Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Potential brain biomarkers in patients with Autism spectrum syndrome","authors":"Davood Ghavi ,&nbsp;Amir Ebrahimi ,&nbsp;Zahra Forouzandeh ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Shekari Khaniani ,&nbsp;Sima Mansoori Derakhshan","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is referred as a cluster of neurodevelopmental disorders with relatively high incidence. ASD is believed to be a multifactorial condition, and genetics is one of the most important factors in its formation. Therefore, profiling gene expression in ASD patients can lead to the identification of new molecular insights. To evaluate gene expression patterns, we have utilized NCBI GEO microarray data. The dataset of ASD patients (GSE28475, GSE28521, GSE38322 and GSE113834) were defined as two meta-data, Total brain meta-data and Lobe specified meta-data. Meta-analysis and batch effect removal was conducted by the SVA package. Microarray data analysis was performed using the LIMMA package under R 4.2.1 software. Total Meta-Analysis (TMA) identified 525 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ASD patient’s brain. The temporal and frontal lobes of ASD patients showed 96 and 23 DEGs respectively. Among the mentioned DEGs, there were 11 common DEGs between the temporal and frontal lobes that were also dysregulated in TMA except for UTP4 which was only dysregulated in the temporal and frontal lobes. However, the occipital and cerebellum lobes did not show any significant DEGs. Enrichment analysis pointed out the vital roles of identified DEGs in transmembrane transportation, ATP production, and cellular respiration. According to our findings, gene expression profile in the temporal and frontal lobes of ASD patients are significantly different than a control group. This aberrant gene expression potentially leads to crucial complications in nerve signal transmission and defects energy production in neurons. Therefore, potential therapeutic targets may be suggested based on these findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic administration of low dose aspirin alleviates ASD-like behaviors and activates AMPK in valproic acid-exposed rats","authors":"Yueting Zhang ,&nbsp;Liyan Qin ,&nbsp;Xufang Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder distinguished by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted/repetitive behaviors. There has been a global increase in the prevalence of ASD, yet the underlying causes of ASD remain inadequately understood, and there is currently no pharmacological intervention for the core symptoms of ASD. However, recent studies have suggested that aspirin may have the potential for use in the treatment of ASD.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Pregnant rats were administered either VPA or normal saline on gestational day 12.5. The male pups were administered a low dose of aspirin (1 mg/kg) or a vehicle control daily from postnatal day 23 to day 52. ASD-like behaviors were assessed by social interaction, spontaneous grooming test, open field test and light-dark transitions. The activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was quantified by measuring the level of p-AMPK using an immunoblotting assay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Chronic administration of low dose aspirin resulted in significant improvements in social approach deficits, a reduction in repetitive grooming, and the alleviation of anxiety-like behavior in ASD rats. Furthermore, aspirin administration also led to the activation of AMPK in the hippocampus of rats exposed to VPA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results raise the question of the need for further investigation of agents with mechanisms related to aspirin in ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief report: Sensory atypicality in mothers and fathers of individuals on the autism spectrum and its relationship with emotional distress","authors":"Carmen Nieto ,&nbsp;Helena Gandía-Abellán ,&nbsp;Ruth Campos ,&nbsp;Pastora Martínez-Castilla ,&nbsp;Beatriz Cavero-Olivera ,&nbsp;Margarita Quesada-Zeljkovic ,&nbsp;María Verde-Cagiao","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigated the prevalence of sensory atypicalities of mothers and fathers of individuals with Autism and explored the relationship between levels of emotional distress (parental distress, anxiety, and depression) and sensory processing patterns. There is limited evidence connecting these variables, and research in this area remains scarce.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>251 parents participated in the study. 170 parents of individuals with Autism completed questionnaires on sensory experiences, parental distress, anxiety, and depression. A control group of 81 parents of individuals with typical development completed the sensory questionnaire. The relationship between sensory atypicality and emotional distress was examined only in the Autism group.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mothers and fathers of individuals with Autism showed a higher prevalence of sensory atypicality, especially in hyposensitive patterns. Relationships were found between specific sensory patterns and the levels of emotional distress. The hypo-reactive and hyposensitive quadrant, 'Low Registration', displayed significant predictive capacity for both anxiety and depression, while 'Sensory Sensitivity' was predominantly related to parental distress.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Awareness of specific sensory patterns could facilitate the identification of those potentially vulnerable to experiencing anxiety, depression, or parental distress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief report: A confirmatory factor analysis of the Child Behavior Checklist in a large sample of autistic youth","authors":"Laura de la Roche ,&nbsp;Brianne Derby ,&nbsp;Molly Pascoe ,&nbsp;Melissa Susko ,&nbsp;Sabrina Lutchmeah ,&nbsp;Jessica Jones ,&nbsp;Stelios Georgiades ,&nbsp;Rob Nicolson ,&nbsp;Evdokia Anagnostou ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Kelley","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autistic youth often experience co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Checklist measures such as the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) can assist clinicians and researchers in assessing the symptom profiles of such conditions. Symptom profiles often overlap between autism and cooccurring psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression) in which the same symptoms occur in both. Previous research investigating the validity of the CBCL in autistic populations using factor structure has been mixed<strong>.</strong></div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Seven-hundred-and-fourteen autistic youth (293 females) aged 6–18 years (M = 11.25, SD = 3.29) participated. A confirmatory factor analysis of the 8-factor CBCL-6–18 was completed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results suggest a poor model fit in autistic samples of the widely used eight-scale factor structure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This model may not fit this sample due to the overlap of symptomatology autism has with other psychiatric condition profiles (e.g., communication and behaviors). Future research and implications, including an exploratory factor analysis on the CBCL/6–18 for autistic populations, are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental descriptions of sensory processing in Autism","authors":"Sandra Brouche ,&nbsp;Natalie Rigal ,&nbsp;Fabienne Cazalis","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The processing of sensory information in autistic people has a major impact on their daily lives. Current research faces challenges in fully capturing the heterogeneity of sensory profiles in autism, but caregiver perspectives could offer valuable insights, deepening our understanding of these differences in sensory experiences. The present study aimed to explore this sensory processing characterization based on the testimonies from caregivers of children and adults with autism to contribute to the knowledge obtained from answers to questionnaires.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Caregivers of 15 participants with autism, aged between 4 and 34 years, participated in focus group sessions. Each session was conducted using open-ended questions on sensory processing, and their responses were analyzed by means of semantic analysis using NVivo software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A thematic analysis of the data corpus highlighted three themes of behavioral responsivity to sensory input as reported by parents: (1) sensory input, (2) sensory modulation, and (3) impact on daily life. Sensory input encompassed seven sub-themes related to sensory channels. Sensory modulation allowed for the identification of sub-themes such as sensory overload, emotional regulation, and regulation strategies. Finally, the theme of the impact on daily life highlighted sub-themes of reactions to change, feeding problems, and risk-taking behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that some identified aspects, such as stimming and sensory-seeking, sensory overload and regulation strategies could potentially be added to sensory evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the global research on feeding and eating disorders and autism spectrum disorder (2014–2023): A bibliometric and network analysis","authors":"Fabio Batista Mota ,&nbsp;Anatália Leal Jatobá Neta ,&nbsp;Bernardo Pereira Cabral","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study maps the global research landscape on feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), bibliometrics, and network analyses to assess 199 peer-reviewed articles from the Web of Science Core Collection, published between 2014 and 2023.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results show an annual publication increase, especially in the last three years. The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders and the European Eating Disorders Review were the main publishers. Anorexia Nervosa, Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, food selectivity, mealtime behaviors, parents, children, and females are among the most cited keywords. The main Research Areas were Psychology and Psychiatry, and Pediatrics and Psychology were the most central nodes of the network. The United Kingdom and the United States of America lead in publications and are the most central nodes in the network. King’s College London (KCL) and South London &amp; Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust lead the ranking of organizations, with KCL as the most central node in the network.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study indicates a growing interest in research related to FEDs and ASD. The global landscape of research produced over the last ten years offers insights for future studies and interinstitutional collaborations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Have information and communication technologies research for neurodevelopmental disorders improved overtime? A systematic meta-review","authors":"Carlotta Bettencourt ,&nbsp;Salvatore Anzalone ,&nbsp;Mohamed Chetouani ,&nbsp;David Cohen ,&nbsp;Charline Grossard","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The significant increase of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) use for individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) has created an urgent need to examine the implications of both the design and the research methodologies used to study them.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched four databases (PubMed, IEEXplore, Scopus, and ACM Digital Library) to find relevant reviews on clinical applications of ICTs with individuals with NDD. We extracted all studies (n = 1879) from 301 reviews, and classified them into categories: robots, serious games (SG), video modeling (VM), Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). We randomly assessed 182 studies (45 per ICT category) stratified by years of publication using the Connolly methodology scale and design ICT inventory (DICTI). We also described the best papers per ICT (most cited or highest impact factor journals).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our assessments have indicated that the overall research methodology quality of ICT studies is poor. Serious Games (SG) studies have the best research methodology and ICT design quality scores. Studies on robots, Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), and video modeling (VM) have shown improved research methodology over the years, though only SG design shown improvement consistently. Autism is the most prevalent NDD in terms of clinical focus in ICT therapeutic and educational interventions. Currently, no ICT has been approved as a prescription treatment in NDD, with the notable exception of EndeavorRx™, a SG for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The literature also emphasizes that meeting the main research methodology criteria is essential for evidence-based medicine, Personalization, adaptability, positive feedback, human interaction and affordability are among the most important features to take into consideration in ICT design for NDD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The review highlights the need for higher-quality studies, user-friendly technologies, personalization, positive feedback, and accessibility. ICTs are not detrimental to learning and demonstrate potential benefits for individuals with NDD. However, more evidence-based studies are needed to reach treatment prescription recommendation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting longitudinal trajectories of adaptive couple processes in families of autistic children: Applying the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation model","authors":"Hillary K. Schiltz ,&nbsp;Amy Vaughan Van Hecke ,&nbsp;Jennifer M. Putney ,&nbsp;Sigan L. Hartley","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Many couples raising an autistic child report long-standing and thriving couple relationships, even within the context of elevated parenting stress. Little is known however, about the factors that promote or hinder adaptive couple processes or how these processes may shift over time. Drawing on the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation (VSA) model, the present study examined adaptive couple problem-solving processes across three years and the extent to which these processes were predicted by parent broader autism phenotype (BAP) and level of parenting stress in couples raising an autistic child.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>In total, 189 couples (378 parents) raising an autistic child (aged 5–12 years) completed questionnaires assessing parent BAP and level of parenting stress. Couples also engaged in observed problem-solving interactions at four time points spanning three years.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The use of adaptive couple problem-solving behaviors (<em>Solution Focused Reciprocity</em> and <em>Positive Teamwork</em>) declined linearly across time. Father BAP predicted greater decline in these adaptive processes (<em>Solution Focused Reciprocity</em> and <em>Positive Teamwork</em>), particularly when mother-reported parenting stress was low. No main effects of parenting stress on change in adaptive couple problem-solving behaviors emerged.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings highlight the utility of the VSA Model for understanding the short-term longitudinal course of problem-solving behaviors in couples raising an autistic school-aged child. This study can inform efforts to promote healthy and long-lasting couple relationships in this population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological determinants of the origin and development of the opposite psychological and behavioral traits associated with autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome","authors":"Klara Vernerova,&nbsp;Roman Solc","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Williams syndrome is a genetical disorder caused by microdeletion on chromosome 7, specifically of 7q11.23 region. Its phenotype is characterized by typical facial features, mild mental retardation, cardiovascular problems (patients often suffer from supravalvular aortic stenosis), gastrointestinal problems and endocrine abnormalities. However, Williams syndrome is best known for its unique behavioural-cognitive profile which leads to friendly, hypersocial and talkative personality. This specific neuropsychological profile is repeatedly considered to be the right opposite of the psychological profile, which is characteristic for people with autism spectrum disorder. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder often have severe impairments in social interaction, communication and they suffer from social anxieties. This contrasting cognitive-behavioural phenotype inspired many studies to examine possible biological causes, which might determine given personality features. Several results from these studies suggest that small genetical TFII-I family, which lies in the critical Williams syndrome region, could have a significant impact on the extent of personality qualities such as sociality and communication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAVE automatic virtual environment technology to enhance social participation of autistic people: A classification and literature review","authors":"Isabelle Dabat Pivotto ,&nbsp;Vitor Matias ,&nbsp;William de Paula Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CAVE technology enables multi-participant experiences without head-mounted displays, accommodating the sensory sensitivities of autistic people and helping to enhance their social participation in the community. To date, recent studies have primarily identified therapeutic uses, without focusing on the technology’s recreational applications. To address this gap in the literature, our study aims to explore how CAVE technology can support the social participation of autistic people. This study was developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 2020) protocol to ensure a robust and rigorous SLR. Results show 1) That there are different types of CAVE technology with numerous potential benefits for autistic people multi-participant engagement, sensory comfort, and customizable learning; 2) That CAVE technologies can enable the development of different social skills distinguishing personal emotions or understanding the intentions of others and adapting to the context. 3) Cost, technical complexity, space requirement, mobility, and learning curve are some of the barriers preventing this technology from being widely used in community or school organizations. In conclusion, this study suggests that CAVE technology can enhance social skills in autistic people and holds promise for innovative and inclusive leisure pursuits tailored for autism inclusion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48255,"journal":{"name":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1750946724001284/pdfft?md5=a3b00b28166f105b294843766187feaa&pid=1-s2.0-S1750946724001284-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141481401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}