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Does scarcity of female instructors create demand for diversity among students? Evidence from an M-Turk experiment 女教师的稀缺是否会在学生中产生对多样性的需求？来自 M-Turk 实验的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102606
Patricia Funk , Nagore Iriberri , Giulia Savio
{"title":"Does scarcity of female instructors create demand for diversity among students? Evidence from an M-Turk experiment","authors":"Patricia Funk ,&nbsp;Nagore Iriberri ,&nbsp;Giulia Savio","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scarcity of female scholars has been well documented for math-intensive or STEM fields. We investigate whether a lack of female instructors creates a demand for gender diversity on the student side. In an incentivized instructor-choice experiment on MTurk, we experimentally vary the gender balancedness of the instructor pool and ask participants to choose one additional instructor among one male and one female. We find that participants value gender diversity when female instructors are scarce. The effect is statistically significant for women but not for men. We also test for the effect of male scarcity in the instructor pool and find that both, men and women, show a demand for gender diversity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141779729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overeducation in the EU: Gender and regional dimension 欧盟的过度教育：性别和地区因素
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603
Jan A. Baran
{"title":"Overeducation in the EU: Gender and regional dimension","authors":"Jan A. Baran","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper investigates factors associated with the overeducation risk in the EU, with a specific focus on gender and regional variables. The study tests Frank's theory of differential overqualification, which suggests that women are more likely to be overeducated than men, especially in small local labour markets. Although women's overeducation rates usually exceed those of men, the study's results show limited validity of Frank's model due to a nuanced relationship by which gender is linked to overeducation. They suggest that gender differentiates the overeducation risk in combination with care responsibilities, whilst easier access to childcare facilities is associated with a lower risk of overeducation among women in households with young children. Moreover, migrant women are found to be more at risk of overeducation, compared to both migrant men and non-migrants. Contrary to Frank's theory, the degree of urbanisation is found irrelevant for overeducation. Furthermore, the study shows the evidence of growing incidence of overeducation in the EU in 2011–2018.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141844853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Migration barrier relaxation and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the hukou reform in China 移民障碍的放松与创业：来自中国户口改革的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102605
Xinyan Liu , Yunjiao Xu , Jian Zou
{"title":"Migration barrier relaxation and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the hukou reform in China","authors":"Xinyan Liu ,&nbsp;Yunjiao Xu ,&nbsp;Jian Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the impact of relaxing internal migration barriers on entrepreneurship by exploiting China’s 2014 nationwide <em>hukou</em> reform and the administrative firm registry. Our difference-in-differences estimation finds that reformed counties experience sizable increases in entrepreneurial activities compared to control counties. The reform induces the creation of firms with a smaller scale and a lower likelihood of survival, indicating moderate expansions in labor demand. Migrant workers’ wages decline and entrepreneurial activities improve most in labor-intensive industries, implying that increased labor supply serves as one underlying mechanism. Our findings highlight the important role that removing domestic labor market frictions plays in promoting entrepreneurship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141706097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The intergenerational correlation of employment: Mothers as role models? 就业的代际相关性：母亲是榜样？
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102596
Gabriela Galassi , David Koll , Lukas Mayr
{"title":"The intergenerational correlation of employment: Mothers as role models?","authors":"Gabriela Galassi ,&nbsp;David Koll ,&nbsp;Lukas Mayr","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linking data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults, we document a substantial positive correlation of employment status between mothers and their offspring in the United States. After controlling for ability, education, fertility and wealth, offspring of permanently employed mothers have an 11 percentage-point higher probability to be employed in each given year than those of never employed mothers. The intergenerational transmission of maternal employment is stronger to daughters but significant also to sons. Investigating potential mechanisms, we provide suggestive evidence for a role model channel, through which labor force participation may be transmitted. Offspring seem to emulate the example of their mother when they observe her working. By contrast, we are able to rule out alternative candidate explanations such as network effects, occupation-specific human capital and local conditions of the labor market.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can leagues mitigate the demoralization effect of rank feedback? A randomized controlled trial 联赛能否减轻排名反馈对士气的打击？随机对照试验
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102602
J. Chen , L.I. Dobrescu , G. Foster , A. Motta
{"title":"Can leagues mitigate the demoralization effect of rank feedback? A randomized controlled trial","authors":"J. Chen ,&nbsp;L.I. Dobrescu ,&nbsp;G. Foster ,&nbsp;A. Motta","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a randomized controlled trial involving hundreds of university students, we provide relative performance feedback specifically designed to reduce low performers’ demoralization, by dynamically assigning students to small leaderboard groups that share a similar score in a semester-long online assignment. Treated students appear 2.6% more likely to go beyond the call-of-duty on their assignment by mid-semester. For low performers, this translates in 0.27 SDs higher exam grades, more stress, increased effort and lower procrastination. High performers are happier, procrastinate less and overachieve in the assignment on which they are ranked, but ultimately also score 0.25 SDs lower exam grades.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000976/pdfft?md5=3a31faea32552f6a06ac02502080299a&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000976-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141716742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is private education worth it? Evidence from school-to-work transitions in Chile 私立教育值得吗？智利从学校到工作过渡的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102598
Dante Contreras , Jorge Rodríguez , Sergio Urzúa
{"title":"Is private education worth it? Evidence from school-to-work transitions in Chile","authors":"Dante Contreras ,&nbsp;Jorge Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Sergio Urzúa","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using comprehensive longitudinal data from Chile, we examine the impact of attending a private high school on labor market outcomes. The empirical strategy exploits conditional independence assumptions and leverages the effects of self-selection based on ability. We establish that private high schools boost average adult earnings by 99–144 dollars a month (relative to public schools), equivalent to a 15%–22% premium. We then explore potential channels behind these effects. Both academic and non-academic factors emerge as mediators. Our findings highlight the importance of financial resources, as education investments have long-term impacts on private high school students, while yielding negligible effects for those attending public and voucher schools. Finally, we document the prominent role of firms as mediators of the private school advantages during the school-to-work transition. Our analysis provides new insights into the association between school choice and income disparities, even after controlling for pre-labor market academic performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141690066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Job ladders and labour market assimilation of immigrants 移民的职业阶梯和劳动力市场同化
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-06-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102594
Andrei Gorshkov
{"title":"Job ladders and labour market assimilation of immigrants","authors":"Andrei Gorshkov","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using Danish linked employer–employee data, this study examines the importance of access to higher-paying firms in the wage assimilation process among immigrants during their 25-year tenure in Denmark. Upon their arrival, immigrant workers in Denmark earn substantially lower wages than their native counterparts. However, this wage gap diminishes rapidly within the first 5–10 years, particularly among more disadvantaged immigrant groups (non-OECD and female immigrants). Immigrants who enter the labour market early have higher earnings capacity than those who enter later, but this trend reverses after 15 years. The transition to higher-paying firms constitutes a crucial factor in wage assimilation during the initial 5 years, yet it does not account for wage growth beyond this period. Additionally, this study offers suggestive evidence that Danish firms’ wage policies vary based on the duration since migration, and these differences significantly contribute to the wage assimilation process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000897/pdfft?md5=357448bf67a0e642791d47ca83954e45&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000897-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A cycle or a tunnel? A study on unemployment and low-pay dynamics in Italy 循环还是隧道？意大利失业和低薪动态研究
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-06-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102597
Michele Bavaro , Federico Tullio
{"title":"A cycle or a tunnel? A study on unemployment and low-pay dynamics in Italy","authors":"Michele Bavaro ,&nbsp;Federico Tullio","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the extent of persistence in unemployment and low-pay employment in Italy in the period 2014-2017, using the Italian component of the EU-SILC survey merged with administrative data. We model persistence in unemployment and low-pay employment using different dynamic random-effects models accounting for observed and latent individual heterogeneity as well as endogeneity of the initial conditions. We find evidence of true state dependence in place for both unemployment and low-pay employment. Moreover, past unemployment spells increase the probability of being low-paid, conditional on being employed, while the opposite effect is limited. For both processes the degree of reliance on the previous state is considerably greater than the magnitude of cross-effects. Thus, evidence is presented that these processes shape almost independent no-pay/low-pay tunnels leading individuals into two different traps, rather than a cycle between the two states.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000927/pdfft?md5=f9dc690d84f24e103a7ac5b420aba4a7&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000927-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Community colleges and careers: Evidence from nursing school lotteries 社区学院与职业生涯：护士学校抽签的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-06-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102590
Michel Grosz
{"title":"Community colleges and careers: Evidence from nursing school lotteries","authors":"Michel Grosz","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I estimate the effect of attending an associate degree in nursing program on nursing licensure. I use student-level academic data for all California community college students, matched to public records on all nursing licenses earned in the state. I produce causal estimates using random variation from admissions lotteries at a large nursing program. Enrolling in the program increases the probability of having an active nursing license by 59 percentage points within three years. By seven years the effect is smaller and not statistically significant. I estimate the value of a nursing license as approximately $5000-$6000 per year.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services 家庭工作：探索补贴家政服务对劳动力市场的影响
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102595
Elisabeth Leduc , Ilan Tojerow
{"title":"Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services","authors":"Elisabeth Leduc ,&nbsp;Ilan Tojerow","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyzes subsidies for the domestic services sector, an increasingly popular policy to create employment opportunities for low-skilled workers. Using Belgian administrative data, a differences-in-differences approach, and a shift-share instrumental variable, we estimate the local effects of the policy in targeted industries as well as overall effects on the labor market. We find that domestic service subsidies can increase female employment in the subsidized industries as well as the overall employment rate. This increase in employment is primarily driven by an increase in (formal) labor market participation and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in the rate of participation in unemployment insurance and in other social welfare programs. We also find that these subsidies can lead to an increase in the rate of work incapacity, likely due to the fact they broaden the population that can access the social safety net.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000903/pdfft?md5=99a5e88ab4144f34b81a915986364737&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000903-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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