Law and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Racial Bias in Jury Selection Hurts Mock Jurors, Not Just Defendants: Testing One Potential Intervention","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000494.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000494.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58510898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of hopelessness and procedural justice on depressogenic outcomes in serious adolescent offenders.","authors":"Morgan Stutts,&nbsp;Joseph R Cohen","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Despite increasing depression and suicide rates in justice-system-involved youth, little is known about depressogenic risk factors in this population. Therefore, we explored how levels of and changes in hopelessness and perceptions of procedural justice predicted depressive and suicidal outcomes in justice-system-involved youth.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We hypothesized that higher levels and increasing trajectories of hopelessness, as well as of perceived injustice, would predict depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation across adolescence and emerging adulthood. We also expected that procedural injustice would explain the relation between hopelessness and these outcomes. Finally, we hypothesized that gender and race/ethnicity would moderate the influence of hopelessness and perceived injustice.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data for the present study were collected as part of the Pathways to Desistance study. In total, 1,354 adolescents (<i>M</i>_age = 16.04 years; 86.4% male; 41.4% non-Hispanic Black, 33.5% Hispanic, 20.2% non-Hispanic White) convicted of serious offenses participated. For the present study, participants answered questions on measures of procedural justice, hopelessness, depression, and suicidal ideation across 11 time points over 7 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using latent growth curve modeling, we found partial support for our hypotheses. Specifically, baseline levels of hopelessness predicted depression levels and increases in depression during adolescence (<i>ps</i> < .01). Further, changes in hopelessness predicted corresponding changes in depression throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood (ps < .001). Similarly, procedural justice levels predicted levels of depression (<i>p</i> < .001), and changes in procedural justice corresponded to changes in depression during emerging adulthood (<i>p</i> = .01). With regard to suicidal ideation, levels of and changes in hopelessness in emerging adulthood predicted corresponding suicidal ideation outcomes (ps ≤ .01). Meanwhile, we found only marginal support for our mediation model (<i>p</i> = .05). Collectively, results did not vary across gender or race/ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hopelessness and perceived injustice are unique predictors of depression for juvenile-justice-system-involved youth. Preventive interventions targeting both hopelessness and procedural justice could help attenuate elevated depression rates in this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"415-428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9964351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further action toward valid science in Law and Human Behavior: Requiring open data, analytic code, and research materials.","authors":"Bradley D McAuliff,&nbsp;David DeMatteo,&nbsp;Jennifer Cox,&nbsp;Jennifer S Hunt,&nbsp;Lora M Levett,&nbsp;Kyle C Scherr","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2019, the inaugural editorial of <i>Law and Human Behavior</i> promised a measured approach to increasing transparency, openness, and replicability practices in the journal. Now, 3 years later, and on the brink of the present authors' last year as the editorial team, it seems only fitting that they take further action to bolster the validity of science published in the journal by requiring that authors openly report data, analytic code, and research materials. The purpose of this editorial is to briefly outline <i>Law and Human Behavior</i>'s new requirements. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"395-397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10862704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A taxometric approach to base-rate estimation and idiographic classification in psycholegal research.","authors":"Dario N Rodriguez,&nbsp;David M Zimmerman","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Taxometric analysis employs multiple, nonoverlapping statistical procedures to estimate parameters that characterize latent categories (e.g., base rates). Consistency among these estimates can inform substantive inferences about latent variables and facilitate idiographic classification. We provide a sketch of a taxometric research program to estimate guilty-suspect base rates in criminal justice and legal systems and use this sketch to explore the possible benefits of taxometric investigations for science and public policy.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We investigated whether taxometric analysis can accurately estimate base rates and facilitate idiographic classifications under conditions psycholegal researchers might face.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We demonstrate taxometric analysis on simulated data to detect latent categories, estimate their base rates, and classify individual cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our simulations show that taxometric analysis can accurately estimate taxon base rates. Specifically, estimated base rates differed from simulated base rates by less than 3%. Further, idiographic classification rules derived from taxometric analysis accurately classified individual cases in additional data sets, with positive predictive values and negative predictive values exceeding .85.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>If legal categories of interest represent nonarbitrary classes, taxometric methods afford an analytic approach by which researchers can use fallible indicator variables to estimate their base rates and develop algorithms for legal classification. We discuss potential objections to the taxometric approach and identify important avenues for future research and development in psycholegal applications of taxometric methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"454-475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10862701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hate crime victimization and reporting within Miami's queer Latine immigrant population.","authors":"Besiki Luka Kutateladze","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This research examined hate crime victimization and crime reporting among Miami's lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) Latine immigrant population.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>Informed by the intersectionality perspective and the Cuban dominance thesis, I predicted that respondents would experience higher levels of victimization than what law enforcement data capture, yet the vast majority of these crimes would go unreported (Hypothesis 1); Respondents or third parties would be more likely to report victimization to police as crime severity increased (Hypothesis 2); and Cuban LGBTQ victims would be more likely to report crime than non-Cuban Latines (Hypothesis 3).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Four hundred LGBTQ immigrant Latine individuals (age: <i>M</i> = 37.7 years, Cuban = 51.5%, transgender = 5.8%) in Miami completed face-to-face interviews through a three-stage venue-based sampling procedure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although 48% of screened respondents reported experiencing at least one incident of victimization within 5 years, they reported only 15% of these incidents to police (supporting Hypothesis 1). Increased violent and property crime were associated with markedly increased reporting (odds ratio [<i>OR</i>] = 5.44, <i>p</i> < .001), as was the use of a weapon (<i>OR</i> = 2.80, <i>p</i> < .01; supporting Hypothesis 2). Friends' encouragement to report a crime was by far the strongest predictor of crime reporting (<i>OR</i> = 12.47, <i>p</i> < .001). Cuban Americans were less likely to report anti-LGBTQ hate crimes to the police, although this effect was not statistically significant after models accounted for documented and new immigrant measures of (supporting Hypothesis 3).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hate crime victimization and underreporting were prevalent in this sample. Given the different crime-reporting outcomes for Cuban victims, it is important to examine victimization and crime reporting among the Latine population by country of origin. Queer networks and friends within the LGBTQ community may facilitate reporting crime and seeking help. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"429-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10450074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the affirmative consent standard increase the accuracy of sexual assault perceptions? It depends on how you learn about the standard.","authors":"Abigail R Riemer,&nbsp;Kathryn Holland,&nbsp;Evan McCracken,&nbsp;Amanda Dale,&nbsp;Sarah J Gervais","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Colleges and universities are increasingly adopting affirmative consent standards of sexual assault, in which consent is defined as conscious and voluntary \"yeses\" given throughout a sexual interaction. We examined the impact of affirmative consent standards on perceptions of assault and consent.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We hypothesized that in sexual assault scenarios involving physical force or verbal coercion, exposure to the consent standard would increase perceptions of assault and decrease perceptions of consent relative to not being exposed to the standard. We then explored whether dehumanization of the perpetrator or the victim mediates the association between assault type and sexual assault perceptions and how this relation changes on the basis of exposure to the affirmative consent standard.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We exposed 909 participants (predominantly women: n = 574; predominantly White: n = 677; age: M = 28.61 years, SD = 11.10; students: n = 363, Mechanical Turk workers: n = 546) to an affirmative consent standard in a written policy, a video using a \"cup-of-tea\" metaphor to describe the consent standard, or no information on the standard. Participants rated perceptions of assault, consent, and dehumanization of a man and woman involved in a sexual interaction involving physical force, verbal coercion, or a consensual agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants who saw the affirmative consent video were more likely to perceive physical assault as assault compared with participants in the no-exposure control condition. Participants who read the affirmative consent definition were no more or less likely to perceive physical assault as sexual assault compared with participants in the control condition. Participants exposed to the text definition perceived the consensual interaction as more assaultive than did participants in the video and control conditions. Perpetrator dehumanization also emerged as a mediator of the relation between assault type and assault perceptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that exposure to consent standards sometimes aids sexual assault decision-making but also leads to confusion, even in scenarios in which consent is normally discernable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"440-453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems.","authors":"Cynthia J Najdowski,&nbsp;Margaret C Stevenson","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In October 2021, the <i>American Psychological Associatio</i>n (APA) passed a resolution addressing ways psychologists could work to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems. In the present report, developed to inform APA's policy resolution, we detail the scope of the problem and offer recommendations for policy makers and psychologists to address the issue by advancing related science and practice. Specifically, we acknowledge the roots of modern-day racial and ethnic disparities in rates of criminalization and punishment for people of color compared with White people. Next, we review existing theory and research that helps explain the underlying psychological mechanisms driving racial and ethnic disparities in criminal legal systems (e.g., endorsement of negative stereotypes, explicit and implicit bias). We also elucidate how racially disparate treatment generates downstream negative mental health consequences for people of color.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence-based recommendations to work toward eliminating systemic racism in the criminal legal systems include (a) rigorous measurement and analysis of disparities; (b) targeted changes in policy, practice, and law; (c) increased access to culturally aware and competent services and interventions; (d) design and promotion of education and training programs regarding racial bias; (e) increased attention to issues of intersectionality; and (f) promotion of diversity and fair-mindedness among criminal legal actors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"398-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10452316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal legal involvement among recently separated veterans: Findings from the LIMBIC study.","authors":"Eric B Elbogen,&nbsp;Megan Amuan,&nbsp;Eamonn Kennedy,&nbsp;Shannon M Blakey,&nbsp;Robert C Graziano,&nbsp;Dina Hooshyar,&nbsp;Jack Tsai,&nbsp;Richard E Nelson,&nbsp;Megan E Vanneman,&nbsp;Audrey L Jones,&nbsp;Mary Jo Pugh","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated individual-level and neighborhood-level predictors of criminal legal involvement of veterans during the critical transition period from military to civilian life.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We hypothesized that substance use, mental health, and personality disorders will increase the incidence of criminal legal involvement, which will be highest among veterans living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods after military discharge.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We analyzed data from a longitudinal cohort study of 418,624 veterans who entered Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care after leaving the military. Department of Defense (DoD) data on clinical diagnoses, demographics, and military history were linked to VA data on neighborhood of residence and criminal legal involvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Criminal legal involvement in the 2 years following military discharge was most strongly predicted by younger age, substance use disorder, and being male. Other predictors included the military branch in which veterans served, deployment history, traumatic brain injury, serious mental illness, personality disorder, having fewer physical health conditions, and living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. These factors combined in multivariable analysis yielded a very large effect size for predicting criminal legal involvement after military separation (area under the curve = .82). The incidence of criminal legal involvement was 10 times higher among veterans with co-occurring substance use disorder, serious mental illness, and personality disorder than among veterans with none of these diagnoses, and these rates were highest among veterans residing in more socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To our knowledge, this is the largest longitudinal study of risk factors for criminal legal involvement in veterans following military discharge. The findings supported the hypothesis that veterans with co-occurring mental disorders living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods were at higher risk of criminal legal involvement, underscoring the complex interplay of individual-level and neighborhood-level risk factors for criminal legal involvement after veterans leave the military. These results can inform policy and programs, such as the DoD Transition Assistance Program (TAP) and the VA Military to Civilian Readiness Pathway program (M2C Ready), to enhance community reintegration and prevent criminal legal involvement among veterans transitioning from military to civilian life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 5","pages":"385-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10523060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluator empathy in risk assessment interviews.","authors":"Kathryn Scott,&nbsp;Marcus T Boccaccini,&nbsp;Gabriele Trupp,&nbsp;Daniel C Murrie,&nbsp;Samuel Hawes","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Should forensic evaluators convey empathy during forensic assessments? Opponents contend that empathy causes harm by leading evaluees to disclose potentially incriminating information, but proponents hold that empathy is crucial for establishing rapport and conveying respect. This study provides a comprehensive examination of experienced forensic evaluators' use of empathy in forensic assessment.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>The study was exploratory and not hypothesis-driven, but we expected to find identifiable subgroups of evaluators who differed in their use of empathy in the context of a risk assessment interview. We also expected that evaluator subgroups would differ in their attitudes and practices regarding empathy and that higher levels of empathy may be associated with more favorable views of evaluees.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Experienced forensic evaluators (<i>N</i> = 200) assumed the role of interviewer in a written parole risk assessment interview and chose questions (high or low empathy) they would ask the evaluee if they were conducting the interview. Evaluators also provided ratings of their perceptions of the evaluee and responded to questions regarding their attitudes toward, and use of, empathy in forensic assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Latent class analysis results indicated that most evaluators fell into low- (46.0%) or moderate- (43.0%) empathy subgroups, with few falling into a high-empathy subgroup (11.0%). Higher levels of empathy in the interview were associated with attitudes and practices supporting empathy use and higher self-reported understanding of the evaluee, but not with opinions of the evaluee's risk or suitability for parole.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings of clear differences in evaluator empathy add to the growing body of research documenting the extent to which forensic evaluators differ in their evaluation styles and tendencies. Although there was support for both very low and very high levels of empathy, support for very high levels of empathy was uncommon. Most evaluators opted for low to moderate empathy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"46 5","pages":"325-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9964344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supplemental Material for Evaluator Empathy in Risk Assessment Interviews","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000492.supp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000492.supp","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42885341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}