Journal of Marriage and Family最新文献

{"title":"Yes, parents, it reflects on you: Norms and Metanorms regulating teen daughters and parents","authors":"Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson,&nbsp;Stefanie Mollborn,&nbsp;Christine Horne","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Examine normative expectations of teens and parents related to teen behaviors in multiple domains.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parenting expectations have strengthened in an increasingly evaluative context. Existing literature does not address whether parents are evaluated based on their teens’ actions. We argue that understanding the pressures parents face is facilitated by an understanding of norms, which regulate behavior, and metanorms, which regulate the sanctioning of norm violations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using an online vignette experiment, we tested three hypotheses about norm expectations evaluating a 16-year-old female's behavior and metanorm expectations evaluating her parents based on the teens’ behavior. 786 US adults were randomly assigned to one of eight vignettes varying a teen daughter's behavior with respect to contraception, number of sexual partners, shoplifting, and academic performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants expected negative reactions to the teen girl when she engaged in nonnormative behaviors. They also expected she was more likely to be pregnant, even when the nonnormative behavior was not sexual. They expected more negative reactions to her parents based on her nonnormative behavior, even when nothing was known about their parenting. In some cases, the effects were smaller for parents than for the girl but still notable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parents and teens are both held accountable for teens’ behavior.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study extends the theoretical understanding of metanorms and has implications for understanding parental reactions to teens’ behaviors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1783-1799"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational autonomy, paid maternity leave, and mothers' return to work after childbirth","authors":"Camille Portier","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13089","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study formulates and tests a resource substitution hypothesis, examining whether mothers rely more on occupational autonomy to balance work and childrearing when paid maternity leave is unavailable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The tension between working for pay and caring for young children is crucial to understanding women's employment trajectories, especially in the United States, with its limited formal support for mothers around childbirth. In this context, occupational characteristics such as autonomy may serve as an important resource for working women to draw upon during the transition to motherhood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using data from the first 19 rounds of the NLSY97 (<i>N</i> = 1813) and the O*NET, the author estimates logistic models and discrete-time event history models to consider the relationship between occupational autonomy, use of paid leave, and whether and when mothers come back to work after childbirth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results highlight the nature of autonomy as a valuable resource in the transition back to work and confirm the resource substitution hypothesis. Mothers in occupations with greater autonomy are not only more likely to return to work after childbirth but also do so more promptly, particularly in the absence of paid leave.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings are significant, given the enduring impact of post-childbirth career breaks and the limited access to paid leave in the United States. They underscore the potential of occupational autonomy in mitigating the adverse effects of motherhood on career progression and in reducing disparities among mothers across various labor market sectors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1571-1595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal education, early language skills, and mother–child interactions across three welfare states","authors":"Gülbin Şengül-İnal,&nbsp;Nicolai Topstad Borgen,&nbsp;Jan Skopek,&nbsp;Ane Nærde,&nbsp;Henrik Daae Zachrisson","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to examine the extent to which maternal education-related disparities in child language development in preschool years are mediated by differences in mother–child interaction quality, and whether this mediation varies across different sociopolitical contexts: the U.S., Germany, and Norway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Socioeconomic disparities in language development have prompted research to investigate mechanisms underlying early language disparities. Moreover, welfare states structure the opportunities available and accessible to all parents and children. Thus, it becomes crucial to understand how family mechanisms differ across different sociopolitical contexts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study uses data from the U.S., Germany, and Norway with comparable measures based on ex-post harmonization across early childhood to examine cross-country differences in whether the association between maternal education and language development was explained by the observed quality of mother–child interactions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mother–child interactions partly mediate the association between maternal education and language skills, with similar indirect effects in all three countries. Because maternal education is more strongly associated with language skills in the U.S. compared to Germany and Norway, mother–child interactions explain a considerably lower proportion of the total effect in the U.S.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mother–child interactions play a consistent role in language disparities regardless of sociopolitical context, suggesting that the broader sociopolitical context does not influence these micro-processes. Other factors related to the sociopolitical context seem to cause larger education-related gaps in language skills in the U.S. compared to Germany and Norway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1549-1570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A longitudinal dyadic analysis of gender ideology during the transition into parenthood","authors":"Yexin Zheng,&nbsp;Senhu Wang,&nbsp;Muzhi Zhou","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aim to examine how the interplay between couples' gender ideology and economic power shapes gender ideology evolution during the transition into parenthood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous research has examined individual-level changes in gender ideology during the transition into parenthood, overlooking the dynamic interaction in which the characteristics of both spouses mutually shape each other's gender ideology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analyzing longitudinal couple data from the United Kingdom (1991–2020) using a couple-level fixed effects model, this study examines how women's and men's gender ideologies evolve during the transition into parenthood and whether the patterns are configured by spousal gender ideologies and relative income.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Throughout the transition into parenthood, there is a shift toward more traditional gender-role views among wives. This change is particularly pronounced if their husbands possess more traditional ideologies and earn more than the wives. The impact of parenthood on the husband's gender ideology is more varied. Husbands tend to adopt more traditional ideologies when their wives hold more traditional views and when they earn overwhelmingly high relative incomes. Conversely, their gender ideologies become more egalitarian when their wives hold more egalitarian views and when their incomes are similar to or lower than their wives'.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings provide novel insights into the interactional process of gender ideology formation in different-sex couples when they become parents, highlighting the interplay between parenthood, gender ideology, and economic power. The strong ideological interaction between spouses suggests a significant opportunity for exchanging egalitarian beliefs between genders as society moves toward more gender-equal norms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1433-1453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Splitting the penalty by taking turns? Same-sex mothers' earnings losses in Norway","authors":"Ylva Moberg,&nbsp;Maaike van der Vleuten","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study describes the childbearing trajectories and earnings of mothers in female same-sex couples (FSSC) in Norway and, through comparisons with mothers in different-sex couples (DSC), explores three factors behind mothers' earnings losses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mothers in FSSC experience smaller earnings penalties following parenthood than mothers in DSC. We investigate three potential reasons for this: the number of pregnancies/births the mother goes through, number of children in the family, and the partner's sex.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study utilized Norwegian register data, 1999–2021, including 1050 women in FSSC and 168,649 in DSC. An event study was used to estimate labor earnings changes after a first and second child, separately for mothers in DSC and FSSC, and for partners in FSSC who gave birth once, twice, or never, isolating the impact of each factor.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childbirth/pregnancy was the most important factor. Birth mothers experienced large earnings losses after each pregnancy, with no differences between FSSC and DSC. Likely due to strict regulations, high costs, and low availability of fertility treatments, FSSC had fewer children and (only) 50% switched birth parent for a second child.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>(Birth) mothers' larger earnings losses stem primarily from time away from the labor market in connection with each pregnancy/birth. Mothers in FSSC on average go through fewer pregnancies, possibly explaining their overall smaller earnings penalties in the first 5 years of parenthood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1524-1548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who can work when, and why do we have to care? Education, care demands, and the gendered division of work schedules in France and Germany","authors":"Carolin Deuflhard,&nbsp;Jeanne Ganault","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article investigates how education and the presence and age of children shape gendered work schedule arrangements among couples in France and Germany.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules, schools and daycare facilities typically operate during standard work hours. Nevertheless, little is known on the gendered division of work schedules. Both France and Germany have shifted toward labor market deregulation, favoring the concentration of nonstandard schedules in lower-class jobs. However, France provides full-day public education and care. In Germany, public childcare is less comprehensive, and daycare and school hours are considerably shorter.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study uses sequence and cluster analysis on time-use data (<i>N</i> = 11,268 days) to identify typical work schedules. Multinomial logistic regressions assess how education and the presence and age of children are associated with men's and women's types of days.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In both countries, less-educated men were more likely to work shifts, whereas less-educated women were more likely to not be employed. However, standard work schedules prevailed among better-educated French men <i>and</i> women, whereas partial workdays and non-workdays predominated among German women.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In both labor market contexts, less-educated partnered women rather than men seem to opt out of employment due to scheduling conflicts between work and care. However, more work-facilitating family policies allow for more gender-equal schedules among better-educated men and women in France.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1618-1638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender and housework in the post-retirement context: Longitudinal evidence from the U.S.","authors":"In Jeong Hwang,&nbsp;Joseph Svec,&nbsp;Jeong Eun Lee","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study assesses the role of retirement as an equalizer for couple's housework production in tandem with changing demands for different types of housework after retirement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retirement has received attention as an equalizer for household gender inequality. Among various changes brought by retirement, changing demands for housework can have different implications depending on chore types due to gender task segregation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using the Health and Retirement Study from 976 couples (<i>N</i> = 3,404) and fixed effects models, we predict the difference between husbands’ and wives’ housework time among different-gender married dual-earner couples as a function of retirement arrangements, time spent on feminine- and masculine-typed chores, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Couple's retirement arrangements were generally not independently associated with housework gender inequality, but they moderated the effects of demands for gender-normative tasks. Consistent with the prediction that feminine-typed chores fall upon wives and masculine-typed chores on husbands, couples were more egalitarian when there was less feminine-typed chore to distribute. More masculine-typed chore contributed to gender equality but only under limited circumstances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found some evidence of gender task segregation but limited support for retirement as an equalizer. Even though husbands’ retirement brings an opportunity to improve housework gender equality, the success depends on the level of demands for gender-normative tasks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights how gender ideological scripts can frame relational expectations and persist despite shifts in economic contributions to the household.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1596-1617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing together, knowing together: Dynamics of interracial parenting of mixed-race children","authors":"Marguerite Lengyell,&nbsp;Nic M. Weststrate","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study was to understand how interracial couples collaboratively describe and make meaning of co-parenting their mixed-race children.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parenting for interracial couples has become more complex as matters related to race have been pushed to the forefront of public discourse. Existing research often focuses on individual parents' retrospective accounts of co-parenting mixed-race children, with findings that vary depending on the parent's racial identity and gender. Notably these studies have predominately centered on the experiences of mothers, leaving a gap in understanding the perspectives of fathers and the dynamics between both parents in co-parenting relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six interracial couples in Toronto, Canada, about co-parenting school-aged (6–12 years) mixed-race children. The couples, aged 38–49, were in long-term relationships (15+ years), married or in common-law unions, and identified as middle class. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results showed that meanings ascribed to co-parenting experiences varied across three relationship phases: courtship and early stages of the interracial relationship; becoming parents and early parenting experiences; and co-parenting school-aged mixed-race children. Interactions revealed that navigating the journey of co-parenting mixed-race children involved an intricate process of mutual growth for couples. Each stage of the relationship catalyzed deeper understandings and fostered resilient familial bonds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings highlight the unique dynamics of interracial co-parenting, underscoring the pivotal role of shared learning in shaping familial dynamics ultimately contributing to more inclusive narratives around family and parenting in diverse societies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1454-1481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive housework and Parents' relationship satisfaction","authors":"Richard J. Petts,&nbsp;Daniel L. Carlson,&nbsp;Jaclyn S. Wong","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13082","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines the association between the division of cognitive housework and parents' relationship satisfaction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Equity theory suggests that factors which either objectively (i.e., equal sharing) or subjectively (i.e., feeling appreciated) enhance partners' feelings of mutual benefit lead to greater relationship satisfaction. From an equity perspective, cognitive labor may be especially consequential for relationship satisfaction not only because it is boundless, burdensome work but also because it is invisible and often unappreciated. Drawing on equity theory, we argue that relationship satisfaction is highest when cognitive labor is equally shared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We use cross-sectional data on different-gender partnered US parents from Wave 5 of the Study on US Parents' Divisions of Labor During COVID-19 (SPDLC) and OLS regression to estimate associations between the division of cognitive housework and relationship satisfaction separately for mothers and fathers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Equal divisions of cognitive housework are associated with the highest levels of relationship satisfaction for both mothers and fathers. This association is consistent across various measures and dimensions of cognitive housework, with few exceptions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Relationship satisfaction is highest when partners equally share cognitive housework, as sharing this labor may reduce burdens on one parent as well as increase the visibility and value of this often hidden form of domestic labor.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 4","pages":"1767-1782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parent–teen dyadic experiences of racism: Implications for Black familial racial socialization","authors":"Shawn C. T. Jones,&nbsp;Sharde McNeil Smith,&nbsp;Naya Sutton,&nbsp;Lesley Blair Winchester,&nbsp;Broquelynn Shepard","doi":"10.1111/jomf.13060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.13060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a linked lives perspective, the current study sought to understand how patterns of racism experiences within Black parent–teen dyads affected the frequency and competency of racial socialization transmission.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Racism in America has been pervasive, impacting Black families from cradle to grave. Acts of anti-Black racism influence the ways in which parents communicate about race to their children (i.e., racial socialization); however, research has not explored whether the linkages of racism experiences between parent and child are also influential for this process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data were collected from Black parent–child dyads (<i>N</i> = 201) through Qualtrics Panel Management. Parents and youth each completed surveys about racial/ethnic identity, race-related stress, and racial socialization practices. A three-step latent profile analysis was conducted using MPlus software.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Four distinguishable dyadic racism subgroups were identified: <i>Low Parent–Teen Racism</i>, <i>Moderate Parent–Teen Racism</i>, <i>Moderate–High Parent</i>, <i>Low Teen Racism</i>, and <i>High Parent–Teen Racism</i>. More racial socialization messages were transmitted in dyads with parents and teens reporting moderate to high levels of racism compared to dyads where teens reported low levels of racism. There were variations in parents' competency in delivering racial socialization messages across the four subgroups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The consequences of racism may be underestimated by focusing on individual experiences and not accounting for the linked lives of Black parents and their adolescents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48440,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marriage and Family","volume":"87 3","pages":"990-1008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jomf.13060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}