{"title":"The impact of GenAI on learning outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies","authors":"Xiaoli Han , Hongchao Peng , Mingzhuo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini are increasingly being integrated into educational environments, prompting questions about their actual impact on student learning. While a growing body of literature reports anecdotal or correlational evidence of GenAI's educational potential, rigorous causal evaluations remain limited. To bridge this gap, this study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental and quasi-experimental studies investigating the effect of GenAI on learning outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, we screened five academic databases and identified 68 relevant studies published between 2022 and 2025. These studies yielded a total of 337 effect sizes across various educational levels, subject domains, and instructional contexts. The meta-analysis revealed a moderate overall positive effect of GenAI on learning outcomes (SMD = 0.45, 95 % CI [0.43, 0.47]), suggesting that GenAI-supported interventions are generally more effective than traditional instruction. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies (I<sup>2</sup> = 95 %), indicating that the magnitude of GenAI's impact varies significantly depending on contextual and methodological factors. Moderator analyses revealed stronger effects in primary and secondary education, within natural science disciplines, and in short-term interventions with smaller sample sizes. These patterns point to both the promise and the complexity of GenAI integration in educational practice. In conclusion, while GenAI shows considerable promise for enhancing learning outcomes, its true potential will only be realized through sustained, efforts to evaluate how, when, and for whom these technologies work best in diverse learning ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100714"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The conceptualisation of goal setting and goal orientation in higher education: A systematic literature review","authors":"Kõue Heintalu , Katrin Saks , Natalia Edisherashvili , Izaak Dekker","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Student goals play a crucial role in both practice and theory in higher education, particularly for understanding and enhancing student motivation. However, on a conceptual level, goals are studied through separate and isolated frameworks, which complicates the ability of practitioners and researchers to combine insights from both streams of scholarship effectively. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively examine and describe the frameworks (198 studies), and conceptual distinctions and characteristics (48 studies) used in research on goal setting and goal orientation in the context of higher education since 2018. The studies selected for analysis had to discuss students’ learning process, address goal setting and goal orientation, and be published in academic journals in English. Goal-setting theory was the most frequently used for the goal-setting concept, while achievement goal theory (2 × 2 model) dominated for goal orientation. Summative content analysis revealed that goal-setting frameworks primarily emphasised the concept of the goal itself, including its structure, goal commitment, implementation intentions, and the processes leading to goal achievement. In contrast, goal orientation frameworks delved deeper into the underlying motivations driving goal pursuit, exploring related attitudes, addressing specific educational objectives and strategies, emotional factors, and the detailed standards individuals set for their outcomes. Because these theories are complementary, we propose an integrated goal setting and orientation (IGSO) theory, which can help in studying and understanding how motivation for goal pursuit is connected with the setting, monitoring and evaluation of goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100709"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An overview of applications and trends of STEM for learning effectiveness——An umbrella review based on 22 meta-analyses","authors":"Jijian Lu , Hanjie Si , Jiaying Xu , Tugen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to study the current status of STEM application effectiveness and the impact of different moderating variables (subject areas, teaching periodicity, educational levels, teaching methods) on STEM learning effectiveness, in order to propose future application trends of STEM education. This study adopts the umbrella review approach to search and select 22 relevant meta-analyses published in international journals, covering 1266 meta-analyses, over 23 countries, and over 226, 845 students and systematically reviews the learning effectiveness of STEM education in terms of subject areas, teaching periodicity, educational levels, and teaching methods. The overall learning effectiveness of STEM education is generally below 0.7, with an impact on learning achievement of 0.42, an impact on higher-order thinking skills of 0.57, and an impact on cognitive outcomes of 0.59. Meanwhile, moderating variables (subject areas, teaching periodicity, educational levels, teaching methods) all have an impact on STEM learning effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100712"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirsti Marie Jegstad, Sissil Lea Heggernes, Evy Jøsok, Erik Ryen, Ingvill Krogstad Svanes, Hilde Tørnby
{"title":"Approaches to critical thinking in primary education classrooms: A systematic review","authors":"Kirsti Marie Jegstad, Sissil Lea Heggernes, Evy Jøsok, Erik Ryen, Ingvill Krogstad Svanes, Hilde Tørnby","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we investigate what characterises the international research literature on critical thinking in social studies, science education and language education in primary schools. Through a systematic review of 105 articles published in English between 2010 and 2021, we answer two research questions: 1) What characterises the research literature on critical thinking in primary schools regarding publication rate, geographical origin, method, grade level and school subject? 2) What characterises the studies focusing on classroom practices to develop critical thinking? The latter question includes three sub-questions, focusing on research methods, theoretical grounding and types of classroom approaches. The results from the review show an increased research interest in critical thinking in primary schools since 2017, especially in language education and science education. The publications were unevenly geographically distributed. The bulk of them were conducted in grades 4–6, with grades 1–2 representing the lowest number. A variety of theoretical approaches were represented, but several studies lacked a firm theoretical grounding in critical thinking theory. Through an inductive analysis, classroom approaches were categorised as textual, dialogic, digital or practical. Through the review, we show that the careful selection of subject content that can activate students in critical dialogue can be a fruitful approach to developing young learners’ critical thinking skills to foster well-rounded thinkers with a critical spirit. Further research is needed from a broader range of geographical contexts to probe the connections between different theoretical perceptions of critical thinking and their related concepts and to add knowledge about the development of critical thinking in grades 1–2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100711"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helene Hallaråker , Elisabeth Hesjedal , Christian Brandmo
{"title":"Characteristics of interprofessional collaboration between educational psychological services and schools: A scoping review","authors":"Helene Hallaråker , Elisabeth Hesjedal , Christian Brandmo","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interprofessional collaboration is the preferred working approach for supporting children with special educational needs. Furthermore, educational psychology services (EPS) have been identified as a significant means of realizing the ideals of inclusive education for at-risk children. However, the literature on interprofessional collaboration is highly dominated by research in healthcare context with limited focus on educational settings. To address this gap, this scoping review provides an overview of research on interprofessional collaborations in educational settings, specifically between EPS and primary and lower secondary schools.</div><div>A systematic search was conducted in the PsycINFO, Pro Quest, and Web of Science databases yielding 1212 references. After screening, 156 references were reviewed in full text and 46 records were included in the final sample. These records included a wide range of methodologies (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) and document types (articles, doctoral theses, and handbook chapters). After extraction and analysis, our results revealed inconsistent terminology related to interprofessional collaboration and identified three levels of rationale for collaboration: individual, systemic, and a combination of both. Organizational issues were the most commonly reported challenges. Notably, few studies incorporated the perspectives of children and caregivers, and there was limited exploration of student outcomes. We conclude this review by providing implications for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100707"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating the double-edged sword: A meta-analysis of the effects of digital games on 21st century skills","authors":"Chao Cheng , Katy Ieong Cheng Ho Weatherly","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital games are a double-edged sword; while they may pose potential negative effects for players, they are also recognized as valuable tools for fostering 21<sup>st</sup> century skills. Although 21<sup>st</sup> century skills have been widely promoted, this is the first meta-analysis to examine the effects of digital games on 21<sup>st</sup> century skills, specifically focusing on all 4C skills: critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication. Drawing on 50 effect sizes from 37 studies, the results indicate: (a) digital games have a positive, medium overall effect on 21<sup>st</sup> century skills (<em>g</em> = 0.55); (b) digital games have a large effect on critical thinking (<em>g</em> = 0.85), a medium effect on communication (<em>g</em> = 0.77), and small effects on collaboration (<em>g</em> = 0.41) and creativity (<em>g</em> = 0.37); (c) moderator analysis has identified factors including targeted disciplines, game type, online status, experimental design, sample size, grade level, and type of control group as moderators of the effects of digital games on 21<sup>st</sup> century skills. This study highlights the importance of integrating digital games into education, suggesting that game design should prioritize critical thinking and communication as key objectives, while also incorporating activities that promote collaboration and creativity. It further underscores the urgent need for a unified scale to assess 21<sup>st</sup> century skills.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100710"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unpacking the digital literacy–self-regulated learning nexus: A systematic review and a three-level meta-analysis","authors":"Min Lan , Haixia Liu , Qianqian Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis rigorously investigate the relationship between digital literacy (DL) and self-regulated learning (SRL) across a range of quantitative studies, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Analyzing data from 31 studies, the results reveal a moderate yet statistically significant correlation between DL and SRL (r = .37), with significant moderation effects observed in relation to the conceptual and operational definitions underlying the measurement instruments, participant characteristics, and geographical contexts. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the DL-SRL relationship, highlighting the methodological and contextual diversity that characterizes this area of research. Moreover, the review identifies a critical gap in the literature: the lack of an integrative theoretical framework guiding empirical investigations into the DL-SRL nexus. Despite limitations concerning sample diversity and geographical representation, this study offers a robust foundation for future research. It calls for more theoretically grounded and culturally inclusive studies to further elucidate the complexities of DL and SRL in contemporary educational environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100713"},"PeriodicalIF":10.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine Vergara , Pedro O. Rossel , Valeria Herskovic
{"title":"Understanding the use of physical computing in K-12 education: A systematic literature review","authors":"Katherine Vergara , Pedro O. Rossel , Valeria Herskovic","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physical computing is a field that involves the use of sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers to build systems that interact with the environment. This approach has been used in education, particularly to teach computer science, programming, computational thinking, and design concepts. This systematic review explores the use of physical computing in K-12 education, with a focus on what educational interventions are like, how they are assessed, their effects, and how students experience them. We included 43 scientific studies that describe the methodology and assessment process used in the intervention. We found that physical computing interventions have three types of expected educational outcomes: to learn physical computing itself, to improve other learning outcomes, or to improve attitudinal variables. The interventions use a variety of educational methods to achieve their goals; as well as a variety of instruments to measure outcomes. A common lesson structure has emerged, widely adopted across classrooms, including a short lecture followed by a hands-on phase, usually including teamwork to foster collaboration. Further comparative and long-term studies are needed to understand how physical computing interventions affect students, especially those who are underrepresented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100705"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Active learning strategies in video learning: A meta-analysis","authors":"Yi Zhang , Rongna Li , Zhongling Pi , Jiumin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active learning strategies embedded in video content have become increasingly prominent tools for enhancing learners' educational experiences. However, the literature offers varied results concerning their effectiveness. In this research, we conducted a series of meta-analyses to assess the influence of active learning strategies on learners' motivation, cognitive load, and learning performance. On the basis of our criteria, 46 articles were included, encompassing 54 studies comparing active strategies with passive video watching. Most of these studies (74 %) were conducted between 2019 and 2025 and focused primarily on adults (93 %) and STEM disciplines (75 %), with embedded questions being the most common strategy (46 %). The meta-analysis results revealed that active learning strategies had a significant positive effect on learning performance, including retention (<em>k</em> = 24, <em>g</em> = 0.33), comprehension (<em>k</em> = 33, <em>g</em> = 0.28) and transfer (<em>k</em> = 24, <em>g</em> = 0.43), and increased motivation (<em>k</em> = 8, <em>g</em> = 0.15) and cognitive load (<em>k</em> = 19, <em>g</em> = 0.19). Additionally, our moderator analysis revealed that learners’ characteristics (i.e., age) and video attributes (i.e., pace, setting) significantly influenced the outcomes associated with active learning strategies. This research, grounded in various theoretical frameworks, highlights the potential of active learning strategies to increase the efficiency and quality of video-based education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100708"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joram Pach , Malou Stoffels , Linda Schoonmade , Erik van Ingen , Rashmi A. Kusurkar
{"title":"The impact of educational activities on professional identity formation in social sciences and humanities: a scoping review","authors":"Joram Pach , Malou Stoffels , Linda Schoonmade , Erik van Ingen , Rashmi A. Kusurkar","doi":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Higher education programs increasingly emphasize professional identity formation (PIF) within their curricula, particularly in fields such as medicine and teacher education. Programs in social sciences and humanities (SSH) also increasingly recognize their role in preparing students for professional futures, yet knowledge on PIF in these disciplines is less integrated into the body of literature. This scoping review synthesizes knowledge regarding the impact of various educational activities on PIF within SSH programs. A comprehensive search identified 63 relevant studies. Educational activities within SSH programs were observed to contribute to PIF across three settings: classrooms and coursework, real-life projects, and internships. Three student outcomes emerged through which these activities impact PIF: formation of images of professions, experiential learning in professional contexts, and self-reflection on professional positioning. However, the fact that SSH disciplines typically are less clearly connected to specific professions, compared to medical and teaching education, complicates PIF. Furthermore, substantial variation between disciplines exists within SSH disciplines as well. The article presents a model that helps to understand how the relationship between activities enhancing professional identity (PI) and student outcomes depends on context. The model builds on the assumption that the application and effects of PI-enhancing activities can be assessed using four parameters: learning environment, student role, relevance of knowledge and support. These parameters are embedded within configurations connecting education and professional field that vary according to discipline, educational stage, professional requirements, faculty attributes, and individual student conditions. This preliminary model warrants validation through further research and holds potential to inform research and curriculum design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48125,"journal":{"name":"Educational Research Review","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 100704"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144621790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}