Journal of Policy Analysis and Management最新文献

{"title":"Black–White differences in Child Protective Services involvement: Evidence on the role of differential ‘risk’","authors":"Lawrence M. Berger, Brenda Jones Harden","doi":"10.1002/pam.22677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22677","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Black children and families are overrepresented in U.S. Child Protective Services (CPS) systems—the state and county systems responsible for receiving and responding to allegations of child maltreatment—relative to their representation in the U.S. population. They experience higher rates of CPS reports, investigations, substantiations, and child removals than White children (Children's Bureau, <span>2023, 2024</span>; Edwards et al., <span>2021</span>) and, conditional on out-of-home placement, spend more time in out-of-home care (Wulczyn, <span>2020</span>). Moreover, while Black–White differences in CPS involvement have declined substantially over the past 2 decades (Myers et al., <span>2018</span>; Roehrkasse, <span>2021</span>; Wulczyn et al., <span>2023</span>), they remain large: Black children are roughly twice as likely as White children to experience investigations, substantiations, and out-of-home placements over the course of childhood (Kim et al., <span>2017</span>; Wildeman & Emanuel, <span>2014</span>; Wildeman et al., <span>2014</span>; Yi et al., <span>2023</span>). Native American/American Indian children and families are also overrepresented at all levels of CPS involvement.1 Yet, because true underlying rates of child maltreatment are unknown, research has not established whether these disparities reflect disproportionate rates of maltreatment and, if not, whether they reflect under- or over-inclusion of either group.</p><p>It is, perhaps, unsurprising to observe disparities in CPS involvement, especially between Black and White populations. Black–White disparities are well documented for most indicators of health and social and economic wellbeing in the U.S., including income, poverty, wealth, employment, educational achievement and attainment, teen and nonmarital childbirth, family complexity and instability, morbidity and mortality, maternal and infant mortality, neighborhood quality, exposure to violence, and criminal justice involvement (Dagher & Linares, <span>2022</span>; Darity & Mullen, <span>2022</span>; Darity et al., <span>2022</span>; Drake et al., <span>2023</span>; National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, <span>2019</span>; Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, <span>2022</span>; Rothstein, <span>2017</span>). Of particular note, poverty rates for Black children are more than 3 times those for White children (U.S. Census Bureau, <span>2023</span>).</p><p>These disparities stem from historical and contemporary structural and institutional racism, oppression, and discrimination that have pervaded both public policy and social structure in the United States, and have manifested in bias against (differential treatment of or impact on) Black populations, relative to White populations (Darity & Mullen, <span>2022</span>; Darity et al., <span>2022</span>; Rothstein, <span>2017</span>). As a result, compared to their White counterparts, Black populations have a ","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"682-692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pam.22677","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a shared understanding of the causes, consequences, and policy implications of racial disparities in child welfare involvement","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/pam.22675","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22675","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating a more expansive theory of racism into child and family policy systems","authors":"Frank Edwards","doi":"10.1002/pam.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Berger and Harden have offered a comprehensive and compelling overview of the state of empirical research on racial inequalities in child welfare system outcomes. They show that Black children and families experience CPS intervention across a range of outcomes more frequently than White peers. They suggest four causal pathways that could account for these inequalities: 1) differential surveillance; 2) decision-maker bias within CPS; 3) differential risk of child maltreatment; and 4) structural racism. They suggest that evidence for differential surveillance and within-CPS bias are likely small (or negligible) contributors to Black/White inequalities in child welfare outcomes; instead, current evidence strongly points to differential risk of maltreatment and structural racism as key drivers of differential Black child and family exposure to child welfare systems.</p><p>While Berger and Harden's set of four causal pathways do adequately capture those proposed in most research literature, this framework misses a subtle vector for how racism impacts the CPS policy process. As I attempt to illustrate in Figure 5 of my first essay, historical and contemporary racism have impacted the policy field itself. The quantity and quality of interventions available to front-line social workers to respond to children and families in crisis are themselves products of racist social processes. The narrow focus on marginal effects of race on CPS outcomes common in econometric analyses implicitly naturalizes these arrangements. From a critical perspective, the common counterfactual question may be more accurately stated as: “within a policy system known to have racist design features and policy goals, and in a context of deep structural inequality, do otherwise comparable Black and White children experience different outcomes?”</p><p>If we bracket our definition of the concept of racial discrimination to merely the marginal impact of the perception of skin color on a discrete outcome of a policy process we can obtain an answer to this question. However, these approaches reduce the complex social stratification system of race to the perception of phenotypical differences (Kohler-Hausmann, <span>2018</span>), obscuring the structural and institutional causal pathways that produce race as a system of social and family stratification salient for CPS processes (Feely & Bosk, <span>2021</span>). For example, in recent work, Baron and colleagues (<span>2024</span>) found evidence of differential treatment of Black children by CPS agency workers in Michigan but paradoxically argued that evidence points to an “under-protection” of White children compared to Black children through their assessment of the probability of intervention conditional on their measurement of maltreatment risk. While I disagree with their interpretation of this evidence, this finding does present an interesting and useful counterfactual that deserves further scrutiny.</p><p>What kind of child wel","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"711-714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pam.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We've Got You Covered: Rebooting American Health Careby Liran Einav and Amy Finkelstein. Penguin, 2023, 304 pp., $29 (paperback).","authors":"Naomi Zewde, Pamela Farley Short","doi":"10.1002/pam.22676","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"721-726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Announcements from APPAM","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/pam.22672","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22672","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescuing state capacity: Proceduralism, the new politicization, and public policy","authors":"Donald P. Moynihan","doi":"10.1002/pam.22673","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The administrative capacity of a government matters enormously to public policy design and implementation. But it is usually taken for granted in public policy settings, a background variable left largely unconsidered. This essay argues that the fields of public policy and public management need to more directly consider threats to state capacity. A creeping threat is a tendency towards proceduralism that layers in rules, veto points, and delay that constrains state actors from achieving critical goals. A more immediate threat for the American administrative state is a dramatic increase in the politicization of public service delivery. This new model of politicization pursued by President Trump features three key attributes: 1) a personalist infrastructure of presidential power that centers on loyalty above all other values; 2) governing by fear via conspiratorial messaging towards the public sector and threatening individual public servants; and 3) a weakening of civil service protections that blurs the traditional distinction between political appointees and civil servants and enables purges of those deemed to be disloyal.</p>","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"364-378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pam.22673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143427255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notes from the Editor","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/pam.22674","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22674","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143435199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening work requirements? Forecasting impacts of reforming cash assistance rules","authors":"Josep M. Nadal-Fernandez,&nbsp;Gabrielle Pepin,&nbsp;Kane Schrader","doi":"10.1002/pam.22668","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22668","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Work requirements are perhaps the most controversial aspect of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, America's sole federal cash assistance program for low-income families with children. In 2025, for the first time in nearly 20 years, the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (FRA) will implement policy changes intended to strengthen states’ work requirements. However, researchers’ and policymakers’ understanding of how FRA will impact states’ compliance with federal requirements is hampered by a lack of research and publicly available data. We tie information from reports submitted to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that we collected to administrative caseload and expenditure data to document several strategies that states currently use to comply with federal work requirements. We estimate that FRA will increase the stringency of work requirements in 23 states and that five states will begin to fall short of requirements. We note that several compliance strategies available to these states do not encourage work. We discuss changes to states’ work requirements that would promote better long-term economic and labor market outcomes for TANF recipients.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"663-673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pam.22668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143071518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does not-for-profit corporatization of local public services improve performance?","authors":"José M. Alonso,&nbsp;Rhys Andrews","doi":"10.1002/pam.22667","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pam.22667","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The corporatization of local public services is an increasingly common public management reform worldwide. This study investigates whether a shift from in-house to not-for-profit corporatized service provision can result in improvements across multiple dimensions of performance. To do so, we examine the staggered adoption of Arms-Length Management Organizations (ALMOs) to provide social housing by a third of English local governments during the period 2000 to 2008. Utilizing a Differences-in-Differences (DiD) with Multiple Time Periods (MTP) approach, we find that corporatized social housing outperformed in-house provision on service quality, citizen satisfaction, and environmental sustainability, with little evidence of worse achievements on other performance dimensions. Event history analysis suggests performance benefits emerged around 2 years after corporatization occurred. Our study therefore implies that not-for-profit corporatization is potentially an effective strategy for improving local public service performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 2","pages":"612-631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pam.22667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/pam.22651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.22651","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48105,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","volume":"44 1","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}