Journal of Peace Research最新文献_第10页

Caring is sharing: Why independent commissions in post-conflict societies have power-sharing arrangements 关心就是分享:为什么冲突后社会的独立委员会有权力分享安排

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231164448

D. Walsh, Natascha S. Neudorfer

{"title":"Caring is sharing: Why independent commissions in post-conflict societies have power-sharing arrangements","authors":"D. Walsh, Natascha S. Neudorfer","doi":"10.1177/00223433231164448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231164448","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of conflict parties in independent commissions through power-sharing has been found to reduce the reoccurrence of conflict. Yet, the theoretical and empirical literature explaining why independent commissions include power-sharing is very limited. Previous publications have focused on in-depth case studies that explain how power-sharing prevents conflict recurrence in specific post-conflict societies but do not provide a general argument or widescale testing beyond individual case studies. This article provides a new systematic, general theoretical argument and novel empirical testing that explains why there is power-sharing on some commissions but not others. We argue that conflict parties adopt power-sharing provisions in independent commissions because doing so allows them to overcome significant credible commitments problems that are inherent to the ending of intrastate conflict. Using a new and comprehensive dataset, Independent Commissions in Post-Conflict Societies, which includes information on 580 commissions (1990–2016), this article applies a combination of decision trees and regression analysis to test our hypotheses. The findings indicate that power-sharing is adopted where credible commitment problems are acute and show that commissions working on political or security issues and those with monitoring or verification roles, or that work on the implementation of peace agreements, are more likely to include power-sharing arrangements.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48425735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Talk of shame: Conflict-related sexual violence and bilateral critique within the United Nations 谈羞耻:与冲突有关的性暴力和联合国内部的双边批评

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1177/00223433221147943

Karin Johansson

引用次数: 0

Under God, indivisible? Religious salience and interstate territorial conflict 在上帝之下，不可分割?宗教突出和国家间的领土冲突

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231164435

Ariel Zellman, J. Fox

{"title":"Under God, indivisible? Religious salience and interstate territorial conflict","authors":"Ariel Zellman, J. Fox","doi":"10.1177/00223433231164435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231164435","url":null,"abstract":"How and under what conditions do religious factors explain the militarization of interstate territorial disputes? We argue that inconclusive findings in previous studies stem from inadequate consideration of the interaction between challenger state religiosity and the domestic constituencies actually invested in religiously salient territorial claims. To address this gap, this article differentiates between secular regimes, which provide minimal support to their state’s dominant religion and religious regimes, which strongly support their dominant religion. It also considers narrowly salient coreligionist populations, which appeal almost exclusively to religious audiences, versus broadly salient contested sacred sites, which appeal to much broader constituencies. We argue that the interaction between these two factors produces very different patterns of interstate conflict behavior. Secular regimes avoid escalation over narrowly salient religious claims because they do not depend upon religious constituents for support. However, they lack the necessary religious legitimacy to manage outbidding challenges that frequently arise over more broadly salient claims. Religious regimes, by contrast, enjoy high domestic religious legitimacy, enabling more peaceful engagement with broadly salient religious claims. Yet their political dependence upon religious constituencies incentivizes conflict when disputes involve narrowly salient religious claims. We test these propositions utilizing original data on the religious salience of interstate territorial disputes in the post-Cold War era, from 1990 to 2010. Analyses, using both dichotomous and continuous measures of regime religiosity, confirm these inferences and contribute to highly nuanced understandings of how state-religion policy and religious salience interact to influence patterns of interstate violence.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":"554 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64873123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A theory of jihadist beheadings 圣战分子斩首论

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231164442

Marek K Brzezinski

{"title":"A theory of jihadist beheadings","authors":"Marek K Brzezinski","doi":"10.1177/00223433231164442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231164442","url":null,"abstract":"Why do some jihadist organizations engage in beheadings while others do not? Although beheadings have become a signature tactic of the contemporary global jihadist movement, I show that most jihadist groups perpetrate few or no beheadings and only a minority have adopted beheading as a consistent part of their repertoire of violence. Such variation exists even among ideologically similar ‘Salafi-jihadist’ groups, suggesting that ideology alone cannot explain why such violence occurs. Instead, I argue that the use of beheadings is shaped by a combination of local strategic context and transnational ties. Beheadings are strategically useful to jihadist groups engaged in insurgency as a means of deterring civilian collaboration with the enemy, demoralizing enemy combatants and attracting foreign recruits. But the use of beheading is also costly for such groups, notably because of its tendency to alienate potential civilian supporters. Whether or not particular jihadist groups use beheadings depends largely on whether they can afford to ignore these costs. Jihadist insurgents who control significant territory are less sensitive to civilian attitudes because of their ability to obtain support through coercion and are therefore more likely to perpetrate beheadings. The use of beheadings is also shaped by transnational ties: organizations that seek formal affiliation with transnational jihadist networks are more likely to calculate that the benefits of using extreme violence to attract transnational support outweigh its costs. I test this theory using an original dataset of over 1,500 beheading events perpetrated by jihadist organizations between 1998 and 2019.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49408399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Get the word out: Monitoring human rights reduces abuse 宣传：监督人权减少虐待

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231164443

José Kaire

{"title":"Get the word out: Monitoring human rights reduces abuse","authors":"José Kaire","doi":"10.1177/00223433231164443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231164443","url":null,"abstract":"Does human rights advocacy make a difference? Many are skeptical. Studies often find that advocates have an impact only under limited circumstances. I argue that these underwhelming results are a by-product of an identification problem. Research so far has effectively focused on whether shaming campaigns reduce ongoing abuse. But such cases are only part of the story. Another big aspect of advocacy is preventing abuse from ever starting. We must then pay attention to the deterred, those who chose not to violate human rights because of the threat of shaming. These cases do not repress and are never shamed. They are easy to miss because they look the same as those who never considered abuse in the first place. However, identifying deterred cases is crucial for judging the effectiveness of advocacy. I argue that we can resolve this issue by focusing on the degree of human rights monitoring in a country. Doing so allows researchers to recognize those under the scrutiny of advocates, and hence those that could have been deterred even if they were never shamed. Once we do this analytical refocus it is easy to see the positive effect of human rights advocacy. Human rights monitoring reduces abuse, and it does so in most countries.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48931770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Politicized health emergencies and violent resistance against healthcare responders 政治化的突发卫生事件和对医疗救护人员的暴力抵抗

1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231158144

Melanie Sauter

{"title":"Politicized health emergencies and violent resistance against healthcare responders","authors":"Melanie Sauter","doi":"10.1177/00223433231158144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231158144","url":null,"abstract":"2019 has been the most violent year on record for health workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Attacks on healthcare coincided with the first-ever Ebola outbreak in an active conflict zone. Many of the attacks on the Ebola response were perpetrated by civilians who intended to disrupt the response, which in turn contributed to the spread of the virus. Why would communities attack the very people trying to protect them from disease? This mixed-method study examines the case of violence against Ebola responders during the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s tenth Ebola outbreak from 2018 to 2020. First, an ‘explaining-outcome’ process tracing reconstructs key events that led to the violent resistance of the population. I find that – contrary to popular belief – distrust alone was not the main driver. Rather, I argue that the politicization of the response provoked violent popular resistance. Second, an interrupted time-series model shows that the exclusion of three regions from the presidential election due to Ebola led to a significant increase in attacks on Ebola responders. The analysis demonstrates that the behavior of healthcare responders has limited ability to build trust when other political dynamics are at work. The article illustrates how combining process tracing with quantitative causal inference methods enables the simultaneous inquiry of cause, mechanism, and effect.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135472836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bias and balance in civil war mediation 内战调解中的偏见与平衡

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231156959

Elizabeth J. Menninga

引用次数: 0

Leader or lackey? Understanding the United Nations Secretary-General’s role in conflict diplomacy 领导还是走狗？了解联合国秘书长在冲突外交中的作用

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231159183

Lonjezo Peter Mpinganjira Frank

{"title":"Leader or lackey? Understanding the United Nations Secretary-General’s role in conflict diplomacy","authors":"Lonjezo Peter Mpinganjira Frank","doi":"10.1177/00223433231159183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231159183","url":null,"abstract":"Is the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General (SG) an independent actor in conflict diplomacy, or are his political interventions influenced by the parochial interests of the UN Security Council (UNSC) permanent member states – the P5? Previous studies have suggested that the political independence of the UN is constrained whenever a conflict evokes the strong parochial interests of individual P5 states. Using a newly compiled dataset, this article presents the first large-N historical study on the SG’s conflict interventions. The study quantifies the interventions while distinguishing between interventions mandated by the UNSC, which have always been high-profile in nature, and nonmandated interventions, with key emphasis on high-profile nonmandated interventions. The study ascertains whether both types of intervention were inhibited by the parochial interests of individual P5 states or whether the nonmandated interventions were uninfluenced by P5 interests. The results reveal that while parochial P5 interests have a significant bearing on UNSC-mandated interventions, they do not influence nonmandated interventions. Crucially, UN Charter dictates generally exert a greater influence on nonmandated interventions than on UNSC-mandated interventions. These findings present a strong case for the formal autonomy of the UN Secretariat and contribute to the growing literature on the role of executive heads in international organization secretariats.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45835983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quotidian crime, wartime violence and public goods preferences: Evidence from Liberia 日常犯罪、战时暴力和公共产品偏好:来自利比里亚的证据

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231155281

S. Berens, S. Karim

引用次数: 0

The composition of UN peacekeeping operations and aid worker security 联合国维和行动的组成和援助人员的安全

IF 3.6 1区社会学

Journal of Peace Research Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1177/00223433231159186

Andrew Levin

{"title":"The composition of UN peacekeeping operations and aid worker security","authors":"Andrew Levin","doi":"10.1177/00223433231159186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231159186","url":null,"abstract":"Do United Nations peacekeeping operations improve the security of humanitarian aid workers during conflict? Answering this question is important given the critical assistance that humanitarian personnel provide in conflict zones, the increased integration of humanitarian activities in UN operations in recent decades and the growing incidence of attacks against aid workers worldwide. Researchers have found that the presence of peacekeepers does not positively affect aid worker security and may even make humanitarian personnel more vulnerable to violent attacks. However, previous studies have not examined whether the effect of peacekeeping operations on aid worker security is influenced by the personnel composition of UN missions. I hypothesize that operations with more troops are likely to reduce attacks against aid workers, while similar security gains are unlikely to be realized with larger numbers of police or observers. This is due to troops’ specific capabilities, which increase their ability to mitigate high-intensity conflict environments and protect humanitarian personnel traveling on roads. Statistical analyses of monthly data between 2000 and 2015 indicate that greater numbers of UN troops, but not police and observers, are correlated with fewer attacks against aid workers. The implications of these findings are discussed, with an eye toward addressing challenges facing the UN’s force-generation process.","PeriodicalId":48324,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Peace Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47774212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0