IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70036

Taylor Domingos

{"title":"Toronto's drug policy paradox: Harm reduction sites and drug police occurrences in Toronto neighborhoods (1992–2020)","authors":"Taylor Domingos","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70036","url":null,"abstract":"Discourse around drug policy presents a stark contrast between policing and harm reduction models, sparking debates on the state's regulatory versus protective role. Canada is an ideal case to study drug policy models due to its global recognition as a leader in harm reduction alongside continued reliance on policing of drugs. Using 29 years of Toronto Police Service drug possession and sales occurrence data (1992–2020), this study analyzes the longitudinal and spatial relationship between harm reduction service provision and policing of drug possession and sales across Toronto. I ask: What is the relationship between the presence of harm reduction centers in a neighborhood and drug possession and sales police occurrences? I find that proximity to a needle exchange and/or supervised injection site significantly influences the likelihood of drug possession police occurrences in a neighborhood. I supplement these findings with panel matching, showing that the opening of a harm reduction center is associated with an immediate increase in drug possession occurrences and a more gradual increase in drug dealing occurrences over subsequent years. These findings highlight a spatial and temporal association between harm reduction service provision and police activity, raising questions about the coexistence of public health and enforcement strategies.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"561-586"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Affordances, dread, and online fraud: Exploring and advancing social learning theory in online contexts 支持、恐惧和网络欺诈：在网络环境中探索和推进社会学习理论

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70042

Fangzhou Wang, Timothy Dickinson

{"title":"Affordances, dread, and online fraud: Exploring and advancing social learning theory in online contexts","authors":"Fangzhou Wang, Timothy Dickinson","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70042","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate how the affordances of an online context shape the processes of social learning. Using a dataset of more than 11,000 posts from the fraud subdread on the dark web forum Dread, we examine how affordances of platform governance, connectivity, anonymity, invisibility, asynchronicity, and limited oversight influence the components of social learning theory (SLT). We find that the affordances of this context introduce intermediaries who control the accessibility and visibility of possible associations, shape the breadth and other characteristics of these associations, facilitate a novel way to learn definitions, and influence reinforcement by separating offenders from consequences, providing vicarious rewards, and enabling feedback. They also shape imitation by adding ways to assess potential models and to virtually imitate them. Our findings suggest the need to extend SLT in online contexts with the concepts of mediated differential association, the window of associations, vicarious reinforcement, repeated definitional exposure reinforcement, and virtual imitation. We also discuss how our findings inform the applicability of traditional criminological theories to cybercrime, online criminal subcultures, and policies and practices aimed at disrupting online fraud.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"698-733"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Statewide sanctuary policies and female homicide rates, 2016–2021 2016-2021年全州庇护政策和女性谋杀率

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70037

Kaitlin M. Boyle, Sophia Shaiman, Veronica Valencia Gonzalez, Wendy Regoeczi

{"title":"Statewide sanctuary policies and female homicide rates, 2016–2021","authors":"Kaitlin M. Boyle, Sophia Shaiman, Veronica Valencia Gonzalez, Wendy Regoeczi","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70037","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examines whether state immigration enforcement policies, such as sanctuary policies that limit local police cooperation with federal immigration enforcement, are associated with female homicide rates in the United States (2016–2021). We examine crude female homicide rates from the National Violent Death Reporting System (N = 244 state-years), which we stratify by race and ethnicity (Hispanic of all races, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White) and victim–suspect relationship (domestic vs. stranger homicide). State-years with policies that are more protective of immigrants were not associated with higher homicide rates for any group. Instead, state-years with these policies reported significantly lower rates of stranger-perpetrated homicide rates among Hispanic females and White non-Hispanic females. Results contribute to the understanding of whether immigration enforcement policies (e.g., sanctuary policies) are associated with violence, with a particular focus on women, an underexamined group in immigration and homicide research.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"839-850"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.70037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can prisons move people into better jobs? A look at correctional vocational training programs and sectoral employment outcomes 监狱能让人们找到更好的工作吗？审视惩教职业培训项目和部门就业成果

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70027

Britte van Tiem

{"title":"Can prisons move people into better jobs? A look at correctional vocational training programs and sectoral employment outcomes","authors":"Britte van Tiem","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70027","url":null,"abstract":"Three-quarters of US prisons offer vocational training programs, which aim to place trainees in middle-skills jobs in specific occupational sectors post-release. These middle-skills jobs may more effectively reduce recidivism than the jobs that normally characterize the labor market experience of the formerly incarcerated, yet whether vocational training programs succeed in placing individuals into these “better” jobs is unclear. This paper estimates the impact of vocational training participation on sector-specific job attainment in the first year after release using an instrumental variable design. I find that trainees are more likely to secure employment in their training sectors compared to similarly situated peers. However, employment gains in target sectors are short-lived, challenging the notion that vocational training leads to stable employment in the jobs they target. Notably, however, trainees are more likely to remain employed and experience significant earnings gains later in the year. This suggests that trainees may be leveraging their initial work experience in training sectors to transition into employment journeys in other sectors. For a population facing steep labor market barriers, and given the sobering results of employment-focused reentry programs, this is a meaningful result, as it suggests that prison-based vocational training programs can successfully steer employment trajectories post-release.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"521-560"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heterogeneity in criminal violent victimization within the LGBT population: Estimates from the US National Crime Victimization Study LGBT人群中犯罪暴力受害的异质性：来自美国国家犯罪受害研究的估计

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70034

Callie H. Burt, Caitlin A. Dorsch

{"title":"Heterogeneity in criminal violent victimization within the LGBT population: Estimates from the US National Crime Victimization Study","authors":"Callie H. Burt, Caitlin A. Dorsch","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70034","url":null,"abstract":"Research consistently shows that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals experience significantly higher rates of violent victimization than their non-LGBT counterparts. In this study, we address theoretical, empirical, and methodological gaps in this developing body of work. Motivated by intersectionality theory and building on existing research, we examine heterogeneity in rates of violent victimization among the LGBT population compared with their non-LGBT counterparts. We also assess the extent to which subgroup sociodemographic differences account for disparities in violent victimization and whether the effect of LGBT status on violent victimization differs by sex. We address these questions using several waves of data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Consistent with prior work, we find that LGBT subgroups have a higher rate of violent victimization than their non-LGBT counterparts. Our results also reveal heterogeneity within the LGBT population. Rates of violent victimization are highest for bisexual individuals, followed by transgender individuals, lesbian/gay individuals, and non-LGBT individuals. Although sociodemographic differences explain a nontrivial portion of these disparities (∼15% for gay/lesbian individuals to 41% for bisexual individuals), the bulk of disparities are not accounted for by sociodemographic controls. The conditional effects of sex are minimal and nuanced, warranting further research. We contribute methodologically by drawing attention to current challenges with the recommended measures of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity used in the NCVS and other large population surveys. We suggest revisions to foster more inclusive, comprehensive, and precise measurement.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"655-697"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The racialized packaging of punishment: An instrumental variables approach to incarceration, probation, and monetary sanctions 惩罚的种族化包装：监禁、缓刑和货币制裁的工具变量方法

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-04-11 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70045

Ryan Larson, Robert Stewart, Veronica Horowitz, Christopher Uggen

{"title":"The racialized packaging of punishment: An instrumental variables approach to incarceration, probation, and monetary sanctions","authors":"Ryan Larson, Robert Stewart, Veronica Horowitz, Christopher Uggen","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70045","url":null,"abstract":"Research on racial disparities in the criminal legal system generally examines isolated sentencing decisions, rather than the “package” of punishment that defendants experience. Using Minnesota court administrative data from 2004 to 2017, we specify multivariate and instrumental variables models to simultaneously estimate the outcomes of three elements of racialized punishment: incarceration, probation, and monetary sanctions. We instrument incarceration using jail capacity, which accounts for confounding and the simultaneity of incarceration and other punishment forms. Our results show racial patterning in the “mix” of punishment for similarly situated defendants. Before accounting for this mix, Black, Hispanic, and Native American defendants appear to receive less probation and lower monetary sanctions, but longer incarceration than White defendants. After accounting for instrumented incarceration, monetary sanctions and probation are racialized beyond incarceration in complex ways: Black, Hispanic, and Native American defendants receive lower monetary sanctions as compared to White defendants, and probation for Black and Native American defendants is higher after adjustment. The contours of this racialized package depend critically upon whether the state guidelines recommend a prison sentence. These results show that punishment can be modeled as experienced—as a constitutive package of costs, surveillance, and confinement constrained by structural features of state sentencing guidelines.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"799-838"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Whose decision is it anyway? Defendants’ prior experience shapes prosecutorial case dismissal 这到底是谁的决定？被告先前的经历会影响起诉案件的驳回

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70043

R. R. Dunlea, Miranda A. Galvin

{"title":"Whose decision is it anyway? Defendants’ prior experience shapes prosecutorial case dismissal","authors":"R. R. Dunlea, Miranda A. Galvin","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70043","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of early case processing outcomes in the United States typically assume that decisions are made unilaterally by the prosecutor, such that prior contact with the legal system is universally associated with harsher outcomes for defendants. However, this approach neglects the ways in which defendants are able to affect case outcomes, and that experienced defendants may be better positioned to do so. Contrasting expectations from the popular prosecutor-focused paradigm, we borrow insights from the legal psychology, deterrence, and rational choice literatures to consider whether prior experiences shape defendants’ ability to secure dismissals. Using administrative data collected from an urban prosecutor's office, we find evidence that there is considerable nuance to the impact of defendants’ prior record. Although more prior cases generally decrease the likelihood that a defendant's current case will be dismissed, higher rates of prior conviction avoidance notably increase it. Findings are consistent with the possibility of an experiential effect in defendant decision-making, in which defendants use prior court experiences to refine their estimates of the likelihood of case dismissal and exert agency in accordance with those estimates.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"734-770"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thin markets and thick networks: Social and street capital in New York City's underground gun market 稀薄的市场和厚实的网络：纽约地下枪支市场的社会资本和街头资本

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70038

Brian A. Wade, Charles E. Loeffler, Rod K. Brunson

{"title":"Thin markets and thick networks: Social and street capital in New York City's underground gun market","authors":"Brian A. Wade, Charles E. Loeffler, Rod K. Brunson","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70038","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes New York City's underground gun market based on 92 in-depth interviews with participants from high-violence Brooklyn and Bronx neighborhoods directly involved in firearm acquisition and circulation. Despite aggressive enforcement and strict gun laws, illicit firearms continue to circulate in disadvantaged neighborhoods where shootings remain concentrated. We identify a structure characterized by “thin markets and thick networks,” where firearms circulate through dense social connections despite limited transaction volume and restricted participation. Our analysis illustrates how a dual capital framework—distinguishing social capital (trusted relationships) from street capital (reputation and specialized knowledge)—explains stratified access and transaction outcomes. These dynamics demonstrate how markets persist under constraint through adaptive mechanisms: network dependence, capital requirements, and trust-based verification limit scale while simultaneously enabling circulation in the absence of organizational solutions. The findings extend economic and criminological accounts by specifying social mechanisms through which theoretically predicted market features—thinness, rationing, and trust-based exchange—manifest in practice.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"587-618"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recency and decay effects in sanction risk updating 制裁风险更新的近代性和衰减效应

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70044

Kyle J. Thomas, Greg Pogarsky

{"title":"Recency and decay effects in sanction risk updating","authors":"Kyle J. Thomas, Greg Pogarsky","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70044","url":null,"abstract":"Recent tests of deterrence theory have indicated that individuals update perceptions of risk after experiencing an arrest in rational and Bayesian ways. Still, research in psychology has found that the impact of new information and experiences on perceptions is characterized by recency and decay effects, whereby “signals” lead to immediate changes in perceptions, but as time passes, individuals gravitate back toward prior beliefs. Drawing on this phenomenon, we assess the extent to which risk updating post arrest is subject to recency and decay—that is, whether experiencing an arrest leads to immediate changes in perceived arrest risk (a recency effect) but that the signal effect decays over time. We test these ideas using data from the Pathways to Desistance study and the Denver Youth Survey. Consistent with recency effects, the results suggest that more recent arrestees demonstrate relatively large and statistically significant risk updating, while those arrested earlier in a recall period display small and nonsignificant signal effects. Further, lowess smoothing functions of estimated marginal signal effects indicate an immediate risk updating effect, but one that declines with more time between signal and perception. The theoretical and practical implications for deterrence are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"771-798"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bound by blood and bloodshed: Sibling ties and participation in genocidal violence 血脉相连：兄弟关系和参与种族灭绝暴力

IF 5.2 1区社会学

Criminology Pub Date : 2026-08-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.70040

Jack G. R. Wippell, Hollie Nyseth Nzitatira, Jared F. Edgerton, Evelyn Gertz

{"title":"Bound by blood and bloodshed: Sibling ties and participation in genocidal violence","authors":"Jack G. R. Wippell, Hollie Nyseth Nzitatira, Jared F. Edgerton, Evelyn Gertz","doi":"10.1111/1745-9125.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70040","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing on the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, we examine how sibling relationships—one of the most salient familial bonds—influence individual engagement in violence during mass atrocity. Drawing on an adaptation of differential association and social learning theories for contexts of mass atrocity, we analyze a novel dataset linking over 300,000 siblings from Rwanda's post-genocide gacaca court records. We find that the probability an individual perpetrated interpersonal violence (rather than property crime) increased significantly with the proportion of their siblings who did so. Complementing this quantitative analysis with 38 in-depth interviews with individuals convicted of genocidal violence, we identify several specific mechanisms that help explain this aggregate relationship, such as imitation, restraint, and coercion. Our findings extend classical criminological theories on sibling delinquency to extraordinary contexts of societal breakdown, carrying broader implications for research at the intersection of violent crime, collective behavior, and social networks.","PeriodicalId":48385,"journal":{"name":"Criminology","volume":"64 3","pages":"619-654"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1745-9125.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Criminology最新文献