International Journal of Drug Policy最新文献

{"title":"Identifying and responding to policy-related barriers, facilitators, and misunderstandings in the HEALing communities study: A community-driven approach","authors":"Anita Silwal ,&nbsp;Robert Bohler ,&nbsp;Timothy Hunt ,&nbsp;Ramona G. Olvera ,&nbsp;Michelle R. Lofwall ,&nbsp;Christopher D. Cook ,&nbsp;Katherine R. Marks ,&nbsp;Carly Bridden ,&nbsp;Patricia R. Freeman ,&nbsp;Monica Nouvong ,&nbsp;Laura C. Fanucchi ,&nbsp;Nabila El-Bassel ,&nbsp;Lisa A. Frazier ,&nbsp;Sharon L. Walsh ,&nbsp;Jeffery C. Talbert","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The HEALing (Helping to End Addiction Long-Term®) Communities Study (HCS) aimed to reduce opioid-involved overdose deaths across four states (Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio) via community-engaged implementation of three evidence-based practices (EBPs): (1) opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution, (2) medication for opioid use disorder expansion/linkage/retention, and (3) safer opioid prescribing and dispensing practices. A policy workgroup (PWG) was convened and developed a procedure to identify and address policies potentially impacting EBP implementation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A five-step method was developed to identify, track, and respond to relevant policies at three of the research sites (Kentucky, Massachusetts, and New York) in collaboration with community partners and stakeholders. Policies possibly impacting EBPs were reported, reviewed, and documented, including any actions taken to address the policy issue. Policies were discussed with local, state, and federal level stakeholders in attempts to resolve barriers, clarify misunderstandings, and disseminate facilitators.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 87 (Kentucky = 37; Massachusetts = 19; New York = 31) policies were identified and addressed; 42 were identified as barriers, 24 as facilitators, and 21 as misunderstandings. PWG efforts resolved over 73 % (<em>n</em> = 31) of policy barriers, clarified 90 % (<em>n</em> = 19) of policy misunderstandings, and disseminated 100 % (<em>n</em> = 24) of policy facilitators.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A community-driven approach in policy surveillance identified, addressed, and disseminated several different types of policy issues that could impact implementation of EBPs for opioid-involved overdose prevention. Many policy barriers persisted during the HCS study, which may have adversely affected study outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The economic factors that determine smoking abstinence: a survival and mediation analysis","authors":"Yanyun He ,&nbsp;Geoffrey T. Fong ,&nbsp;K. Michael Cummings ,&nbsp;Andrew Hyland ,&nbsp;Roberta Freitas-Lemos ,&nbsp;Ce Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Higher taxes stimulate quit attempts and higher rates of smoking abstinence. Additionally, taxes on tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes (ECs) may influence consumers’ perceptions of the relative costs of these products. Understanding the relationship between cigarette and EC taxes, cost perceptions, and smoking abstinence is therefore crucial.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study utilized longitudinal data from the US arm of the 2016–2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping (ITC 4CV) Surveys and implemented a survival analysis to explore the impact of cigarette and EC taxes on smoking abstinence. A mediation analysis was also performed to test whether the effects of taxes are influenced by individuals’ perceptions about the relative cost differences between ECs and cigarettes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A 10 % increase in cigarette taxes was associated with an 11.1 % increase in smoking abstinence. EC taxes were not associated with smoking abstinence among the overall sample. However, higher EC taxes were associated with greater odds of smoking abstinence among individuals over 40 and lower odds of smoking abstinence among individuals under 40. Relative cost perception did not mediate the effect of taxes on smoking abstinence. Additionally, the odds of quitting were higher among individuals in the high-income group and those who used ECs daily, and lower among individuals in older age groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Cigarette taxes have a direct impact on smoking abstinence, independent of cost perceptions. To enhance cessation rates, policymakers should implement targeted strategies such as increasing access to cessation programs, providing financial incentives for quitting, and tailoring tax policies to better support older individuals and those with lower incomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104852"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The opioid crisis in Poland? Insights from online forum data","authors":"Piotr Siuda ,&nbsp;Paweł Matuszewski","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In recent years, Polish media have raised alarms about the growing opioid threat. However, the latest research challenges these concerns, indicating a lack of factual evidence about the rise in the treatment and consumption of opioids. The present research contributes to this debate by analyzing online discussion trends on the Hyperreal—the most significant Polish forum for debating psychoactive substances. The aim is to verify whether online user discussions reflect—or contradict—concerns about an emerging opioid crisis in Poland, and how such discussions may complement other forms of data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study is based on 1,174,816 Hyperreal posts from its start in 2005 to 2023, of which 208,768 were related to opioids. Text data were cleaned and lemmatized. We conducted a time series analysis to track changes in posts, mentions, user numbers, and the proportion of opioid-related posts relative to overall forum content.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our analysis showed that codeine was the most popular opioid on the forum, while fentanyl and oxycodone—reported by the media as spreading in Poland—did not garner much attention. Overall, throughout the 20 years, the discussions on opioids remained at a stable level, with a decline in posts and users since 2021, and other topics becoming more frequent.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that media narratives may be exaggerated and offer additional support for the view that Poland is currently not experiencing the early stages of a crisis. Nonetheless, we emphasize the need for further research on actual opioid consumption patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of the fragility of opioid agonist treatment continuity on hepatitis C re-exposure concerns among people in prison: a qualitative study","authors":"Lise Lafferty ,&nbsp;Tracey Brown ,&nbsp;Colette McGrath ,&nbsp;Thomas Wright ,&nbsp;Charles Henderson ,&nbsp;Andrew R Lloyd ,&nbsp;Jason Grebely ,&nbsp;Carla Treloar","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is prevalent among people who are incarcerated. Provision of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) has been shown to reduce risk of HCV transmission in the community. Little is known about the navigation of HCV (re-)exposure in prisons, and people’s experiences and utilisation of OAT as a risk reduction strategy while incarcerated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Semi-structured interviews were completed with n=25 men incarcerated in an urban reception (intake) and remand (awaiting sentencing) prison in New South Wales, Australia. De-identified transcripts were coded deductively and analysed thematically, informed by a fragile treatment environment lens focused on OAT treatment as a risk mitigation strategy for HCV (re-)exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 25 men were included (all had previously been diagnosed with HCV, 13 were receiving long-acting injectable buprenorphine). Participants viewed risk of HCV (re-)exposure as part of injecting drug use in prison. Participants who were prescribed long-acting injectable buprenorphine described the treatment as supporting reduced injection drug use while incarcerated. However, OAT dosage was not always experienced as ‘adequate’, with some participants reporting supplementing with ‘the yard program’ (injecting drug use in the yard/cells) as the prescribed OAT dose lacked effectiveness to sustain until the next dose. Continuity of care was tenuous as people cycled from prison to community to prison, with people being removed from their OAT program after missing a scheduled dose in the community often due to a participant being ‘on the run’.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Continuity of OAT and HCV care remains a fragile experience for people who cycle in and out of incarceration. People who miss their OAT appointment in the community might wait several months upon re-incarceration to re-enter the OAT program. This leaves people vulnerable to injection sharing in custody and, subsequently, increased risk of HCV (re-)exposure while waiting to recommence OAT or to return to the optimal dosing level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104831"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting “The whole picture”: A review of international research on the outcomes of regulated cannabis supply","authors":"Vendula Belackova ,&nbsp;Benjamin Petruzelka ,&nbsp;Jakub Cihak ,&nbsp;Jana Michailidu ,&nbsp;Viktor Mravcik","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Several jurisdictions have pursued reforms that regulate cannabis production and/or sale for adult (non-medical) use. Looking at outcomes of such reforms across multiple jurisdictions may help to identify outcomes that are inherent to non-criminal cannabis supply, as well as provide insight into the outcomes of specific regulation models.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We identified nine indicators of cannabis policy outcomes and aggregated them into three domains (social outcomes, outcomes in cannabis use, health-related outcomes). We assessed these outcomes across five jurisdictions with different models of regulating cannabis supply (Netherlands, Spain, U.S. states that legalized cannabis, Uruguay, and Canada). We used a three-level systematic literature review, prioritising studies with quasi-experimental design (i.e. comparative and longitudinal). We categorised the studies according to their design and the type of outcome (increase, decrease, or no outcome).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Across long-standing as well as recent cannabis supply regimes, and across different models of cannabis supply<em>,</em> our review identified common outcomes: a decrease in cannabis-related arrests, an increase in adult (but not adolescent) cannabis use, and increase in healthcare utilization (not traffic-related). Negative health-related outcomes were most consistently found for the U.S. states that legalised cannabis for adult non-medicinal use (there were limitations to nuancing cannabis supply models across U.S. states). In the remaining jurisdictions (the Netherlands, Spain, Canada, Uruguay), the design or time-frame of the identified studies was limited, and studies on certain outcomes were lacking.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Regulating cannabis supply may be associated with benefits in the social area and with potential harms regarding public health; there may though be trade-offs depending on the choice of a cannabis regulation model. Jurisdictions may attempt to mix and match the present models of cannabis regulation to achieve the best ratio of benefits and harms. More research into the specific parameters influencing cannabis policy outcomes is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104796"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Stoned on the road”: A systematic review of cannabis-impaired driving educational initiatives targeting young drivers in Canada","authors":"Robert Colonna ,&nbsp;Zuha Pathan ,&nbsp;Anupradi Sultania ,&nbsp;Liliana Alvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>With recreational cannabis legalized across Canada, concerns persist about youth driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC). However, the extent of DUIC education and prevention efforts aimed at young Canadians remains unclear. This systematic review examines recent Canadian initiatives (2017 onwards) focused on reducing DUIC among youth. Specifically, we investigate (1) the types of initiatives and target audiences, (2) content and delivery methods, (3) sustainability, and (4) evidence of impact.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and EMBASE (January 1, 2017–July 10, 2023), along with various grey literature sources. Initiatives were included if they targeted DUIC behaviour among youth aged 16 to 24, were developed and delivered in Canada by reputable organizations or individuals with institutional support, and aimed to address DUIC behaviour or its enabling conditions. Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifteen Canadian initiatives were identified: seven educational programs and eight awareness campaigns, encompassing national and regional levels. Delivery methods included in-person workshops, digital tools, online programs, and smartphone applications. While some initiatives increased awareness and influenced perceptions of DUIC, evidence of behaviour change remained limited. Challenges related to sustainability, particularly concerning long-term funding and digital platform maintenance, were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This research highlights the progress made in addressing youth DUIC in Canada. Examining current DUIC educational initiatives is crucial for refining strategies, shaping policy, and allocating resources to prioritize the safety of young Canadians. Future efforts should focus on assessing behavioural impacts and ensuring financial sustainability and program longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol sales changes in a Canadian province after recreational cannabis legalization","authors":"Michael J. Armstrong","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cannabis legalization’s impacts partly depend on how it affects use of other substances like alcohol. This observational study analyzed alcohol sales in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, where some government-owned stores sold both cannabis and alcohol.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study compared monthly alcoholic beverage sales in Canadian dollars at Nova Scotia liquor stores during 17 months before cannabis legalization and 17 months afterward, i.e., May 2017 to February 2020. Comparative interrupted time series models of aggregate sales contrasted stores that kept selling only alcohol versus those that also began selling cannabis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Post-legalization alcohol sales by alcohol-only stores and cannabis-selling stores had significantly different initial responses, ongoing trends, and 17-month averages. Cannabis sellers saw initial increases of 0.55 % followed by monthly growth of 0.29 %, whereas alcohol-only stores saw initial decreases of 2.91 % followed by monthly growth of 0.06 %. Post-legalization alcohol sales consequently averaged 3.1 % above pre-legalization levels at cannabis sellers but 2.4 % below at alcohol-only stores; combined sales were 1.2 % below. Differences were larger for beers than for spirits or wines. Results were similar when considering similarly sized stores, stores’ proximity to cannabis sellers, and alternative model specifications.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Nova Scotia’s alcohol sales declined slightly after cannabis legalization, while changes at alcohol-only stores differed from those at stores also selling cannabis. The changes were consistent with government-owned cannabis retailing only marginally affecting consumers’ alcohol purchasing, apparently triggering some substitution and co-use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104840"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Price elasticity of demand for cannabis: post-legalization estimates of the regulated cannabis market in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Taylor Dodd ,&nbsp;Timio Colistro ,&nbsp;Myles A. Maillet","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cannabis was legalized in Canada for adult non-medical use in 2018, thereby changing how and where consumers buy cannabis. Prices have continued to decrease since legalization, and there is ongoing competition between regulated and illicit operators. Given these conditions, the aim of this study was to estimate the price elasticity of demand for regulated cannabis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were monthly product-level wholesale sales from June 2022 to May 2024 from B.C.’s provincial cannabis wholesaler. We estimated price elasticity of demand for regulated cannabis in B.C. using ordinary least squares regression with fixed effects and controls for supply-side and demand-side factors, including brand, time, number of retailers a product was sold to, and THC and CBD content.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Demand for regulated cannabis was found to be price elastic. Specifically, a 10 percent decrease in regulated cannabis price was associated with a 14 percent increase in the quantity of cannabis purchased in B.C. during the study period.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although pre-legalization studies have observed price inelastic demand for cannabis, this study provides the first post-legalization estimate for regulated cannabis in Canada. Price elastic demand for regulated cannabis in B.C. may result from competition between regulated and illicit cannabis producers and retailers, and the willingness of some consumers to substitute between these sources based on price. These findings provide further insight into the continued displacement of the illicit cannabis market and challenges associated with pricing and taxation for regulated cannabis businesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial - Supporting the best quality science and the rights of people who use drugs regardless of global policy changes: Perspectives from the co-Editors in Chief of the International Journal of Drug Policy","authors":"Carla Treloar ,&nbsp;Jason Grebely","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104836","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 104836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of cannabis cultivation, cannabis and other drug use and market participation among Georgian small-scale cannabis growers: Results of online cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Tamar Mgebrishvili, Irma Kirtadze, Gary R Potter, David Otiashvili","doi":"10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study aims to assess the demographic characteristics, patterns of cannabis cultivation, use of cannabis and other drugs, and market participation of cannabis growers in Georgia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an online survey of Georgian cannabis growers. The International Cannabis Cultivation Questionnaire (ICCQ 2) measured cultivation practices, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 218 participants, the vast majority were males with a median age of 29 years. They grew a mean of 2.5 cannabis plants in the past year and grew it both in- and out-doors. 89 % reported growing cannabis for their personal use, among them 68 % grew for recreational use and 32 % grew it for medical use. Growers shared one-third of their cannabis, with little sold for profit. Despite high perceived legal risks, few faced legal issues, and involvement in other illegal activities was minimal. 54 % reported using chemical fertilizers, yet believe their cannabis is free of adulterants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Georgian cannabis growers resemble those in the Global North, primarily cultivating for personal use and not engaging in other illegal activities, except that they are the least likely to grow cannabis commercially. Additionally, they use chemicals extensively, yet often believe this does not compromise the purity of the final product.</p>","PeriodicalId":48364,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Drug Policy","volume":" ","pages":"104842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144086823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}