International Journal of Drug Policy最新文献

{"title":"Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) use and harms in Ireland: New findings from the 2024 European Web Survey on Drugs","authors":"Deirdre Mongan ,&nbsp;Nicki Killeen ,&nbsp;Seán R. Millar ,&nbsp;João Matias ,&nbsp;Eamon Keenan ,&nbsp;Brian Galvin","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid which was marketed and sold openly in Ireland as a legal alternative to cannabis products until it was controlled in July 2025. There have been reports of psychotic illness precipitated by HHC use. Consequently, there are fears that HHC may become a public health issue. This study’s aim was to measure the extent of HHC use and patterns of use among adults in Ireland who use drugs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data on HHC use in Ireland were collected from participants aged 18+ years (<em>N</em> = 2314) who had used drugs in the previous year via the 2024 European Web Survey on Drugs, which included questions on frequency of use; reasons for starting and using; how HHC was obtained and administration method; and harms arising from use.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 36.2 % reported lifetime HHC use, 33.5 % last-year use, and 17.8 % last-month use. The primary motive for first using HHC was its easy availability in stores and the main source of HHC reported was a high street shop (62.4 %). Negative consequences arising from HHC use were reported by 89.9 % of respondents: 14.7 % reported anxiety or panic reactions, while 13.4 % felt faint or dizzy and 11.9 % reported dissociation or depersonalisation. Hallucinations or psychosis were reported by 3.9 %, depression by 3.6 %, and withdrawal symptoms by 3.2 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These data suggest that HHC has become a prominent feature of the Irish drug landscape. Given its harm potential, it will be important to monitor HHC use and related health harms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solitary confinement and post-release drug and alcohol test failure among formerly incarcerated men on parole in Pennsylvania (2010–2023)","authors":"Claudia N. Anderson ,&nbsp;Jessica T. Simes ,&nbsp;Jaquelyn L. Jahn ,&nbsp;Bruce Western","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To examine the relationship between solitary confinement (23-hours per day in-cell with restricted movement and isolation) and illicit drug and alcohol test failure during parole supervision.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used administrative data on all formerly incarcerated men on parole in Pennsylvania (<em>n</em> = 74,478), 2010–2023. We used a series of regression analyses to examine the relationship between solitary confinement and illicit drug and alcohol test failure and heterogeneity across those classified as having severe levels of substance use disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Solitary confinement was positively associated with test failure during parole for those without (O.R. = 1.080; 95 % CI = 1.027–1.135) and for those with a history of severe substance use disorders (O.R. = 1.263; 95 % CI = 1.192–1.339). The odds of test failure within one month were also higher for individuals who experienced solitary confinement (O.R. = 1.331; 95 % CI = 1.221–1.450).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Taken with previous research, our findings suggest solitary confinement modestly increases the risk of illicit drug and alcohol use and re-criminalization among those on parole and especially among those with existing substance use issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104985"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of alcohol minimum pricing policies on vulnerable populations and health equity: A rapid review","authors":"James M. Clay ,&nbsp;Elizabeth K. Farkouh ,&nbsp;Tim Stockwell ,&nbsp;Gerald Thomas ,&nbsp;Kate Johnston ,&nbsp;Timothy S. Naimi","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alcohol minimum pricing policies, including minimum unit pricing (MUP), are effective strategies for reducing alcohol consumption and related harm. However, their equity implications remain underexplored. We conducted a rapid review of PubMed and Web of Science, identifying 37 real-world studies assessing the impacts of alcohol minimum pricing. Studies from diverse contexts were synthesised with respect to vulnerable populations and health equity, focusing on consumption, health outcomes, and economic effects. Findings indicate that minimum pricing reduces consumption among people who drink heavily and those in lower socio-economic groups, leading to disproportionate declines in alcohol-related mortality, hospitalisations, and conditions such as liver disease. The greatest health gains occurred among populations experiencing poverty, social marginalization, or alcohol use disorder, highlighting potential to promote health equity. People who drink at low volumes were minimally affected, and substitution effects - such as increased use of non-beverage alcohol or other drugs - were negligible. Purchasing patterns shifted from high-risk, low-cost alcohol products to lower-risk alternatives. Concerns about other unintended consequences, including displacement of essential spending or increased crime, are not strongly supported by current evidence, though isolated findings suggest individuals with severe alcohol use disorder may face challenges. Complementary measures, such as Managed Alcohol Programmes, could mitigate these effects. This review underscores the potential of MUP as a public health strategy that both reduces alcohol-related harm and advances health equity. Further research should examine long-term effects on vulnerable populations and broader outcomes, such as social mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105014"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of readmission to substance-related disorder treatment over a five-year period","authors":"Marie-Josée Fleury ,&nbsp;Sharmin Sharker ,&nbsp;Guy Grenier ,&nbsp;Myriam Beaulieu ,&nbsp;Christophe Huỳnh","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Treatment readmission is frequent among patients with substance-related disorders (SRDs). This study aimed to identify clinical, sociodemographic and service use predictors of readmission to SRD treatment within a 5-year period (2017–2022) following initial treatment episodes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from 8277 patients showing at least one SRD treatment episode in specialized addiction treatment centers in 2013–2017 (Quebec, Canada) were merged with provincial health administrative databases (1996–2022). Readmission predictors were tested using Cox proportional hazards to measure patient characteristics, and SRD treatment over the previous 8 years (2009–2017). Logistic regression assessed other service use for the 12 previous months, as co-occurring disorders could influence readmission.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over the 5 years following their last SRD treatment, 36 % of patients were readmitted. Were more likely to be readmitted: men, individuals who were younger, unemployed, not living in rural areas, had chronic SRDs, alcohol-related disorders, common mental disorders, 5+ prior SRD care episodes, got residential treatment, showed high dropout rates, and those who waited &lt;30 days to access treatment. Readmission was likelier in patients who had access to psychiatrists and psychosocial services, had high continuity of physician care, and used more acute care – especially emergency departments.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Patients with more social and health issues and high prior and diversified service use showed higher risk of readmission. This suggests that care could be improved significantly to reduce readmission, especially through better detection and need assessment of patients with multiple prior SRD treatment episodes, dropouts and acute care use, and by increasing long-term follow-up care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left politics and liberal drug policies in Latin America: Elective affinity or strange bedfellows?","authors":"Jonas von Hoffmann","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In Latin America, most left governments have come and gone without pursuing or enacting liberal drug policy reforms. Yet, when and where liberal drug policy reforms have occurred, this has been in countries governed by the Left. How can we make sense of the relationship between progressive political orientation and progressive drug policies?</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The article compares and contrasts the ideological orientation of candidates and governments with drug policy proposals, drug policies and drug policy reforms in Latin America. To do so, the study utilizes existing measures of political ideology, electoral platforms, regularly compiled reports on drug policies, and a purpose-built drug policy index. In systematically studying these materials, the article descriptively analyzes the relationship between left politics and liberal drug policies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The article finds little evidence for the existence of an “elective affinity” between progressive governments and progressive drug policies in Latin America. Rather results show variation and a variegated relationship, there are both rejection, indifference and support for liberal drug policy among the region’s left-leaning governments. When liberal drug policy reforms occur, they tend to take place in countries governed by the Left. Rather than wholly “strange bedfellows,” progressive governments are almost always necessary but also insufficient for meaningful progressive drug policy reforms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Progressive governments and progressive drug policies seldom go hand-in-hand, but when liberal drug policies occur the Left almost always has a hand in them. There is a need for further investigation into the supply-side of progressive drug policies and, specifically, political orientation, party politics and why some, but not other, progressive governments support them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential risk for Hepatitis C and HIV among people who inject drugs in Kenya: a latent class analysis signaling needs for innovation in service delivery","authors":"Hannah N. Manley ,&nbsp;Lindsey R. Riback ,&nbsp;Chenshu Zhang ,&nbsp;Peter Vickerman ,&nbsp;Jack Stone ,&nbsp;Josephine G. Walker ,&nbsp;Mercy Nyakowa ,&nbsp;Rose Wafula ,&nbsp;Nazila Ganatra ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Akiyama","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Subgroups of people who inject drugs (PWID) may experience differential exposure to HIV and hepatitis C (HCV). This study analyzes behavioral risk profiles associated with HIV and HCV infection among PWID, with the aim of identifying subgroups at highest risk and guiding future interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We recruited PWID in Kenya using respondent driven sampling. Participants completed behavioral surveys and point-of-care HCV, HIV, and hepatitis B (HBV) testing. We used latent class (LC) analysis to divide the sample into mutually exclusive classes based on nine risk- and service access-related measures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 3152 participants enrolled, one-fifth (N = 610, 19.4 %) were HCV antibody-positive, one-tenth were HIV-positive (N = 306, 9.7 %), and 1.3 % (N = 40) were HBV-positive. We obtained three LCs: LC1 – long-term, high-frequency PWID with large networks, high access to NSP services, and moderate access to OAT (N = 1522, 48.3 %), LC2 – newer, high-frequency PWID with large networks, moderate access to NSP services, and moderate access to OAT (N = 878, 27.8 %), and LC3 – long-term, low-frequency PWID with small networks, high access to NSP, and moderate access to OAT (N = 752, 23.9 %). HIV and HCV prevalence and risk behaviors differed between the classes, and classes differed in demographic characteristics as well.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Subgroups of PWID in Kenya have different risk for HIV and HCV, influenced by duration of injection, network size, service access, and other behavioral risk factors. Targeted interventions to meet each subgroup’s needs are essential to prevent ongoing HCV and HIV epidemics among PWID.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does diverting minor drug offenders reduce recidivism? Cannabis cautioning in Australia","authors":"Anaïs Henneguelle ,&nbsp;Don Weatherburn","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To see whether diversion of minor drug offenders from criminal prosecution reduces the risk of further offending.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We exploit the staged roll-out of a policy implemented in the State of New South Wales (Australia) in 2000, which gave police the discretion to formally caution rather than charge adults detected for use and/or possession of cannabis. We use the exogenous variation in the timing of the policy implementation as an instrument in a 2SLS (linear probability model) analysis to identify the effect of cannabis cautioning on risk of re-offending. A series of checks are carried out to test the robustness of the findings obtained via the linear probability model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Being given a cannabis caution rather than being prosecuted for cannabis possession reduces recidivism at 5 years by about 16 percentage points, on average. The effects are larger for those under the age of 30, those who have never previously been imprisoned, and those who have already had one caution.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The adoption of alternatives to prosecution for minor drug offences is more likely to enhance public safety rather than reduce it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital drug trading ecologies in context: Technological, geographic, and linguistic variation across darknet platforms","authors":"Piotr Siuda ,&nbsp;Mikko Aaltonen ,&nbsp;Ari Haasio ,&nbsp;Angus Bancroft ,&nbsp;Juha Nurmi ,&nbsp;Haitao Shi ,&nbsp;J․Tuomas Harviainen","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous research on darknet drug markets has primarily concentrated on large, English-language cryptomarkets, often overlooking regionally oriented platforms that operate in national languages. This study adopts a comparative, exploratory approach to examine how drug trade practices vary across linguistic, geographic, and technological contexts. We introduce the concept of “drug trading ecologies” to describe how platform features, communication norms, and localized settings together shape distinct trading environments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed web-crawled data from three Tor-based platforms: Tsatti (Finnish-language chat), Cebulka (Polish-language forum), and Nemesis (English-language cryptomarket). Data were collected through customized web scraping and analyzed using statistical tools and qualitative content coding to examine platform-specific patterns. Our comparative approach highlights structural and localization-specific variations without attempting exhaustive conceptual definitions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Each platform displayed a distinct configuration shaped by its technical affordances and localization-specific user practices. Tsatti supported fast, hyperlocal, and highly anonymized exchanges with minimal user identity or community features. Cebulka enabled semi-public vendor-buyer interactions, trust-building through discourse, and diverse product bundling. Nemesis functioned as a transnational, professionalized cryptomarket with standardized listings, formalized trust mechanisms, and branding strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Rather than attributing differences solely to local, transnational, or design factors in isolation, we argue that darknet drug trading ecologies emerge from the intersection of platform architecture, localization (geographic scope), and language. Our findings underscore the importance of considering these factors when conducting digital ethnography in illicit economies and providing concrete entry points for tailoring harm reduction interventions responsive to the diverse realities of online drug trading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding hepatitis C virus reinfections in England in the context of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health concern","authors":"Matthew Hibbert ,&nbsp;Ross J Harris ,&nbsp;Caroline A Sabin ,&nbsp;Ruth Simmons ,&nbsp;Sema Mandal ,&nbsp;Monica Desai","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There is a need to understand how hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection may influence achievement of eliminating HCV as a public health concern. We aimed to understand how the rate of HCV reinfection is changing over time, and factors associated with HCV reinfection, when including people who experience multiple reinfections.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data pertaining to individuals treated for HCV and subsequent HCV-RNA testing were extracted from surveillance systems in England. Rates of reinfection were calculated per 100 person-years (PY) between 2018 and 2023, disaggregated by people who had a history of injecting drug use (≥3 years) at first treatment, and recently injected drugs (&lt;3 years), and by time since treatment. Poisson regression was used to understand sociodemographic factors associated with experiencing HCV reinfection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 29,448 individuals (74 % men, 84 % White), the reinfection rate was 6.44 (95 %CI:6.25–6.92)/100 PY. Reinfection rates appeared to decrease between 2018–2023, most notably among people who recently injected drugs. Rates among those less than one-year post-treatment remained consistently high. Poisson regression analyses found significantly higher reinfection rates among those one-year post-treatment (61.91 [57.62–66. 51]/100 PY), people who recently injected drugs (11.53 [11.11–11.95]/100 PY), and men (9.91 [9.38–10.46]/100 PY) and women (10.58 [9.36–11.96]/100 PY) who had been in prison.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>HCV reinfection appeared to decrease over the study period, but people were most at risk in the year post-treatment, which remained constant over time. Harm reduction services should be accessible to people who inject drugs and people who have been in prison, particularly soon after treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 105005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risky alcohol use and violence against women: cause or consequence?","authors":"Don Weatherburn ,&nbsp;Sara Rahman ,&nbsp;Joanna Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of the current study was to determine (a) whether there is a relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed by a woman when drinking alcohol and the risk of physical violence and (b) whether experiencing physical violence increases the quantity of alcohol consumed by a woman.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The research questions were addressed by fitting a series of random and fixed effect logistic regression models to data drawn from 22 waves of the HILDA survey, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of Australian households. The dataset for the current study involves 143,517 survey responses from 15,934 women. We examine (1) the cross-sectional relationship between alcohol use and physical violence among women (2) the relationship between alcohol use (or violence) at wave t and physical violence (or alcohol use) at wave <em>t</em> + 1 and (3) the within-subject relationship between alcohol use and physical violence (and vice versa).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The risk of is nine per cent for a woman who consumes 1–2 standard drinks at a sitting, 15 per cent for a woman who consumes 7 to 8 standard drinks at a sitting and 20 per cent for a woman who normally consumes 13 or more standard drinks at a sitting. Controlling for other factors, a woman who reports having been assaulted in the previous 12 months consumes an average of 13 per cent more alcohol at a sitting than a woman who has not been assaulted in the previous 12 months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Prevention resources are always limited and are therefore best targeted at those who are most at risk, regardless of whether the correlate plays a causal role or is simply a signal of heightened risk. Women reporting they have been assaulted to health, welfare or criminal justice authorities should be assessed to determine whether they also have concurrent drug and alcohol problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}