IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12379

Joseph A. Schwartz, Bradon Valgardson, Christopher A. Jodis, Daniel P. Mears, Benjamin Steiner

{"title":"The accumulated impact of critical incident exposure on correctional officers’ mental health","authors":"Joseph A. Schwartz, Bradon Valgardson, Christopher A. Jodis, Daniel P. Mears, Benjamin Steiner","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12379","url":null,"abstract":"Despite compelling arguments that prison work influences officer mental health, little attention has been devoted to directly and rigorously assessing this relationship. Even less attention has been attributed to the potential impact of critical incident exposure on mental health outcomes among officers. Drawing from a longitudinal sample of correctional officers from three prisons in Minnesota, the current study develops and then tests a resiliency-fatigue model by examining the impact of the accumulation of work-related critical incident exposures on symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. As critical incident exposures accumulate, mental health symptoms are found to become more pronounced. The analyses also reveal evidence that mental health symptoms only increase to problematic levels once the accumulation of critical incidents reaches or surpasses an inflection point. The results underscore the importance of understanding the diverse groups affected by prisons and have downstream implications for incarcerated persons, as well as for prison systems more broadly.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 3","pages":"551-586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding the role of street network configurations in the placement of illegitimately operating facilities 了解街道网络配置在安置非法运营设施方面的作用

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12381

Ieke de Vries, Toby Davies

{"title":"Understanding the role of street network configurations in the placement of illegitimately operating facilities","authors":"Ieke de Vries, Toby Davies","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12381","url":null,"abstract":"The role of street networks in shaping the spatial distribution of crime has become a foundational component within environmental criminology. Most studies, however, have focused on opportunistic crime types, such as property offenses. In this study, we instead research a theoretically distinct phenomenon by examining the placement of venues that host criminal activity. In particular, we study the relationship between network structure and the placement of illicit massage businesses, which operate on the intersections of illicit and legitimate activity by hosting illicit commercial sex under the guise of legitimate massage. We model their placement as a function of two network metrics: betweenness, which measures a street's usage potential, and a variant called “local betweenness,” which measures the potential of nearby streets. Multilevel models are used to examine the importance of these street-level metrics while accounting for tract-level covariates. Our findings demonstrate that, unlike property crimes, illicit massage businesses tend to be located on streets that are themselves quiet but that are close to areas of high activity. Such locations seem to combine accessibility and discretion, and therefore, represent ideal conditions for such businesses to thrive. Our findings can inform problem-oriented approaches to prevent the harms associated with illegitimately operating businesses.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 3","pages":"412-453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Community representation and policing: Effects on Black civilians 社区代表与警务：对黑人平民的影响

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12376

Joseph Risi, Corina Graif

{"title":"Community representation and policing: Effects on Black civilians","authors":"Joseph Risi, Corina Graif","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12376","url":null,"abstract":"Does increased representation of Black individuals in the police force lead to less aggressive policing of Black individuals? The current study uses a Chicago panel data set with monthly police unit observations between 2013 and 2015 to understand 1) how police units’ representation of Black individuals affects the number of stops of Black residents and 2) how individual police officers patrol differently depending on the racial/ethnic background of co-working officers. Using fixed-effects negative binomial regression, we found that increasing racial congruence between police officers and the community being patrolled was associated over time with fewer stops of Black residents. Individual analyses showed that Black (vs. White) officers stopped fewer Black civilians, with larger effects in police units with higher percentages of Black officers, indicating a unit group effect. Furthermore, as the number of Black officer co-workers in a shift increased, Black civilian stops declined for all officers, including White officers, which is consistent with active representation. These findings indicate that a more diverse and representative police force can reduce aggressive policing of minority communities by mitigating group threat and cultivating positive cross-racial exchanges within police organizations and smaller peer groups.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 3","pages":"454-502"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding community hate crimes as an incorrigible proposition: Local political attitudes, path dependence, and the ceremonious reporting of hate crime statistics 将社区仇恨犯罪视为不可救药的命题：地方政治态度、路径依赖和仇恨犯罪统计数据的隆重报告

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12378

Jack M. Mills, Brendan Lantz, Marin R. Wenger

{"title":"Understanding community hate crimes as an incorrigible proposition: Local political attitudes, path dependence, and the ceremonious reporting of hate crime statistics","authors":"Jack M. Mills, Brendan Lantz, Marin R. Wenger","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12378","url":null,"abstract":"The Hate Crime Statistics Act (HCSA) of 1990 requires the federal government to publicly release official hate crime statistics annually; the HCSA does not, however, mandate that local agencies submit hate crime reports to the government in the first place. Although research has evaluated the reporting of hate crime statistics in a dichotomous fashion (compliance vs. noncompliance), the current study suggests that the consistent and invariable reporting of zero hate crimes in a particular jurisdiction over time is unlikely and thus better conceptualized as a third response strategy: ceremonious compliance. We examine this strategy as a potentially unique institutional behavior, structured by local political and historical contexts, including discursive differences in the identification of hate crime as an important social problem, and localized histories of racial oppression. This research then uses multilevel multinomial logistic regression models to estimate variation in the likelihood of differential compliance strategies (i.e., true compliance, ceremonious compliance, noncompliance), according to several political and historical factors, including Republican vote share, location in the Confederate South, and historical lynchings. Findings reveal that political and historical contexts are important predictors of agency responses to hate crime, with a particular tendency toward ceremonious compliance in Republican-leaning locales.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 3","pages":"381-411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reactive guardianship: Who intervenes? How? And why? 反应式监护：谁来干预？如何干预？为什么？

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12380

Timothy C. Barnum, Shaina Herman, Jean-Louis van Gelder, Denis Ribeaud, Manuel Eisner, Daniel S. Nagin

{"title":"Reactive guardianship: Who intervenes? How? And why?","authors":"Timothy C. Barnum, Shaina Herman, Jean-Louis van Gelder, Denis Ribeaud, Manuel Eisner, Daniel S. Nagin","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12380","url":null,"abstract":"Guardianship is a core tenet of routine activity theory and collective efficacy. At its outset, routine activity research assumed that the mere presence of a guardian was sufficient to disrupt many forms of crime. More recent research, however, has taken as a starting point that would-be-guardians must take on an active role for a reduction in crime to occur. Integrating research on bystander intervention and guardianship-in-action, the current study elaborates the individual-level motivations and decision processes of guardianship to answer the following questions: Who serves as a reactive guardian? How do they do so? And why? We tasked young adults (N = 1,032) included in the recent waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso) to assess a 70-second video depicting a sexual harassment event. We examined participants’ willingness to engage in a range of intervention options as a function of their prosocial attitudes, safety considerations, socioemotional motivations, and moral considerations. Results show a complex decision process leading to whether and how a would-be guardian decides to intervene to disrupt sexual harassment, such that prosocial motivations and emotional reactions are weighed against perceptions of danger when deciding on a specific course of action.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 3","pages":"587-618"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Leaving the gang is good for your health: A stress process perspective on disengagement from gangs 脱离帮派有益健康：脱离帮派的压力过程视角

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12377

John Leverso, Cyrus Schleifer, David C. Pyrooz

{"title":"Leaving the gang is good for your health: A stress process perspective on disengagement from gangs","authors":"John Leverso, Cyrus Schleifer, David C. Pyrooz","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12377","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decade, health criminology—the study of health outcomes for justice-involved individuals and their families—has gained traction in the field. We extend health criminology to the study of street gangs by drawing on the stress process perspective. Gang membership is conceptualized as a primary stressor that leads to secondary stressors with direct and indirect adverse effects on mental health. Leaving a gang, we hypothesize, offers relief by shrinking the stress universe to improve mental health. We test the gang disengagement–mental health link using panel data from a sample of 510 active gang members in the Northwestern Juvenile Project, longitudinal entropy balancing models, and mental health outcomes related to both clinical diagnosis and functional impairment. The results indicate that gang disengagement leads to improvements in mental health and functioning. Compared with those who stayed in gangs, those who left experienced improvements in global functioning, overall mental health diagnosis, behavior toward others functioning, substance abuse functioning, and alcohol-related diagnoses. Secondary stressors partially, but not fully, mediated this association. Our findings extend the inventory of research on the benefits of disengagement from gangs to health outcomes and support interventions designed to promote gang disengagement.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 3","pages":"503-550"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The social foundations of racial inequalities in arrest over the life course and in changing times 在不断变化的时代，种族不平等现象在整个生命过程中的社会基础

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12374

Robert J. Sampson, Roland Neil

{"title":"The social foundations of racial inequalities in arrest over the life course and in changing times","authors":"Robert J. Sampson, Roland Neil","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12374","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9125.12374","url":null,"abstract":"Although racial disparities in criminal justice contact are long-standing and the subject of continuing public debate, few studies have linked early-life social conditions to racial disparities in arrest over the life course and in changing times. In this article, we advance and test a theoretical model of racial inequality in long-term arrest histories on a representative sample of nearly 1,000 individuals from multiple birth cohorts in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Large Black–White disparities in arrests from ages 10 to 40 arise from racial inequalities in exposure to cumulative childhood advantages and disadvantages rather than from race-specific effects. Smaller but meaningful Hispanic–White gaps follow a similar pattern, and the same explanations of racial disparities hold across different offense types and across birth cohorts who came of age at different times during 1995 to 2021. These findings indicate that inequalities in early-life structural factors, which themselves are historically shaped, trigger processes of cumulative advantage and disadvantage that produce racial disparities in arrests over the life course and that persist across different points in contemporary history.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 2","pages":"177-204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reframing the debate on legal financial obligations and crime: How accruing monetary sanctions impacts recidivism 重构关于法定财务义务和犯罪的辩论：累积金钱制裁如何影响累犯行为

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12375

Michael Ostermann, Nathan W. Link, Jordan M. Hyatt

{"title":"Reframing the debate on legal financial obligations and crime: How accruing monetary sanctions impacts recidivism","authors":"Michael Ostermann, Nathan W. Link, Jordan M. Hyatt","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12375","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9125.12375","url":null,"abstract":"Legal financial obligations (LFOs) associated with justice system involvement are increasingly a focus for policymakers and researchers seeking to understand sources of inequality and the factors that promote successful reentry. These conversations often rely on an assumption that LFOs are associated with or may even drive higher rates of recidivism. The empirical research in this area, however, has not kept up with the growing strength of these claims. This study reports findings that may offer a new perspective and contribute to an evidence-based debate. Multisourced administrative data on all individuals released from carceral supervision in an East Coast state (N = 21,301) over 3 years are used to examine the complex relationship between criminal justice debt and reoffending. We detail the results of survival analyses estimating the impact of these debts on various forms of recidivism. Broadly, we find that even though the relationship between case-level LFO assessments and future offending did not reach statistical significance, the association with the cumulative effect of monetary sanctions over the life course did. Furthermore, the impact of LFO debt is greater for certain racial groups, supporting theoretical and practical inquiries into factors informing structural disadvantage. Implications for policy and future research are considered.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 2","pages":"331-363"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.12375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Macro-historical influences, cohort dynamics, and the (in)stability of the age–crime distribution: The case of the Republic of Korea 宏观历史影响、组群动态和犯罪年龄分布的（不）稳定性：大韩民国的案例

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12373

Byunggu Kang, Matt Vogel

{"title":"Macro-historical influences, cohort dynamics, and the (in)stability of the age–crime distribution: The case of the Republic of Korea","authors":"Byunggu Kang, Matt Vogel","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.12373","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1745-9125.12373","url":null,"abstract":"Crime is often considered a behavior of teenagers and young adults, peaking in adolescence, and declining with age. A growing body of research, however, has demonstrated that the age–crime relationship is neither universal, as the contours of the age–crime distribution vary across countries, nor uniform, as it varies over time. We argue that the dynamics of the age–crime relationship can best be understood through a lens situating birth cohorts within the broader sociohistorical contexts in which they enter their formative years. We apply this framework to the Republic of Korea, a country that has experienced rapid demographic transitions accompanied by decades of economic development and social upheaval after the Korean War. Our findings suggest that the age–crime distribution in Korea has shifted substantially since the mid-1970s, moving from the quintessential age–crime curve characteristic of Western countries to one in which the modal age at arrest is now concentrated in middle age. We find that much of this change can be attributed to the aging of a specific birth cohort—the 86 generation—whose members were dually disadvantaged by being born during a fertility boom and entering young adulthood during the pro-democracy student movements in the 1980s.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"62 2","pages":"300-330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Firearms, policy, and intimate partner homicide: A structural and disaggregated examination of Black, Latina, and White female victimization 枪支、政策和亲密伴侣杀人案：对黑人、拉丁裔和白人女性受害情况的结构性分类研究

IF 4.6 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12372

Andrew C. Gray, Katherine Kafonek, Karen F. Parker

引用次数: 0

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