Family Relations最新文献

{"title":"Examining the impact of divorce law reform on divorce processes and parenting arrangements in Illinois","authors":"So Young Park,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Hardesty,&nbsp;Brian G. Ogolsky","doi":"10.1111/fare.70177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study evaluated the 2015 Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (IMDMA) amendment to determine whether it achieved its legislative goals of reducing adversarial divorce processes and promoting equitable outcomes for divorcing parents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Divorce law reforms aim to reflect societal changes and improve family outcomes. The IMDMA amendment updated outdated provisions to reflect societal changes, promote fairness, streamline proceedings, and encourage shared parental responsibilities, consistent with contemporary divorce law trends nationwide.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a pre–post design, the study analyzed 240 divorce cases filed in a large Illinois county: 120 cases before the amendment (2009–2013) and 120 after the amendment (2016–2019). Indicators of adversarial processes (i.e., divorce length, postdissolution filings) and equitable outcomes (i.e., shared decision-making, parenting time) were compared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The amendment did not significantly reduce divorce length or postdissolution filings. However, shared decision-making increased significantly postamendment, suggesting partial success in achieving equitable parenting outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The IMDMA amendment demonstrated its effectiveness in more equitable outcomes but did not significantly reduce adversariness for divorcing parents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study underscores the importance of evaluating legal reforms to guide future legislation and improve divorce outcomes for families. The findings offer insights for states considering similar changes to divorce laws.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2505-2522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parent anger relates to cortisol levels for children attending head start preschool","authors":"Eleanor D. Brown,&nbsp;Jamie Gensbauer,&nbsp;Mallory L. Garnett,&nbsp;Steven Holochwost","doi":"10.1111/fare.70195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study examined links between parent anger and levels of the stress hormone cortisol for children attending Head Start preschool.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effects of economic hardship can be explained, in part, by the impact of parent emotional distress on child cortisol. No prior studies have examined the impact of parent anger, specifically.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were 370 children, aged 3 to 5 years, who attended a Head Start preschool and their parents or primary caregivers. Parents completed demographic and emotion questionnaires, reporting on their symptoms of anger. Children provided saliva samples that were assayed for levels of the stress hormone cortisol across the preschool day at start, middle, and end-of-year time points.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Latent growth curve analysis with structural equation modeling suggested that parent anger statistically related to child cortisol output across the preschool day and predicted change across the year. Children tended to show decreases in cortisol across the preschool year, and those whose parents reported greater anger showed less decrease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parent anger relates to child stress levels within early childhood educational context.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Implications</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parent anger should be studied further to understand whether this family risk constrains benefits of early childhood educational interventions for children facing economic hardship.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2712-2730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of Parenting Beliefs and Practices in Fathers of Adolescents","authors":"Marcus Gottlieb,&nbsp;Jessica P. Lougheed","doi":"10.1111/fare.70205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70205","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Objective&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We examined how fathers' identity beliefs relate to their parenting behaviors during their children's adolescence.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Although identity theory has been used to understand parental roles, fathers' identity beliefs and parenting behaviors during adolescence remain understudied. This study focused on three aspects of fatherhood identity—feelings evoked, perceived impact, and strain—and their associations with supportive and controlling parenting practices.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Method&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This cross-sectional survey involved 214 fathers of adolescents in British Columbia, Canada, with the most common age range being 41 to 45 years. Data were collected via an online survey assessing fatherhood identity beliefs and two parenting practices: support and negative control. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine these associations while accounting for contextual factors related to fatherhood.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Fathers who perceived fatherhood as having a stronger personal impact reported more supportive parenting practices. Higher perceived strain was associated with greater use of controlling behaviors, particularly among fathers with European backgrounds. Two-way interactions indicated that the association between perceived strain and negative control was weaker for fathers from non-European backgrounds, and that the association between perceived impact and negative control was stronger among fathers who were not fully employed. Among fathers who were not fully employed, having a stronger perceived impact was associated with more negative control practices. Fathers living in smaller population centers reported lower levels of controlling practices than those in large urban areas.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The findings indicate that identity beliefs, particularly perceptions of impact and strain, are associated with fathers' use of supportive and controlling practices. These associations were moderated by employment status, race/ethnicity, and geography, underscoring the contextual factors that shape paternal behavior during adolescence.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Implications&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;These findings suggest that efforts to strengthen father–child relationships should integrate both psychol","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2671-2690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bioecological policy analysis of trauma-informed practice: Implications for families, schools, and communities","authors":"Anglin P. Thevaraja,&nbsp;Miriam R. Linver,&nbsp;Pearl Stewart,&nbsp;Kira Chontow","doi":"10.1111/fare.70194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70194","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined trauma-informed practice (TIP) legislation introduced across the United States in 2022, identifying policy trends and evaluating the influence of political affiliation on TIP implementation, particularly in education settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Childhood trauma affects emotional regulation, learning, and long-term health. Although TIP has gained national attention, there is no standardized federal framework, resulting in inconsistent support for students across states.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using secondary data from the Institute on Trauma and Trauma-Informed Care, 313 TIP-related legislative proposals were analyzed. Thematic analysis identified key focus areas, and chi-square tests examined relationships between legislative control, policy adoption, and school-focused legislation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 313 bills introduced, 93 were enacted (30%). Excluding states with divided legislative control (<i>n</i> = 4), most passed laws were in Democratic-controlled states (68%, <i>n</i> = 61). Common themes involved the creation of a new workforce or program, leadership training, and other education-focused supports.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>TIP policy remains uneven across states and appears to be influenced by political context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings suggest that a more coordinated federal approach could help build on existing work, reduce inequities, and better support trauma-responsive education across all states.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2461-2478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“I teach her at home”: Home learning environments amid resource constraints","authors":"Jill Hoiting,&nbsp;Sarah Halpern-Meekin","doi":"10.1111/fare.70200","DOIUrl":"10.1111/fare.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined how mothers with low incomes think about and enact investments of time and money for their infants and toddlers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Infancy and toddlerhood are pivotal years for development. Home learning environments in these earliest years can also set the stage for later home learning environments. Yet there are few institutional supports available to children at this age, underscoring the role of parental investments and the salience of resource access in parenting approaches.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This analysis used longitudinal, semistructured interviews with 80 mothers who were participating in an unconditional cash transfer experiment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mothers described intentionally structuring their time, allocating resources, and shaping their spaces to construct the home learning environments they desired for their young children. The analysis of their narratives resulted in four characterizations of how mothers described investing in home learning environments for their infants and toddlers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mothers exercised agency in fostering the growth and development of their infants and toddlers by prioritizing and investing in home learning environments, highlighting how resources of time and money shaped their parenting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parents exert their agency in supporting the development of their young children, which policy can potentially activate and leverage by ensuring parents have adequate resources.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2731-2751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13353513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons From the Field: Practical considerations for AI assistance with relationship education curriculum development","authors":"Tiffany L. Clyde,&nbsp;Alan J. Hawkins,&nbsp;Brian J. Higginbotham,&nbsp;Rian S. Gordon,&nbsp;David G. Schramm","doi":"10.1111/fare.70197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70197","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this Lesson From the Field brief report, we provide practical considerations for how artificial intelligence (AI) can support relationship education (RE) curriculum development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Currently, there are no best practices for family life education (FLE) professionals that can guide the use of AI to develop RE curriculum. This report responds to a growing need for practitioner-driven insights into AI-assisted e-course creation and provides 10 practical considerations for curriculum developers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drawing on applied work at the Utah Marriage Commission, we document our use of AI tools to assist in developing RE e-courses for adult learners. Our team has extensive professional experience creating, teaching, and evaluating FLE. We reflect on our process with AI to suggest practical considerations for developing RE curriculum with AI assistance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>AI tools streamlined content creation and editing. However, limitations such as bias, lack of contextual nuance, and inconsistent quality underscore the need for human oversight and research-informed guidance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>AI offers promise for RE curriculum development when its use is intentional, research-informed, and pedagogically sound.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We propose 10 practical considerations and invite FLE professionals to engage in ongoing dialogue about responsible AI integration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2523-2535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household chaos: Parents' self-compassion and difficulties of children with and without autism","authors":"Shani Aviad,&nbsp;Shlomit Shnitzer-Meirovich,&nbsp;Ayelet Gur","doi":"10.1111/fare.70193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined links among parents' self-compassion, child-related difficulties, and household chaos in families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chaotic environments are linked to adverse child outcomes, but parents' self-compassion may mitigate these effects. Prior research suggests that parents of children with ASD may experience more chaos and less self-compassion, raising questions about how these associations differ from TD families.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 242 parents (106 with ASD children, 136 with TD children) completed online self-report measures. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed using PROCESS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In both groups, child-related difficulties mediated the association between parents' self-compassion and household chaos: greater self-compassion related to fewer child difficulties and less chaos. Parents of ASD children reported more child difficulties and household chaos, although self-compassion levels did not differ. Importantly, among TD families, but not ASD families, child difficulties moderated the link between parent self-compassion and chaos.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings highlight the value of fostering parents' self-compassion to better manage child challenges and reduce chaos. Further research is needed to identify additional resources to assist families of children with ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tailored interventions are needed to address the unique challenges facing families of children with ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2769-2787"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family dynamics and death row: A dual-theory approach","authors":"Reyhaneh Bagheri","doi":"10.1111/fare.70183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates how the incarceration and death sentence of a loved one impact family dynamics in Malaysia, drawing on restorative justice and family systems theories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the global movement toward abolishing the death penalty, Malaysia continues to impose discretionary death sentences for crimes such as murder and drug trafficking. While debates on capital punishment are well documented, the experiences of families of death row inmates remain largely neglected in Malaysia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Semistructured interviews with families of death row inmates in Malaysia were analyzed using abductive thematic analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings reveal profound emotional distress, stigma, financial strain, and disruptions in family roles. Coping mechanisms, including religious faith, community support, and strengthened family cohesion, were identified as crucial.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study underscores the urgent need for legal reforms and tailored family support systems, highlighting the importance of restorative justice approaches to foster healing and resilience within affected families.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings call for systemic reform within Malaysia's criminal legal framework. Accessible legal aid, improved prison communication systems, and transparent processes for appeals and pardons are steps toward alleviating the burdens families face. Given the abolition of the mandatory death penalty and the ongoing resentencing of affected cases, advocacy organizations and policymakers should collaborate to develop comprehensive reintegration programs for former death row inmates, alongside support services tailored to the specific needs of their families.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2446-2460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Ideas. Responsible fertility: Conflicting social and biological pressures of childbearing and family formation","authors":"Anna Claire Church,&nbsp;Marta Bornstein,&nbsp;Kaleb Masterson,&nbsp;Alison H. Norris","doi":"10.1111/fare.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explores how life course norms, social pressures, and biological realities shape women's childbearing perceptions and decisions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, the context of childbearing in the United States has changed substantially with people postponing childbearing until older ages. Yet reproductive timelines are biologically constrained. This study demonstrates how various pressures and constraints shape women's childbearing and family-formation decisions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study used qualitative in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 65 reproductive-age women (aged 18–35 years) in Ohio. We coded transcripts in Dedoose using thematic and inductive methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Women in this study identified a normative timeline for childbearing that aligned with traditional life course markers of marriage and socioeconomic stability. Participants were also aware that these markers did not easily fit within the limited biological timeframe for childbearing. Results are interpreted through an emerging framework of responsible fertility, defined as having children in a context and on a timeline that is socially, culturally, and biologically normative.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study reveals the circumstances in which participants want to have children and the difficulties they face in doing so on a timeline they perceive as normative, responsible, and within the constraints of biological realities of childbearing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Family-friendly policy changes and increased access to medically accurate information on fecundity may help women more easily reconcile social and biological childbearing constraints.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2433-2445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining parent emotion socialization with children in daily life","authors":"Rosanna Breaux,&nbsp;Michelle Le,&nbsp;Jasmine Lewis,&nbsp;Delshad M. Shroff,&nbsp;Annah R. Cash,&nbsp;Katelyn M. Garcia,&nbsp;Corinne N. Carlton,&nbsp;Stephanie N. Pham","doi":"10.1111/fare.70207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a multilevel exploratory factor analysis of the Parent Emotion Socialization in Daily Life (PEDL) questionnaire to examine the within- and between-person factor structure of emotion socialization (ES) practices. Further, we assessed how identified factors related to child social–emotional outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ES practices are a robust predictor of child social–emotional outcomes across the lifespan. However, little is known about what ES strategies look like in daily life and if they may differentially relate to child outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants included 95 children (<i>M</i>_age <i>=</i> 8.78 years; 49.5% female; 85.3% White) and a primary caregiver (84.2% mothers; <i>M</i>_age = 40.72 years).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A two-factor within and between solution best fit the data, with conventional supportive (expressive encouragement, emotion focused, problem focused) and nonsupportive (punishment, minimization, ignore) practices being identified at both levels. Factors demonstrated evidence of validity based on associations with parent-reported global parenting and ES questionnaires. The nonsupportive PEDL factor was significantly related to negative child social–emotional and behavioral outcomes in daily life and globally, whereas supportive responses were only linked to child positive affect in daily life.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides initial evidence for the validity and utility of a measure of ES practices in daily life.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results highlight that decreasing nonsupportive responses through prevention and intervention programs may be more effective at reducing negative outcomes than focusing on increasing supportive responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48206,"journal":{"name":"Family Relations","volume":"75 4","pages":"2752-2768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fare.70207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148904354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}