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A Partisan Pandemic: How COVID-19 Was Primed for Polarization 党派大流行病：新冠肺炎如何为极化做好准备
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221083686
A. Hegland, Annie L. Zhang, Brianna Zichettella, Josh Pasek
{"title":"A Partisan Pandemic: How COVID-19 Was Primed for Polarization","authors":"A. Hegland, Annie L. Zhang, Brianna Zichettella, Josh Pasek","doi":"10.1177/00027162221083686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221083686","url":null,"abstract":"Americans who affiliate with both major political parties rapidly formed diverging attitudes about the COVID-19 pandemic. Matters of scientific concern have elicited partisan reactions in the past, but partisan divergence of opinion on those issues occurred over decades rather than months. We review evidence on factors that led to polarization of previous scientific issues in an effort to explain why reactions diverged so quickly this time around. We then use publicly available survey data to reveal that partisan reactions to the pandemic were closely associated with trust in public health institutions, that the association between partisanship and trust increased over time, and that the conflation of trust and partisanship appears to largely explain polarized reactions to COVID-19. We also investigate the hypothesis that conservative media use might explain polarization but find that the hypothesis is not supported by our data.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"55 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44582166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Inequality and Misperceptions of Group Concerns Threaten the Integrity and Societal Impact of Science 群体关注的不平等和误解威胁着科学的完整性和社会影响
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221086883
Jonathon P. Schuldt, Adam R. Pearson, Neil A. Lewis, Ashley Jardina, P. Enns
{"title":"Inequality and Misperceptions of Group Concerns Threaten the Integrity and Societal Impact of Science","authors":"Jonathon P. Schuldt, Adam R. Pearson, Neil A. Lewis, Ashley Jardina, P. Enns","doi":"10.1177/00027162221086883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221086883","url":null,"abstract":"Racial and ethnic minority and lower-income groups are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and suffer worse health outcomes than other groups in the United States. Relative to whites and higher-income groups, racial-ethnic minority and lower-income Americans also frequently express greater concern about high-profile global environmental threats like climate change, but they are widely misperceived as being less concerned about these issues than white and higher-income Americans. We use new survey research to explore public perceptions of COVID-19—another global threat marked by substantial racial, ethnic, and class disparities—finding a distinct pattern of misperceptions regarding groups’ concerns. We then discuss how these misperceptions represent a unique form of social misinformation that may pose a threat to science and undermine the cooperation and trust needed to address collective problems.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"195 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45242718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Defining and Measuring Scientific Misinformation 科学错误信息的定义与度量
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221084709
B. Southwell, J. Brennen, R. Paquin, Vanessa Boudewyns, Jing Zeng
{"title":"Defining and Measuring Scientific Misinformation","authors":"B. Southwell, J. Brennen, R. Paquin, Vanessa Boudewyns, Jing Zeng","doi":"10.1177/00027162221084709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221084709","url":null,"abstract":"We define scientific misinformation as publicly available information that is misleading or deceptive relative to the best available scientific evidence and that runs contrary to statements by actors or institutions who adhere to scientific principles. Scientific misinformation violates the supposition that claims should be based on scientific evidence and relevant expertise. As such, misinformation is observable and measurable, but research on scientific misinformation to date has often missed opportunities to clearly articulate units of analysis, to consult with experts, and to look beyond convenient sources of misinformation such as social media content. We outline the ways in which scientific misinformation can be thought of as a disorder of public science, identify its specific types and the ways in which it can be measured, and argue that researchers and public actors should do more to connect measurements of misinformation with measurements of effect.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"98 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45657155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
Psychological Inoculation against Misinformation: Current Evidence and Future Directions 防范虚假信息的心理接种：目前的证据和未来的方向
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087936
C. Traberg, J. Roozenbeek, S. van der Linden
{"title":"Psychological Inoculation against Misinformation: Current Evidence and Future Directions","authors":"C. Traberg, J. Roozenbeek, S. van der Linden","doi":"10.1177/00027162221087936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221087936","url":null,"abstract":"Much like a viral contagion, misinformation can spread rapidly from one individual to another. Inoculation theory offers a logical basis for developing a psychological “vaccine” against misinformation. We discuss the origins of inoculation theory, starting with its roots in the 1960s as a “vaccine for brainwash,” and detail the major theoretical and practical innovations that inoculation research has witnessed over the years. Specifically, we review a series of randomized lab and field studies that show that it is possible to preemptively “immunize” people against misinformation by preexposing them to severely weakened doses of the techniques that underlie its production along with ways on how to spot and refute them. We review evidence from interventions that we developed with governments and social media companies to help citizens around the world recognize and resist unwanted attempts to influence and mislead. We conclude with a discussion of important open questions about the effectiveness of inoculation interventions.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"136 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49478593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
Reducing Health Misinformation in Science: A Call to Arms. 减少科学中的健康错误信息：武器的呼唤
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221087686
Briony Swire-Thompson, David Lazer
{"title":"Reducing Health Misinformation in Science: A Call to Arms.","authors":"Briony Swire-Thompson, David Lazer","doi":"10.1177/00027162221087686","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00027162221087686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The public often turns to science for accurate health information, which, in an ideal world, would be error free. However, limitations of scientific institutions and scientific processes can sometimes amplify misinformation and disinformation. The current review examines four mechanisms through which this occurs: (1) predatory journals that accept publications for monetary gain but do not engage in rigorous peer review; (2) pseudoscientists who provide scientific-<i>sounding</i> information but whose advice is inaccurate, unfalsifiable, or inconsistent with the scientific method; (3) occasions when legitimate scientists spread misinformation or disinformation; and (4) miscommunication of science by the media and other communicators. We characterize this article as a \"call to arms,\" given the urgent need for the scientific information ecosystem to improve. Improvements are necessary to maintain the public's trust in science, foster robust discourse, and encourage a well-educated citizenry.</p>","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"124-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10629927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48972006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Moral Convictions and Threats to Science 道德信念与科学威胁
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221083514
R. Bayes
{"title":"Moral Convictions and Threats to Science","authors":"R. Bayes","doi":"10.1177/00027162221083514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221083514","url":null,"abstract":"When science is marshaled to support one side or another in policy debates, people can react to that information differently depending on whether it supports their own position. They tend to find fault in unfavorable information and accept favorable information less critically. This may especially be the case when individuals’ positions are held with moral conviction—that is, when their position is not only their preferred position, but when it is the position that they feel to be morally correct. I examine three areas in which allowing moral convictions to influence reactions to scientific information may actually threaten the social benefits of science: promoting science misperceptions, eroding the credibility of scientists as sources of information, and eroding evaluations of science as a process. I argue that dealing with the influence of moral conviction over scientific interpretation will require acknowledgement that the social benefits of science are not self-evident and that they depend on public buy-in.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"86 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44638724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Threats to Science: Politicization, Misinformation, and Inequalities 科学面临的威胁：政治化、信息失真和不平等
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221095431
J. Druckman
{"title":"Threats to Science: Politicization, Misinformation, and Inequalities","authors":"J. Druckman","doi":"10.1177/00027162221095431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221095431","url":null,"abstract":"Science is often considered the best available route to knowledge and, thus, essential for societal progress. Yet contemporary science faces several challenges. These challenges include politicization, misinformation, and inequalities. I outline each of these threats, detailing the ways in which they can undermine the optimal production and application of science. I provide an overview of various research agendas on each, as covered in this volume. Without minimizing the seriousness posed by each threat, I also suggest that existing work provides reason for hope that the scientific enterprise can address these challenges and continue to improve societal well-being.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"8 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49551417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Americans’ Attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act: What Role Do Beliefs Play? 美国人对平价医疗法案的态度:信仰扮演什么角色?
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221098020
Gabriel Miao Li, Josh Pasek, J. Krosnick, T. Stark, Jennifer Agiesta, G. Sood, Trevor Tompson, Wendy Gross
{"title":"Americans’ Attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act: What Role Do Beliefs Play?","authors":"Gabriel Miao Li, Josh Pasek, J. Krosnick, T. Stark, Jennifer Agiesta, G. Sood, Trevor Tompson, Wendy Gross","doi":"10.1177/00027162221098020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221098020","url":null,"abstract":"How do people form their attitudes toward complex policy issues? Although there has long been an assumption that people consider the various components of those issues and come to an overall assessment, a growing body of recent work has instead suggested that people may reach summary judgments as a function of heuristic cues and goal-oriented rationalizations. This study examines how well a component-based model fits Americans’ evaluations of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, an important and highly contentious piece of legislation that contained several constituent parts. Despite strong partisan disagreement about the law, we find that Democrats and Republicans both appear to evaluate the law as a function of their beliefs and what the law would do as well as their confidence in those beliefs. This finding implies that correcting misperceptions and increasing awareness of the components of legislation have the potential to change attitudes.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"700 1","pages":"41 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46076534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coronavirus and Carbon Nanotubes: Seeking Immunological Relationships to Discover Immunotherapeutic Possibilities. 冠状病毒与碳纳米管：寻找免疫学关系，发现免疫治疗的可能性。
IF 6.6 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-02-21 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S341890
Elidamar Nunes de Carvalho Lima, Ana Luiza Moraes Octaviano, José Roberto Castilho Piqueira, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, João Francisco Justo
{"title":"Coronavirus and Carbon Nanotubes: Seeking Immunological Relationships to Discover Immunotherapeutic Possibilities.","authors":"Elidamar Nunes de Carvalho Lima, Ana Luiza Moraes Octaviano, José Roberto Castilho Piqueira, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, João Francisco Justo","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S341890","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IJN.S341890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since December 2019, the world has faced an unprecedented pandemic crisis due to a new coronavirus disease, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which has instigated intensive studies on prevention and treatment possibilities. Here, we investigate the relationships between the immune activation induced by three coronaviruses associated with recent outbreaks, with special attention to SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, and the immune activation induced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to understand the points of convergence in immune induction and modulation. Evidence suggests that CNTs are among the most promising materials for use as immunotherapeutic agents. Therefore, this investigation explores new possibilities of effective immunotherapies for COVID-19. This study aimed to raise interest and knowledge about the use of CNTs as immunotherapeutic agents in coronavirus treatment. Thus, we summarize the most important immunological aspects of various coronavirus infections and describe key advances and challenges in using CNTs as immunotherapeutic agents against viral infections and the activation of the immune response induced by CNTs, which can shed light on the immunotherapeutic possibilities of CNTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"170 1","pages":"751-781"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8887185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86799747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Delegitimization, Deconstruction and Control: Undermining the Administrative State 去合法化、解构与控制：对行政国家的挖掘
IF 2.8 2区 社会学
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162211069723
D. Moynihan
{"title":"Delegitimization, Deconstruction and Control: Undermining the Administrative State","authors":"D. Moynihan","doi":"10.1177/00027162211069723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162211069723","url":null,"abstract":"Three phenomena that undermine the U.S. administrative state were taken to extremes under President Trump, contributing to democratic backsliding. The first is delegitimization: a suspicion of the public sector that has curdled into claims that public officials are deep state enemies of the people. This undermines belief in the capacity of government to deliver on democratic promises. Second is deconstruction, which includes undermining administrative capacity and delivery of services, making it harder for institutions to deliver on democratic promises, or to do so in ways that are transparent or generative of conditions in which the public sees government helping. The third is political control, in which loyalty to the political leaders is a primary virtue: this weakens structural protections of public employees and the capacities of government agencies to pursue their statutory mission or respond to other sources of democratic control such as Congress.","PeriodicalId":48352,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","volume":"699 1","pages":"36 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42552757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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