Law and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"The reasonable officer standard: Perceptions of reasonableness and legal decision making.","authors":"Cassandra Flick,Kimberly Schweitzer","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000629","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEWe explored how the reasonable officer standard aligns with the use-of-force judgments.HYPOTHESESReasonable officer standard-related factors of civilian resistance and civilian injury would impact participant judgments in ways inconsistent with reasonable officer standard-based policy. Given a scenario of legally reasonable force, participants would find an officer's actions less reasonable and attribute more punishment when the civilian actively resisted (compared with assaulted) the officer and the civilian incurred a high (compared with low) severity injury. Expert testimony on the reasonable officer standard and policy would weaken this effect and directly impact judgments. Participants with more positive attitudes toward police legitimacy would render more pro-officer judgments. These attitudes would moderate the effects of civilian action, civilian injury, and expert testimony, such that participants with more positive views would be less impacted by these case factors.METHODParticipants (N = 1,462) listened to a use-of-force scenario with consistent officer action but where civilian action and civilian injury severity were manipulated. Study 1 utilized a 2 (civilian action: Level 3 [active resistance] vs. Level 4 [assaultive behavior]) × 2 (civilian injury: high vs. low) between-participants design. Study 2 included the same manipulations in the context of a mock trial and manipulated reasonable officer standard expert testimony (present vs. absent).RESULTSIn Study 1, civilian action and injury impacted judgments in ways inconsistent with reasonable officer standard-based policy as hypothesized. In Study 2, civilian action and injury had nonsignificant effects, but expert testimony significantly impacted all dependent measures. Participants' police legitimacy attitudes directly influenced our dependent measures and moderated the impact of civilian action and injury (Study 1) and expert testimony (Study 2) as hypothesized.CONCLUSIONSIndividuals' criminal trial, but not general, judgments align with reasonable officer standard-based policy and are impacted by education on police policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrogation tactics may have downstream consequences on innocent and guilty defendants' plea decisions.","authors":"Melanie B Fessinger,Jacqueline Katzman,Melanie Close,Margaret Bull Kovera","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000635","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEWe examined whether interrogation tactics that imply leniency (i.e., minimization) or exaggerate seriousness and incriminating evidence (i.e., maximization) have downstream consequences on innocent and guilty defendants' plea decisions.HYPOTHESESWe predicted that (a) participants interrogated using minimization and maximization tactics would plead guilty more often than would those interrogated using control tactics; (b) guilty participants would plead guilty more often than would innocent participants; (c) the effect of interrogation tactics on plea decisions would be driven by perceived trial prospects; and (d) the effect of guilt on plea decisions would be driven by anxiety.METHODParticipants (N = 262) took part in a plea decision-making task in which they were either innocent or guilty of cheating and interrogated using control, minimization, or maximization tactics. They were then told they could contest the accusation in front of a board (proxy for trial) or admit to it for a reduced punishment (proxy for plea). They decided how to plead, evaluated the likelihood they would have been convicted by the board, and estimated the likely punishment they would have received if convicted by the board. They also rated their state anxiety.RESULTSAs predicted, guilty participants pleaded guilty more often than did innocent participants (OR = 7.99). However, interrogation tactics differentially affected innocent and guilty participants. Compared to control tactics, minimization significantly reduced guilty pleas among innocent participants (p = .02, Cohen's h = 0.49) but not among guilty participants (p = .70, h = 0.09). In contrast, maximization significantly reduced guilty pleas among innocent participants (p = .04, h = 0.44) but significantly increased guilty pleas among guilty participants (p = .047, h = 0.41).CONCLUSIONSInterrogation tactics can have consequences outside of the interrogation context by affecting innocent and guilty defendants' later plea decisions. Such findings raise questions about the continued use of these tactics in real-world interrogations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Interrogation Tactics May Have Downstream Consequences on Innocent and Guilty Defendants’ Plea Decisions","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000635.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000635.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for The Reasonable Officer Standard: Perceptions of Reasonableness and Legal Decision Making","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000629.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000629.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributing factors to beneficence and nonmaleficence in police-led jail diversion programs.","authors":"Victor G. Petreca, Melissa K. Uveges, Alexandra A. Burgess, Adam J. Popp, Joanne T. Barros","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000622","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Contributing Factors to Beneficence and Nonmaleficence in Police-Led Jail Diversion Programs","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000622.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000622.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-court identifications affect juror decisions despite being unreliable.","authors":"Jacqueline Katzman, Elaina Welch, Margaret Bull Kovera","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000617","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective</i></b>: Although in-court identifications provide less evidence of a defendant's guilt than even the most poorly conducted out-of-court identification procedures, they are more likely to be admitted into evidence. The current work examined the effect of an in-court identification on juror decisions and whether exposure to a suggestive out-of-court identification would be less prejudicial than exposure to an in-court identification. <b><i>Hypotheses</i></b>: We predicted that exposure to an in-court identification would increase the likelihood that participants would render guilty verdicts. We also predicted that in the presence of an in-court identification, participants would be less likely to convict and rate the eyewitness less favorably when they viewed a poor prior lineup than when they viewed no prior lineup or a good prior lineup. <b><i>Method</i></b>: Participants (<i>N</i> = 422 following exclusions) watched a mock criminal trial that varied the nature of the out-of-court identification (none, poor prior lineup, good prior lineup) and whether the eyewitness identified the defendant during trial (present, not present). <b><i>Results</i></b>: Both in-court and out-of-court identifications independently affected verdicts, irrespective of whether the out-of-court identification was good or poor. In-court identifications, despite having little to no evidentiary value, increased the likelihood that witnesses rendered guilty verdicts. In contrast, participants were sensitive to variations in the quality of the out-of-court procedure; participants who heard evidence about an identification obtained through a suggestive out-of-court lineup rated the prosecution's case as weaker and the identification as less fair than participants who heard evidence about an identification obtained through a nonsuggestive out-of-court lineup. <b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: Although participants rendered judgments that reflected variations in the quality of the out-of-court procedure, in-court identifications increased the likelihood that participants voted guilty, despite their having little to no evidentiary value. Moreover, the in-court procedure bolstered the perceived fairness of the poor prior identification procedure. Barring in-court identifications from the courtroom may be the best way to ensure conviction of the guilty and protection of the innocent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"49 4","pages":"376-386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equity in law enforcement actions following a school threat assessment.","authors":"Dewey G Cornell, Jennifer Maeng, Sonja D Winter, Francis Huang, Timothy R Konold, Jordan Kerere, Kelvin Afolabi, Deanne Cowley","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000602","DOIUrl":"10.1037/lhb0000602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) is a form of violence risk assessment that has been widely adopted in U.S. public schools. However, there are concerns that the involvement of law enforcement officers in schools on BTAM teams could lead to criminalization of student misbehavior and exacerbate disparities in arrests for students of color and students with disabilities. This study investigated school-based arrests, court charges, and incarcerations for a sample of 18,411 Florida students in 1,646 schools who received a threat assessment using the Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines. <b><i>Hypotheses:</i></b> Consistent with prior studies, we hypothesized that law enforcement actions would have a low prevalence and there would be no disparities associated with race/ethnicity, family income, or disability status. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A series of Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models was estimated to evaluate whether law enforcement actions (arrest, charge, incarceration) varied by school-level characteristics and student-level regressors (demographics and threat classification). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Approximately 1% of students received a law enforcement action. Law enforcement actions were associated most strongly with student grade and seriousness of their threat. There was evidence of equitable law enforcement actions for student characteristics of race/ethnicity, family income, and disability status. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These results are consistent with prior studies in smaller samples of Virginia schools. This study contributes to the policy debate over the role of law enforcement officers in schools by showing that schools using threat assessment teams with officers did not generate high rates of law enforcement actions or inequitable outcomes often observed for disadvantaged student groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"49 4","pages":"338-352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating a cross-race effect inventory to postdict eyewitness accuracy.","authors":"Dilhan Töredi, Jamal K. Mansour, Sian E. Jones, Faye Skelton, Alex McIntyre","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000609","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Creating a Cross-Race Effect Inventory to Postdict Eyewitness Accuracy","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000609.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000609.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"704 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144701488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}