Criminology最新文献_第9页

Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States 在美国，涉及黑人受害者的凶杀案不太可能被排除嫌疑

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12362

Gian Maria Campedelli

{"title":"Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States","authors":"Gian Maria Campedelli","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12362","url":null,"abstract":"Does a victim's race explain variation in the likelihood of homicide clearance? Attempts to address this issue date back to the 1970s. Yet, despite its theoretical and policy relevance, we lack a comprehensive and clear empirical answer to this critical question. Here, I causally focus on this problem by investigating racial disparity in homicide clearance in the United States, exploiting two sources covering the 1991–2020 period: the Murder Accountability Project data set (N = 522,278) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System data set (N = 98,677). I primarily analyze these sources by employing exact matching to achieve perfect covariate balance and subsequently isolate the effect of race on the probability of clearance. For comparative purposes, I also use regression adjustment without matching obtaining complementary estimates. I demonstrate that the likelihood of clearance is 3.4 to 4.8 percent lower for homicides involving Black victims, depending on the sampling and estimation approach. In addition, I empirically show that this race effect is slightly higher for males and that racial disparity has moderately but significantly increased over time. These findings contribute to the extensive amount of evidence on discrimination affecting Black individuals in the administration of justice in the United States, calling for structural efforts to reduce this divide.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 1","pages":"90-128"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pacifying problem places: How problem property interventions increase guardianship and reduce disorder and crime 安抚问题场所：问题财产干预措施如何加强监护并减少混乱和犯罪

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12361

Michael Zoorob, Daniel T. O'Brien

{"title":"Pacifying problem places: How problem property interventions increase guardianship and reduce disorder and crime","authors":"Michael Zoorob, Daniel T. O'Brien","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12361","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9125.12361","url":null,"abstract":"Crime is highly concentrated at places that lack capable place managers (i.e., landlords and their delegates). In response, numerous cities have instituted problem property interventions that pressure landowners to better manage properties suffering from decay, nuisance, or crime. This approach is distinctive in that it both targets a place and incentivizes those legally responsible to improve its management, yet little is known about the efficacy of such interventions. We assess the short- and long-term impacts of such interventions in Boston, Massachusetts, using matched difference-in-difference analyses. Problem property interventions reduced crime and disorder relative to comparable matched properties. They also led to property investment and landowner turnover, suggesting strengthened place management. In addition, drops in crime and disorder were observed at other properties on the same street, although not at other properties with the same owner throughout the city. This study, therefore, provides evidence that problem property interventions compel landowners to better manage the targeted property and that these effects have a diffusion of benefits on surrounding properties. The effect on place management, however, was limited to the target property and did not reliably generalize to the landowner's other holdings. This study reveals nuance in the ways that problem property interventions can benefit communities.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 1","pages":"64-89"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139848022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The problem with criminal records: Discrepancies between state reports and private-sector background checks 犯罪记录的问题：州政府报告与私营部门背景调查之间的差异

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12359

Sarah Lageson, Robert Stewart

{"title":"The problem with criminal records: Discrepancies between state reports and private-sector background checks","authors":"Sarah Lageson, Robert Stewart","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12359","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9125.12359","url":null,"abstract":"Criminal records are routinely used by employers and other institutional decision-makers who rely on their presumed fidelity to evaluate applicants. We analyze criminal records for a sample of 101 people, comparing official state reports, two sources of private-sector background checks (one regulated and one unregulated by federal law), and qualitative interviews. Based on our analysis, private-sector background checks are laden with false-positive and false-negative errors: 60 percent and 50 percent of participants had at least one false-positive error on their regulated and unregulated background checks, and nearly all (90 percent and 92 percent of participants, respectively) had at least one false-negative error. We define specific problems with private-sector criminal records: mismatched data that create false negatives, missing case dispositions that create incomplete and misleading criminal records, and incorrect data that create false positives. Accompanying qualitative interviews show how errors in background checks limit access to social opportunities ranging from employment to education to housing and violate basic principles of fairness in the legal system.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 1","pages":"5-34"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139847608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

When police pull back: Neighborhood-level effects of de-policing on violent and property crime, a research note 当警察撤离时：解除警力对暴力犯罪和财产犯罪的街区级影响，研究说明

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12363

Justin Nix, Jessica Huff, Scott E. Wolfe, David C. Pyrooz, Scott M. Mourtgos

{"title":"When police pull back: Neighborhood-level effects of de-policing on violent and property crime, a research note","authors":"Justin Nix, Jessica Huff, Scott E. Wolfe, David C. Pyrooz, Scott M. Mourtgos","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12363","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9125.12363","url":null,"abstract":"Many U.S. cities witnessed both de-policing and increased crime in 2020, yet whether the former contributed to the latter remains unclear. Indeed, much of what is known about the effects of proactive policing on crime comes from studies that evaluated highly focused interventions atypical of day-to-day policing, used cities as the unit of analysis, or could not rule out endogeneity. This study addresses each of these issues, thereby advancing the evidence base concerning the effects of policing on crime. Leveraging two exogenous shocks presented by the onset of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and social unrest after the murder of George Floyd, we evaluated the effects of sudden and sustained reductions in high-discretion policing on crime at the neighborhood level in Denver, Colorado. Multilevel models accounting for trends in prior police activity, neighborhood structure, seasonality, and population mobility revealed mixed results. On the one hand, large-scale reductions in stops and drug-related arrests were associated with significant increases in violent and property crimes, respectively. On the other hand, fewer disorder arrests did not affect crime. These results were not universal across neighborhoods. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of debates concerning the appropriate role of policing in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 1","pages":"156-171"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139850057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Officer diversity may reduce Black Americans’ fear of the police 警官多样性可减少美国黑人对警察的恐惧

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12360

Justin T. Pickett, Amanda Graham, Justin Nix, Francis T. Cullen

引用次数: 0

Correctional officers and the use of force as an organizational behavior 惩教人员与使用武力作为一种组织行为

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12346

William J. Schultz

引用次数: 0

System management and compensatory parenting: Educational involvement after maternal incarceration 系统管理与补偿性育儿：母亲监禁后的教育参与

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12339

Amelia R. Branigan, Rachel Ellis, Wade C. Jacobsen, Anna R. Haskins

{"title":"System management and compensatory parenting: Educational involvement after maternal incarceration","authors":"Amelia R. Branigan, Rachel Ellis, Wade C. Jacobsen, Anna R. Haskins","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12339","url":null,"abstract":"Research has demonstrated that paternal incarceration is associated with lower levels of educational involvement among fathers and primary caregivers, but little is known regarding caregiver educational involvement when mothers have been incarcerated. In this study, we present the first analysis of variation in school- and home-based educational involvement by maternal incarceration history, pairing survey and interview data to connect macro-level group differences with micro-level narratives of mothers’ involvement in their children's education. Our survey data demonstrate that children of ever-incarcerated mothers experience increased school-based educational involvement by their primary caregivers, regardless of whether the caregiver is the mother herself. Our interview data point to compensatory parenting as a key motivating factor in educational involvement, wherein a caregiver endeavors to “make up for” the child's history of maternal incarceration. Findings add to the literature demonstrating maternal incarceration as a distinct experience from both paternal incarceration and material disadvantage alone, and they suggest the need to explore the role of schools as potential points of productive institutional involvement for mothers with an incarceration history.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"61 3","pages":"482-517"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How to overcome the cost of a criminal record for getting hired 如何克服被雇佣的犯罪记录成本

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12345

Mateus R. Santos, Chae M. Jaynes, Danielle M. Thomas

{"title":"How to overcome the cost of a criminal record for getting hired","authors":"Mateus R. Santos, Chae M. Jaynes, Danielle M. Thomas","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12345","url":null,"abstract":"Many theories emphasize how employment is protective against criminal recidivism, yet a criminal record is a major barrier for getting hired. We asked 591 managers to make hypothetical hiring decisions between two applicants whose key difference was the presence or absence of a criminal conviction. In addition, we randomly manipulated the education, references, wage, or experience of the applicant with the criminal record to identify which manipulations can offset the cost of the record on an applicant's probability of being selected. We found that, when credentials were the same, the applicant with a criminal record was unlikely to be hired. That applicant, however, could become likely to be hired (i.e., the likelihood crossed 50 percent) by having at least 1 year of relevant experience, a GED or a college degree, or references from a former employer or a professor. Incomplete degrees, references from criminal justice professionals, or wage discounts did not make the applicant with the record likely to be hired. Findings confirm that a criminal record carries a high employability cost but also indicate that this cost can be superseded by specific credentials that signal an applicant's reliability, which can be provided by existing programs and institutions.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"61 3","pages":"582-621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest 因逮捕而停课后果中的种族和族裔差异

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12344

Benjamin W. Fisher, Alex O. Widdowson

{"title":"Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest","authors":"Benjamin W. Fisher, Alex O. Widdowson","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12344","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory has emerged as the predominant explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that the symbolic label conferred along with a suspension shapes how other people perceive and respond to labeled students. Few studies, however, have attended to racial/ethnic differences in this process even though critical race theory suggests the consequences of suspension likely differ across racial/ethnic groups due to prevailing racial/ethnic stereotypes. This study uses six waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (N = 8,634) to examine how the relationship between suspension and subsequent arrest differs for White, Black, and Hispanic students. Using a series of within-person analyses that control for time-stable personal characteristics, this study finds that suspension amplifies Black and Hispanic students’ risk of arrest relative to that of White students. White students’ risk of arrest was not amplified by suspension and, in some models, was diminished. This study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the labeling process as different by race/ethnicity and indicate that suspension is particularly harmful for Black and Hispanic relative to White students.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"61 3","pages":"622-653"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50141844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revisiting the relationship between age, employment, and recidivism 重新审视年龄、就业和累犯之间的关系

IF 5.8 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12338

Holly Nguyen, Kyle J. Thomas, Jennifer J. Tostlebe

{"title":"Revisiting the relationship between age, employment, and recidivism","authors":"Holly Nguyen, Kyle J. Thomas, Jennifer J. Tostlebe","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12338","url":null,"abstract":"Employment theoretically serves as a source of informal social control that can promote desistance from crime (Sampson & Laub, 1993). Findings from studies assessing the effects of employment, however, have been mixed. In a seminal study, Uggen (2000) reanalyzed data from the National Supported Work (NSW) Demonstration Project and found that employment significantly reduced the rate of recidivism among individuals aged 27 and older but had no impact on younger individuals. We reproduce and replicate Uggen's (2000) findings with data from four distinct employment programs: The National Supported Work Program (1975–1979), the Transitional Aid Research Project (1976–1977), the Employment Services for Ex-Offenders (1981–1984), and the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Center for Employment Opportunities (2004–2008). We closely reproduced Uggen's original findings in the NSW but found evidence that the statistically significant interaction between age and employment in the NSW was only present at the year 3 follow-up and the observed effect is highly sensitive to minor threats to internal validity. Furthermore, a significant age–employment interaction was not observed in the three other data sources. These findings should encourage scholars to continue to investigate the age-graded nature of employment and crime, especially through a sociohistorical lens.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"61 3","pages":"449-481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50132501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0