnic-racial discrimination on youth adjustment, particularly their bicultural competence development. The sample included 749 U.S. Mexican-origin youth (30% Mexico-born; 51% male) followed from early to late adolescence (<i>M</i><sub>age</sub> = 12.79-17.38 years; 2004-2013). Longitudinal mediation analyses revealed that middle-adolescent ERI achievement (but not affirmation) served as a risk reducer, mediating the association between early-adolescent exposure to peer ethnic-racial discrimination and late-adolescent bicultural competence. Specifically, early-adolescent exposure to peer ethnic-racial discrimination was associated with increases in late-adolescent bicultural competence via increases in middle-adolescent ERI achievement. These findings were consistent across youth with different social positions based on gender and nativity status. Findings highlight minoritized youth resilience characterized by increased bicultural competence in the face of peer ethnic-racial discrimination. Importantly, this resilience was possible via increases in their ERI achievement. This study advances a developmental understanding of adaptive responses to peer ethnic-racial discrimination across adolescence and elucidates intervening mechanisms that can promote youth positive development in the context of marginalization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48464,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}