{"title":"Mechanisms of Vocabulary Acquisition Persist Under Variable Language Experience.","authors":"Amelia A Becker, Jennie E Pyers, Naomi E Caselli","doi":"10.1111/desc.70169","DOIUrl":"10.1111/desc.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deaf children with hearing caregivers are uniquely at risk for incomplete and/or delayed first language exposure: their spoken language access is often incomplete, and hearing caregivers who choose to learn a sign language usually begin after their child's diagnosis. Limited access to language during early childhood delays language learning. However, it is unclear whether the mechanisms underpinning vocabulary acquisition, reflected in sensitivity to various lexical properties, are also impacted by variability in early language experience. In this study, we compared the composition of early signed vocabularies among deaf children with deaf signing caregivers (N = 115) to those with hearing caregivers (N = 122). Although children with hearing caregivers had smaller vocabularies, their vocabularies were largely similar in composition to those of the group with deaf caregivers along all tested properties (phonological neighborhood density, iconicity, morphosyntactic, and semantic categories) except for frequency and the categories of predicates and action signs. Infrequent signs, predicates, and action signs were underrepresented in the vocabularies of deaf children with hearing caregivers compared to those with deaf caregivers. These findings indicate that when children are provided early and accessible language input, the cognitive tools driving their lexicon building remain robust, even in the face of variability in many aspects of their language experience. SUMMARY: When deaf children learn a sign language alongside their caregivers, their vocabulary acquisition is delayed and proceeds more slowly compared to children learning from caregivers who are already fluent in the language. Children with delayed, inconsistent, and/or limited early sign exposure successfully learn high frequency signs but are slower to learn rare signs. Iconicity, neighborhood density, and morphosyntactic/semantic category were similarly represented in both groups' vocabularies, suggesting learning mechanisms are largely unaffected by highly variable early language environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48392,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Science","volume":"29 3","pages":"e70169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Paquette, Leher Singh, Marley B Forbes, Melanie Killen
{"title":"Chinese Singaporean Children's Expectations About Peer Group Norms in the Context of Wealth and Ethnicity.","authors":"Alexandra Paquette, Leher Singh, Marley B Forbes, Melanie Killen","doi":"10.1111/desc.70175","DOIUrl":"10.1111/desc.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>United Nations SDG 10 focuses on reducing inequalities in civil society. To address the emergence of attitudes and reasoning about social exclusion based on wealth and ethnicity, Chinese Singaporean children's predictions about peer group inclusion decisions based on ethnicity (Chinese/Indian) and wealth (high/low) were investigated. A cohort of 103 participants (4-7 years, M<sub>age</sub> = 5.79; 49% female) was asked to predict and reason about how a peer group would make choices about including a new peer over three conditions. In the Ethnicity condition, participants expected peers to give priority to same-ethnicity friendships; this expectation increased with age. In the Wealth condition, participants' expectations for peers to give priority to same-wealth friendships increased with age. When both ethnicity and wealth were independently manipulated, participants expected their peers to give priority to high wealth, even if that meant the group would be cross-ethnic. Children referenced access to material resources and opportunities when reasoning about why low-wealth and high-wealth groups would choose to include a high-wealth peer. In same-wealth contexts, shared identity between the peer and group was also referenced. Participants used moral reasoning to explain their expectations for the low-wealth Chinese group's choice of a high-wealth Chinese peer; this reasoning was not evidenced when Chinese participants predicted a low-wealth Indian group's choice for including a high-wealth Indian peer. These novel findings revealed children's nuanced expectations about exclusionary peer group norms regarding wealth and ethnicity. Reducing exclusionary attitudes early in life contributes to sustainable development across cultural contexts. SUMMARY: Young Chinese Singaporean children expected peer groups to include high-wealth peers, though older children increasingly predicted low-wealth groups would include peers of the same wealth. Children expected groups to prioritize high wealth over shared ethnicity when both traits were presented simultaneously. Children reasoned that groups include high-wealth peers due to access to material resources and, at times, shared group identity. Moral reasoning emerged when children predicted that low-wealth Chinese, but not Indian, groups would include high-wealth peers for resource-sharing purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48392,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Science","volume":"29 3","pages":"e70175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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