Law and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Normative legitimacy and youth delinquency: Partial confirmation of the procedural justice model of legal socialization in Portugal.","authors":"Patrícia Damas, Carla S Cardoso, Samuel Moreira","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Legal socialization research highlights that youth compliance is shaped by institutional legitimacy and legitimacy of the law, often fostered by fair treatment from authorities. However, less evidence exists concerning the influence of nonlegal actors and indirect experiences with the police. We expand on these gaps by testing the procedural justice model of legal socialization across Portuguese adolescents, examining (a) how perceptions of procedural justice from police, parents, and teachers and negative vicarious experiences with police shape police legitimacy and (b) how legitimacy and procedural justice relate to delinquent behavior.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We expected higher procedural justice across all authorities and fewer negative vicarious experiences with the police to predict higher perceptions of police legitimacy, and both police legitimacy and procedural justice to negatively impact delinquency.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Self-report surveys were administered to 340 adolescents (age range = 15-21 years old; 34% male; 25.3% immigrants) attending four high schools in northern Portugal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Police legitimacy was primarily predicted by procedural justice judgments of police (β = .280, <i>p</i> < .001) and parents (β = .154, <i>p</i> = .006) and by immigrant status (β = -.170, <i>p</i> = .002). Normative legitimacy did not significantly explain delinquency (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.709, <i>p</i> = .144), which was predicted by deviant group behavior (IRR = 3.034, <i>p</i> = .002), male gender (IRR = 2.431, <i>p</i> < .001), variety of police contacts (IRR = 1.235, <i>p</i> = .003), and parental procedural justice (IRR = 0.727, <i>p</i> = .049).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings provide partial support for the procedural justice model of legal socialization in Portugal and highlight the role of fair treatment by parents in shaping legal attitudes. Effects of legal attitudes on behavior may be contingent on specific social contexts and developmental factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal questioning of adolescent victims of minor sex trafficking versus sexual abuse.","authors":"Sarah C. Kim,Emma Simpson,Rachel E. Dianiska,Jodi A. Quas","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149093279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Contributing factors to beneficence and nonmaleficence in police-led jail diversion programs\" by Petreca et al. (2025).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000680","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000680","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reports an error in \"Contributing factors to beneficence and nonmaleficence in police-led jail diversion programs\" by Victor G. Petreca, Melissa K. Uveges, Alexandra A. Burgess, Adam J. Popp and Joanne T. Barros (&lt;i&gt;Law and Human Behavior&lt;/i&gt;, 2025[Oct], Vol 49[5], 459-472; see record 2026-57946-001). In the original article, a transcription error led to a reference being incorrectly included and cited. The reference Cuddeback et al. (2017) should be deleted. As a result, the references should all have \"Cuddeback et al., 2017\" changed to \"Pinals, 2017\" in the sentences appearing in the introduction, and in the subsection Current Landscape: Predictors of Diversion/Arrest of the Discussion section. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2026-57946-001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study examined how outcomes in police-led jail diversion programs (JDPs) align with the ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence, focusing on factors that influence diversion decisions and their balance between rehabilitation and public safety.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hypotheses: &lt;/strong&gt;Individuals with less severe charges and first-time encounters are more likely to be diverted to mental health treatment, aligning with beneficence. Conversely, individuals with severe charges and repeat offenses are more likely to experience arrest, aligning with nonmaleficence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method: &lt;/strong&gt;This retrospective analysis included 3,324 diversion-eligible cases from 21,964 behavioral crisis incidents recorded in Massachusetts between May and December 2023. This secondary data analysis used the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health's JDP statewide standardized database. Quantitative analyses employed logistic regression and hybrid machine learning models to examine how charge severity, mental health status, substance use, and incident characteristics were associated with outcomes relative to ethical principles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Less severe charges and first-time encounters predicted diversion to mental health services, reflecting beneficence through rehabilitation. Severe charges and repeat offenses were more likely to result in arrest, reflecting nonmaleficence by prioritizing public safety. De-escalation techniques and on-scene supports were associated with diversion, whereas overnight incidents and substance use were linked to increased arrests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Implementing JDPs that align with ethical principles is complex, requiring nuanced approaches that account for both individual and situational factors. Enhanced training and resources are essential to support ethical decision making, ensuring that diversion decisions align with beneficence and nonmaleficence. This study informs efforts to reform police practices to better address mental health crises and suggests policy enhancements to promote both individual welfare and public safety. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148799754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When we do not care about what happens to \"criminals\": How character judgments influence indifference to incidental suffering in the criminal justice system.","authors":"Anna C Barron, Colleen M Berryessa, Melissa de Vel-Palumbo","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000626","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Sometimes people fail to sympathize-and may even relish-when people in the criminal justice system experience harms such as police brutality or inadequate care while in custody. These are harms that occur incidentally to one's involvement with the criminal justice system, as they are not prescribed by laws associated with arrest or conviction. The current research explores what causes people to justify such legally illegitimate harms.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We expected that when people make essentialized character-based attributions about people who commit crimes (e.g., labeling them as fundamentally and enduringly \"bad\"), this can lead them to view incidental harms as deserved punishment.</p><p><strong>Method and results: </strong>In Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 49), we provide initial qualitative evidence for this idea: participants who expressed indifference toward the suffering of incarcerated individuals tended to rationalize such suffering as punishment for perceived immoral character. In Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 258), the perception that people who commit crimes have an underlying and unchanging \"criminal\" character was positively related to tolerance for incidental suffering. In Study 3 (<i>N</i> = 537), describing a person's crime as stemming from an unchangeable immoral character increased participants' tolerance for incidental harms through heightened perceptions of the person's ongoing dangerousness. However, the unchangeable immoral character also appeared to reduce tolerance for harms through a competing, unexplained pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taken together, the findings underscore the complex ways in which character-based explanations for crime influence whether justice-involved individuals are seen as deserving of moral concern. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"500-517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The justice motive: Retributive and restorative factors affect public evaluations of child protection.","authors":"Stacey Politis, Diane Sivasubramaniam, Taylor Gogan, Nina Papalia","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000667","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The perceptions of justice literature suggests the public expect child protection (CP) to punish those who maltreat children. However, CP implements restorative, rather than retributive interventions. We investigated the tension between a public expectation of retribution and the nonretributive principles of CP.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We expected both restorative and retributive factors would affect perceptions of justice; however, hindsight bias would attenuate these effects. We expected anger would mediate the relationship between the retributive factor and perceptions of justice, and that the retributive factor would have a stronger impact when mothers, rather than fathers, harmed children.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Across two studies, we experimentally tested community members' perceptions of procedural and distributive justice about a CP case scenario. Participants read a news story about a case of child abuse leading to child removal, followed by reunification of the family. We manipulated a retributive factor, a restorative factor, and hindsight bias in a 2 (Punishment Sufficiency: High, Low) × 2 (Restorative Potential: High, Low) × 2 (Outcome Knowledge: Known, Unknown) between-groups experimental design. We varied gender of the harming parent across studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>People viewed CP's processes and outcomes as fairer when the restorative factor was present but also when the retributive factor was present. However, hindsight bias attenuated these effects. Effects of the retributive factor were stronger when a mother harmed her child, and anger did not mediate the relationship between the retributive factor and perceptions of justice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perceptions of justice were driven by both restorative <i>and</i> retributive factors, and moderated by hindsight and gender biases. This indicates people's perceptions of CP are not entirely aligned with CP's restorative principles; retribution and biases are also impacting their evaluations. As a service that is for the public, but also relies on public engagement, misalignment creates problematic tensions impacting service delivery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"467-481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147989561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race and ethnicity in the courtroom workgroup: Can diversifying the court solve racial and ethnic disparities in case outcomes?","authors":"Rachel Bowman, Ojmarrh Mitchell, Daniela Oramas Mora, Lyndsay Boggess","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000658","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Racial and ethnic disparities in criminal court outcomes in the United States are a persistent problem, one that is often attributed to the considerable discretion court actors have in determining whether, and to what extent, to punish criminal defendants. To reduce unwarranted disparities and overzealous sanctioning in U.S. courts, many have called for increasing the diversity of the court workforce. This article empirically examines the effects of workgroup diversity on court outcomes.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We hypothesize that more racially and ethnically diverse courtroom workgroups will (a) be less punitive overall and (b) produce smaller racial and ethnic disparities in case outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using a sample of felony cases processed in Florida's Circuit Courts in 2017 (<i>N</i> = 10,202), we estimated a direct and interactive multinomial logistic regression model of pretrial and sentencing outcomes (case declination, diversion, transfer, withhold adjudication, probation, jail, and prison) with clustered standard errors to account for the nested nature of the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that, although the majority of routine court actors in our sample were White, there was variation in case outcomes by workgroup diversity with more racially and ethnically diverse workgroups being, on average, less punitive than more homogenously White workgroups. However, the relationship between workgroup diversity and the severity of pretrial and sentencing outcomes operated differently for Black and Hispanic defendants. While Hispanic defendants tended to fare worse-in probation and jail decisions-in workgroups with a larger proportion of Hispanic court actors, Black defendants were more likely to be spared prison time in workgroups with a larger proportion of Black court actors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings highlight the importance of disentangling race from ethnicity in understanding the impact of workgroup diversity on criminal case outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"482-499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health policy in U.S. state prisons: A 50-state analysis of alignment with national standards.","authors":"Hayden P. Smith","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000684","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149093280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A risk-need-responsivity (RNR)-informed systematic review of needs during the pretrial period.","authors":"Sydney Ingel, Evan M Lowder, Peyton Frye, Spencer G Lawson, Autumn Kent","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000666","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Pretrial risk assessments are becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Despite the importance of assessing and intervening around \"needs\" in the risk-need-responsivity model, few pretrial risk assessments include comprehensive assessment of needs. We aim to provide a systematic review of the prevalence of and predictive utility of needs within the pretrial population.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>There were no hypotheses given the nature of the study.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted searches for articles in the EBSCO, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases using key words related to 11 needs domains: antisocial personality, procriminal attitudes, procriminal associates, substance use, family/marital relationships, school/work, prosocial recreational activities, self-esteem, housing, mental health, and physical health. We identified 215 articles that reported on the prevalence of needs or explored their predictive associations with pretrial misconduct outcomes in adult populations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, we find few comprehensive investigations of needs in the pretrial domain, apart from substance use. Variation in methodology and operationalization contributes to wide variability in prevalence estimates. We found only 15 articles that examined predictive associations between pretrial needs and outcomes, which were limited to investigations of behavioral health, employment, and housing needs. Substance use and housing needs emerged as the only consistent predictors of pretrial misconduct.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Researchers should more directly assess the prevalence and predictive utility of needs within the pretrial period to bolster the evidence base for including these factors in pretrial risk assessments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":"450-466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public opinion and the eighth amendment: Is there a national consensus on the death penalty for child rape?","authors":"Nicholas Scurich, Daniel A Krauss","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000677","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In <i>Kennedy v. Louisiana</i> (2008), the United States Supreme Court banned the death penalty for child rape, citing a \"national consensus\" against capital punishment in such cases. Five states have recently passed laws allowing the death penalty in these cases, leading to a potential constitutional challenge. This study investigates whether there is a national consensus that the death penalty is never an appropriate punishment for child rape.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We hypothesized that support for the death penalty would be greater when participants evaluated a specific child rape case compared to when queried as a general policy consideration and support would be greater when heinous case facts, like those in <i>Kennedy</i>, were provided. Also, we hypothesized that support would be higher in the five states that recently enacted such legislation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A nationally representative sample of 800 U.S. adults was recruited online. Participants completed general policy measures assessing support for the death penalty for child rape and were randomly assigned to evaluate one of two vignettes modeled on <i>Kennedy:</i> a version describing severe physical injuries and a version describing less severe injuries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across general policy measures, support for the death penalty for child rape ranged from 48% to 61%, depending on question phrasing. In the vignette task, support was significantly higher in the severe-injury condition (60.0%) than in the less severe condition (36.6%). General attitudes toward the death penalty strongly predicted judgments in the vignettes. Support was higher among residents of states that recently enacted child rape death penalty statutes, though substantial support was observed nationwide.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Public support for the death penalty for child rape is substantial but contingent on framing and case facts and does not map cleanly onto state legislative patterns. These findings complicate claims that either statutes or public opinion provide stable indicators of a national consensus for Eighth Amendment purposes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149075870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How behavioral differences between autistic and nonautistic suspects in forensic interviews affect observers' evaluations: Evidence for expectancy violations theory but not the double empathy hypothesis.","authors":"Neil Brewer, Carmen A Lucas, Katie Logos, Robyn L Young, Alliyza Lim","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000679","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Despite suggestions that autistic individuals' behavioral characteristics may arouse suspicion and undermine credibility during police and courtroom questioning, specific contributing behaviors have not been identified. We examined whether (a) suspects' figurative language difficulties and speech hesitations led to unfavorable evaluations, especially for autistic suspects, (b) evaluations of autistic and nonautistic suspects reflected the observer's diagnostic status as predicted by the double empathy hypothesis, and (c) evaluations were predicted by expectancy violations theory.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We predicted harsher evaluations of suspects (a) with figurative language difficulties and speech hesitations, particularly for autistic suspects, (b) when the diagnostic status of observers and suspects differed, and (c) following violations of expected behavior.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Autistic and nonautistic observers (Experiment 1 <i>N</i>s = 212 and 215; Experiment 2 <i>N</i>s = 125 and 125) watched online interviews with autistic or nonautistic chatroom participants suspected of computer hacking. Suspects with relatively high or low levels of either figurative language difficulties (Experiment 1) or speech hesitations (Experiment 2) were rated on suspiciousness, credibility, guilt, and expectancy violations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Harsher evaluations were detected for autistic than nonautistic male suspects and when autistic suspects displayed more marked speech hesitations. The observer's diagnostic status did not affect evaluations of suspects, but expectancy violations did, regardless of the suspect's autism diagnostic status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Male autistic suspects, and autistic suspects displaying more pronounced speech hesitations, appear vulnerable to negative evaluations. More extreme expectancy violations may exacerbate such evaluations. The double empathy hypothesis was not supported, but findings aligned with expectancy violations theory predictions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}