Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Further analyses of appraisals of losing control and other OCD-related cognitions: A quasi-experimental investigation","authors":"Andrea Sandstrom,&nbsp;Adam S. Radomsky","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Cognitive models of OCD posit that dysfunctional beliefs contribute to the maintenance of symptoms. In addition to well-established belief domains, beliefs about losing control has been identified as a novel cognitive domain which may influence OCD phenomena, including other dysfunctional beliefs. However, the exact nature of these relationships and whether such relationships are influenced by OCD symptoms is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between appraisals of losing control and other OCD-relevant appraisals in individuals scoring high and low on OCD symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>137 participants completed a vignette task describing hypothetical scenarios relevant to OCD (doubting and aggressive thoughts) which varied in the level of losing control (high vs. low) and answered questions to assess other OCD-relevant appraisals.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a significant main effect of losing control appraisals on other OCD-relevant appraisals in the aggressive thought vignettes but not in the doubting vignettes. OCD symptoms had a significant effect on OCD-relevant appraisals in both the aggressive thought and doubting vignettes. There were no significant interactions.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Appraisals of losing control did not significantly differ in the doubting vignettes suggesting the impact of the manipulation may have been limited.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Findings suggest that both appraisals of losing control and level of OCD symptoms may be associated with other OCD-relevant appraisals, however these effects may be independent of one another.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101998"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity and response bias in non-clinical social anxiety to detect changes in facial expressions","authors":"Jing Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhaoxia Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Zhao ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Zejun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Previous research has not established a consensus on the ability of higher socially anxious individuals to detect facial expressions. The purpose of this study was to examine this issue using Signal Detection Theory (SDT) as a framework.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants with higher levels of social anxiety (HSA) and lower levels of social anxiety (LSA) were instructed to complete a change-detection task. Prototypical (faces with congruent eyes and mouth, i.e., happy eyes and a smiling mouth) and blended (faces with incongruent eyes and mouth, i.e., neutral eyes and a happy mouth) facial expressions were used as stimuli. Participants had to decide whether the facial expression indicated by the cue was \"the same\" or \"different\".</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results revealed that the HSA group had a higher sensitivity (<em>d’</em>) to detect changes in facial expressions compared to the LSA group. The LSA group had a higher <em>d’</em> to detect prototypical angry expressions than to blended angry expressions. However, this difference was not found in the HSA group. In addition, the HSA group displayed more leniency in judging angry expressions as being the same compared to the LSA group.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The external validity of the study is limited by the sample (low levels of depression, mostly male).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Higher socially anxious individuals are more sensitive in detecting changes and are more lenient in judging changes in angry expressions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 102003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142757514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of desired positive affect in depression in daily life","authors":"Sunkyung Yoon,&nbsp;Heejoo Kim,&nbsp;Sooyeon Kim,&nbsp;Yunsu Kim,&nbsp;Eunbi Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Emotion goals (desired affect) have been theorized to play an essential role in a person's emotional experiences, guiding emotion regulation processes toward experiencing desired states. Hence, understanding whether and which emotion goals are associated with reduced negative states is crucial for individuals struggling to regulate these states, such as persons with depression. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we examined the relationship between momentary desired positive affect and subsequent depressive affect in daily life, as well as future depressive symptoms, among individuals with depressive disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 50 female participants with depression reported their momentary desire for high arousal positive (HAP), low arousal positive states (LAP), and depressive affect three times a day for seven days. In addition, participants reported depressive symptoms at both baseline and four weeks after.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Momentary desired LAP moderated the relationship between prior and subsequent depressive affect: the more a person wanted to feel LAP at the prior time point, the weaker the relationship between prior and subsequent depressive affect.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>The relatively short interval between the EMA and the follow-up measurement of depressive symptoms may have influenced the results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results elucidated the role of desired affect, particularly desired LAP, in depression in daily life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101999"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of feedback in attention training on Attention Bias to Threat in individuals with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo","authors":"Kyunghwa Kim,&nbsp;Jang-Han Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of attentional bias of individuals with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) and how Attention Bias to Threat (ABT) changes when feedback was provided in attention training.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>First, a dot probe task was conducted to confirm the ABT of the SCT feedback group (N = 27) and SCT no feedback group (N = 25), and healthy control group (N = 30) before intervention. Thereafter, a VR-based attention training was conducted three times with feedback or no feedback. Finally, a dot probe task was executed again.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The SCT groups showed a higher ABT than the healthy control group. A result of the attention training, the reaction time of disengage was significantly reduced when provided feedback. In addition, it was confirmed that the ABT of the SCT group that received feedback, was significantly reduced.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>First, the only stimulus used to examine the ABT was the angry face, and the reaction time to other threatening facial expressions was not confirmed. Second, attention training was conducted three times, but further studies are needed on the effect of the duration of training on the magnitude of effect.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study identified ABT associated with internalizing symptoms of SCT and suggests that attention training with immediate and continuous feedback is needed to reduce ABT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101997"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142238384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the causal effects of social exclusion on shame and dissociative detachment","authors":"Ashley K.H. Catton,&nbsp;Kumar Yogeeswaran,&nbsp;Martin J. Dorahy","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Dissociative detachment experiences (e.g., derealization, absorption) underpin much psychopathology and are often researched in relation to co-occurring affective states such as shame, the latter being known to occur in situations involving actual or perceived negative social evaluation. The association between shame and dissociative detachment may also be moderated by individual differences in people's need to belong. The goal of the present study was to experimentally investigate the effects of social exclusion on shame and dissociative detachment depending on perceivers' need to belong.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>After measuring individual differences in need to belong and shame proneness, the Cyberball paradigm was utilized to communicate either social inclusion or exclusion. Following Cyberball, a sample of 281 participants completed measures of state shame and state dissociation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Social exclusion increased dissociative detachment, and these effects were mediated by increases in state shame. These effects were particularly evident among people with a high need to belong.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Other individual differences such as rejection sensitivity may also moderate the relationship between exclusion and shame. While Cyberball can be used to investigate shame, it can only induce shame via social exclusion, whereas shame can also be elicited in other ways such as performance failure.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Social exclusion can elicit shame, which is most acutely felt by those with a strong need to belong, and this aversive experience appears to be managed by dissociative detachment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101996"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791624000557/pdfft?md5=681de8a0e3c3c163e2288c5acf1604c6&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791624000557-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fighting OCD together: An experimental study of the effectiveness and acceptability of seeking and receiving emotional support for OCD","authors":"Chiara Causier ,&nbsp;Paul Salkovskis","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Excessive reassurance-seeking in OCD has been linked to the maintenance of OCD, functioning as a type of checking ritual. Current treatments recommend the imposition of the extinction of seeking and providing reassurance; however, this is not well tolerated. Although it has been suggested that the provision of support may provide a more helpful alternative, there is no empirical evidence for this. In the present study, 36 participants with OCD engaged with two personalised semi-idiographic scenarios in which they imagined seeking and receiving reassurance and seeking and receiving emotional support in counterbalanced order. The primary outcome measure was anticipated urge to seek reassurance, which was found to significantly decrease in the imagined support condition relative to the imagined reassurance condition regardless of order of presentation. Emotional support was perceived as significantly more acceptable when compared to imagining reassurance in terms of higher ratings of perceived helpfulness in managing emotions, feelings of calmness and closeness, and the sense that they were fighting OCD together. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the value of encouraging the seeking and giving of emotional support as an alternative to reassurance. Implications for clinical work and further research are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101987"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791624000466/pdfft?md5=26db366420d9b66343583b8544943764&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791624000466-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophysiological effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in social anxiety: An ERP study using a dot-probe task","authors":"Ting Jiang ,&nbsp;Sutao Song ,&nbsp;Shimeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Tian ,&nbsp;Mingxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Feng ,&nbsp;Ruiyang Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Social anxious individuals show attention bias towards emotional stimuli, this phenomenon is considered to be an important cause of anxiety generation and maintenance. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a standard psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder. CBT decreases attention biases by correcting the maladaptive beliefs of socially anxious individuals, but it is not clear whether CBT alters neurophysiological features of socially anxious individuals at early automatic and/or late cognitive strategy stage of attentional processing.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>To address this knowledge gap, we collected pre-treatment event-related potential data of 22 socially anxious individuals while they performed a dot-probe task. These participants then received eight weeks of CBT, and post-treatment ERP data were collected after completion of CBT treatment. We also included 29 healthy controls and compared them with individuals with social anxiety to determine the neural mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of CBT.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Participants’ social anxiety level was significantly alleviated with CBT. ERP results revealed that (1) compared to pre-treatment phase, P1 amplitudes induced by probes significantly decreased at post-treatment phase, whereas P3 amplitudes increased at post-treatment phase; the P1 amplitudes induced by probes following happy-neutral face pairs in socially anxious individuals after treatment was significantly different with that in healthy controls; (2) amplitude of components elicited by face pairs did not change significantly between pre-treatment and post-treatment phases; (3) changes of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale were positively correlated with changes of P1 amplitude, and negatively correlated with changes of N1 amplitude.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Our sample was university students and lacked randomization, which limits the generalizability of the results.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present results demonstrated that CBT may adjust cognitive strategies in the later stage of attentional processing, indicating by changed ERPs appeared in probe-presenting stage for social anxiety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101988"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141978498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multilevel examination of an inhibitory retrieval approach to exposure: Differentiating the unique and combined effects of multiple-context and multiple-stimulus cues","authors":"Sarah C. Jessup ,&nbsp;Thomas Armstrong ,&nbsp;Chloe M. Hord ,&nbsp;Edwin S. Dalmaijer ,&nbsp;Bunmi O. Olatunji","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>A proposed strategy for attenuating the return of fear is conducting exposure therapy in multiple contexts (e.g., different locations), which is believed to enhance the generalizability of safety learning. Although conducting exposure in multiple contexts can be differentiated from conducting exposure with multiple <em>stimuli</em>, the two strategies are often conflated. Furthermore, researchers have not yet determined whether one of these strategies, or a combination thereof, is most effective in attenuating fear renewal.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Accordingly, the present treatment-analogue study examined the unique and combined effects of multiple-context and multiple-stimulus imagery-based exposure manipulations on threat expectancy, behavioral approach/anxiety, and attentional bias for threat over Zoom. Community adults (<em>N</em> = 134) who met diagnostic criteria for snake phobia were randomized to exposure to a single snake in multiple environmental contexts (MC), exposure to multiple snakes in a single environmental context (MS), or exposure to multiple snakes in multiple environmental contexts (MS/MC).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results revealed significant reductions in threat expectancy and behavioral anxiety, but not attentional bias for threat in all three groups. However, behavioral approach declined over the course of exposure in the MS/MC condition but remained stable in the MC and MS conditions. There were no significant group differences in behavioral approach/anxiety or attentional bias at a one-week follow-up. However, participants in the MC condition reported lower threat expectancy at a one-week follow-up than the other groups and this group difference was partially mediated by lower mean distress during exposure.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Implications of these findings for the inhibitory retrieval theory are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101986"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of stress reactivity and fear conditioning on intrusive memory frequency in a conditioned-intrusion paradigm","authors":"Gia Nhi Lam ,&nbsp;Jack Cooper ,&nbsp;Ottmar V. Lipp ,&nbsp;Leah M. Mayo ,&nbsp;Luke Ney","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>The conditioned-intrusion paradigm was designed to provide insight into the relationship between fear conditioning and intrusive memory formation, which is relevant to understanding posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and treatment. However, boundary conditions of this new paradigm have not been explored and it is currently not known whether findings from this work are valid in a clinical context.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In the current study, we explored the relationship between stress reactivity to trauma film clips, usual exposure to violent media, renewal of fear conditioning using skin conductance as well as subjective ratings, and the effect of shock versus film clip during conditioning on the frequency of intrusive memories. An adapted fear conditioning paradigm using trauma clips as unconditional stimuli was used, and participants subsequently reported intrusive memories of the trauma clips.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Skin conductance responses to conditioned stimuli paired with shocks and film clips were significantly higher than conditioned stimuli paired with film clips alone. Subjective stress reactivity, previous exposure to violent media, and film valence rating were associated with the frequency of intrusive memories. No aspects of fear conditioning were associated with intrusive memories, and factor analysis suggested the fear conditioning and stress related to film clip viewing were mostly separate constructs. Similarly, content and triggers of intrusive memories were usually film-clip related rather than conditional stimulus related.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>We did not observe strong conditioning effects of the unconditional stimuli to conditional stimuli, which were shapes rather than high frequency stimuli such as faces.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings provide potential boundary conditions for this paradigm and suggest multiple ways in which the validity of the paradigm can be tested in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101984"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791624000430/pdfft?md5=8371df37403d3be9ea9061d7e00787a5&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791624000430-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141907987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two universal school-based prevention programs for depression and anxiety: 24-Month follow-up of an RCT","authors":"Karlie J. Rice ,&nbsp;Junwen Chen ,&nbsp;Eva Kemps ,&nbsp;Rachel M. Roberts ,&nbsp;Suzanne Edwards ,&nbsp;Kristy Johnstone","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Transdiagnostic approaches have been promoted as a means of maximising preventative effects across multiple problems with depression and anxiety suitable targets as they appear to have highly interconnected systems in pathology development and maintenance. This study investigated long-term effects of two universal school-based programs, Emotion Regulation (ER) and Behavioral Activation (BA), that sought to prevent depression and anxiety by targeting worry (a transdiagnostic feature) to promote resilience.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This follow-up study captured data from 162 of 316 initial students (aged 8–13; 52.2% female), from six Australian schools. The original study design cluster randomised students by school into BA, ER, or a usual class control. Intervention conditions consisted of 8 × 50-min weekly sessions. This study measured the effects of these interventions after 24 months on resilience, worry, depression, and anxiety. Resilience was also examined as a potential mediator.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>At 24-month follow-up, there was no significant effect of either intervention on depression, anxiety, worry, or resilience levels. Significantly fewer participants in ER and BA met clinical thresholds for separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the 24-month follow-up compared with baseline. No mediation effects were found.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Although self-report measures are common in universal, school-based research, this represents a study limitation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Both interventions may provide limited long-term protective effects on SAD and OCD symptoms, which appear to have a shelf-life shorter than 24 months. To maintain program effects, refresher sessions at shorter intervals may be a consideration for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101985"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791624000442/pdfft?md5=abce8e90c0bf74cd34d339d69c5028b6&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791624000442-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141978497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}