Science Technology & Human Values最新文献_第3页

Semantic Web Practices: Infrastructural Politics and the Future of the Web 语义网实践：基础设施政治与网络的未来

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241249573

Susan Halford, Mark Weal, Faranak Hardcastle, Nicholas Gibbins, Samantha Pearman-Kanza, Catherine Pope

{"title":"Semantic Web Practices: Infrastructural Politics and the Future of the Web","authors":"Susan Halford, Mark Weal, Faranak Hardcastle, Nicholas Gibbins, Samantha Pearman-Kanza, Catherine Pope","doi":"10.1177/01622439241249573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439241249573","url":null,"abstract":"In the past thirty years, the Web has developed from its inception as a layer of protocols on top of the Internet to use by more than 5 billion people and organizations. This has driven the creation of vast quantities of data and led to deep concerns about the politics of digital data and computational methods. To date, critical investigation of these concerns has focused on large commercial platforms built on top of the Web, and their use of machine learning methods. Meanwhile, less attention has been paid to the underlying design and protocols of Web itself, and how these might be implicated in the very same process and concerns. We explore ongoing endeavors to transform the Web from a library of documents intended for humans to a “semantic Web” using symbolic artificial intelligence to enable machine reasoning across multiple heterogenous data sources. In principle, this would transform the production and circulation of knowledge at Web scale. We present the findings from an experimental, interdisciplinary study exploring the epistemological politics and sociomaterial practices involved in situated accomplishment of the semantic Web. Our findings have consequences for the future of the Web and the future of Web-based platforms.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coding Beauty and Decoding Ugliness: The Role of Aesthetic Concerns in Programming Practices 编码美与解码丑：编程实践中的审美考量

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241245746

Marina Fedorova, Melissa Mazmanian, Paul Dourish

{"title":"Coding Beauty and Decoding Ugliness: The Role of Aesthetic Concerns in Programming Practices","authors":"Marina Fedorova, Melissa Mazmanian, Paul Dourish","doi":"10.1177/01622439241245746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439241245746","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we analyze the productive role of aesthetics in organizing technoscientific work. Specifically, we investigate how aesthetic judgments form and inform code-writing practices at a large web services company in Russia. We focus on how programmers express aesthetic judgments about code and software design in everyday practice and explore how language with positive and negative valences is deployed. We find that programmers label code as “beautiful” without defining or establishing agreement about the term and are thereby able to maintain different ideals of beauty within the same organization. However, by learning how to avoid what senior developers deem to be “ugly” code, developers become socialized into producing code with a similar style and logic that we describe as “not ugly.” The fieldwork suggests that aesthetic language can function simultaneously as a mechanism that supports professional diversity within an organization and as a tool for producing consistencies in software design. Studying manifestations of both positive and negative aesthetic language in technoscientific work provides insight into professional practices and the various roles aesthetic language can play in organizational life.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140616334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unscripted Practices for Uncertain Events: Organizational Problems in Cybersecurity Incident Management 针对不确定事件的无脚本做法：网络安全事件管理中的组织问题

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241240411

Ashwin Jacob Mathew

{"title":"Unscripted Practices for Uncertain Events: Organizational Problems in Cybersecurity Incident Management","authors":"Ashwin Jacob Mathew","doi":"10.1177/01622439241240411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439241240411","url":null,"abstract":"Scripts can help us understand the designer–user relationship, by offering analysis of designers’ intent in technological objects and examination of users’ behaviors through willingness (and unwillingness) to take on scripts. But how are we to understand these relationships in the context of cybersecurity, in the face of adversaries determined to gain unauthorized access to computer systems by actively subverting scripts? In effect, cybersecurity attacks involve re-scripting of computing systems to gain unauthorized access through unscripted features of these systems. Cybersecurity attacks are always uncertain events: attackers can never be certain when re-scripting will be successful, and defenders can never be certain when or where to expect an attack, as unscripted features are difficult to know until they are exploited. In this paper, I study practices of cybersecurity incident response to examine how cybersecurity engineers respond to the novel attacks they encounter daily. I show how these are fundamentally unscripted practices emerging in response to unstable scripts, structured through the uncertainties inherent in cybersecurity engineering practice. The improvised practices and changing networks of social relations which I trace demonstrate the limits of stable scripts and provide new tools for analyzing unstable scripts.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Politics of Amphibiousness: Shifting Coastal Management in the Netherlands 两栖的政治：荷兰海岸管理的转变

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241239768

Marieke Meesters, Annet Pauwelussen, Esther Turnhout

{"title":"The Politics of Amphibiousness: Shifting Coastal Management in the Netherlands","authors":"Marieke Meesters, Annet Pauwelussen, Esther Turnhout","doi":"10.1177/01622439241239768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439241239768","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the consequences of a shift in Dutch coastal management. The management approach transitioned from aiming to keep the sea at bay toward the stimulation of dynamic sea-land relations. This shift toward “dynamic management” can be seen as part of wider trends in both ecological and science, technology, and society thinking on coasts as amphibious more-than-human entanglements. We draw on a case study of the Wadden Sea barrier island Ameland to develop the notion of amphibious response-ability. We show that while dynamic management enabled amphibiousness in the land–sea interface, it limited other types of amphibiousness, with consequences for the possibilities to respond to coastal changes. These consequences for amphibious response-abilities became critical when rapid coastal erosion threatened and partially destroyed a gas platform. Our case shows that even when coastal management regimes are amphibious because they unleash and build on natural processes, they can still have harmful consequences, and they can in fact limit the possibilities for integrated responses to coastal change. We conclude by suggesting that heterogeneous knowledge alliances are needed to expose and work with the politics of (amphibious) coastal management regimes.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vanguard Visions of Vertical Farming: Envisaging and Contesting an Emerging Food Production System 垂直农业的先锋愿景：对新兴食品生产系统的设想和质疑

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241240796

Mascha Gugganig

{"title":"Vanguard Visions of Vertical Farming: Envisaging and Contesting an Emerging Food Production System","authors":"Mascha Gugganig","doi":"10.1177/01622439241240796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439241240796","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical farming is an emerging urban food growth proposal that has gained considerable attention for its ability to be space-efficient, independent of outside weather conditions, and to address a dismal agricultural system and ecoclimatic crises. VF is also a field riddled with debates on the unsustainability and high (energy) costs of a highly automated, indoor growth system that produces only a small range of perishable food. This paper explores arguments, visions, and internal disagreements among scientists, engineers, consultants, and entrepreneurs who form a heterogeneous, elite group of sociotechnical vanguards that popularize not yet widely accepted vanguard visions of future urban food production. It demonstrates that for the dominant vertical farm vanguard vision, a majority of vanguards borrow popular concepts and imaginaries from other sectors: containment of plant growth, cleanliness, the capability to feed the world, and the land-sparing narrative. The findings suggest three dimensions that add to the theorization of vanguard visions: the central role of mobilized problem-scripts; internal disagreements that indicate the contingency of vanguard visions and the existence of fringe visions; and that disagreements can reveal caveat politics, where a technical system, like VF, is not seen as the solution, but one of many.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Islands and Beaches in Science and Technology Studies 科技研究中的岛屿和海滩

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241236544

Warwick Anderson

引用次数: 0

Hydroelectric Chimeras and “Our” Mayan Rivers: De-inscribing Security in Guatemala 水电嵌合体与 "我们的 "玛雅河流：消除危地马拉的安全隐患

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231225531

Diane M. Nelson

引用次数: 0

Life as Aftermath: Social Theory for an Age of Anthropogenic Biology 作为后果的生命人类生物学时代的社会理论

IF 3.1 2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/01622439241233946

Hannah Landecker

{"title":"Life as Aftermath: Social Theory for an Age of Anthropogenic Biology","authors":"Hannah Landecker","doi":"10.1177/01622439241233946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439241233946","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic pressures now shape the development, interrelations, and evolution of microbes, plants, animals, and humans. In an age of oxidative stress and failures of DNA repair, cytokine storms and microbial dysbiosis, social scientific theory stutters in the face of biological consequences of forces it masterfully detailed, from biopower to looping kinds. Concepts of the fallibility of knowledge from the unanticipated consequence to the wicked problem are too generic to fathom the nature of the living within reconfigured biotic-abiotic relations in the aftermath of industrialization. Working through examples—genetic modification in weed control, and solvents in cryobiology—this paper offers a novel analytic for anthropogenic biology specific to the relations between knowledge and life in the wake of the industrial twentieth century: a novel patterning of living matter and process from the molecular to the ecological arising with forms of biological control. Changes in pathogens and hosts, targets and bystanders are specific to the form of control but not anticipated by it, illegible within its originating logics. Hubris gone moldy, anthropogenic biology grows from forms of power that overestimate the comprehensiveness of their own efficacy, mistaking the ability to temporarily control living things for full knowledge of them.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140074148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Judging Importance before Checking Correctness: Quick Opinions in Mathematical Peer Review 先判断重要性后检查正确性:数学同行评议中的快速意见

2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231203445

Christian Greiffenhagen

{"title":"Judging Importance before Checking Correctness: Quick Opinions in Mathematical Peer Review","authors":"Christian Greiffenhagen","doi":"10.1177/01622439231203445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439231203445","url":null,"abstract":"Peer review has never been a uniform practice but is now more diverse than ever. Despite a vast literature, little is known of how different disciplines organize peer review. This paper draws on ninety-five qualitative interviews with editors and publishers and several hundred written reports to analyze the organization of peer review in pure mathematics. This article focuses on the practice of “quick opinions” at top journals in mathematics: asking (senior) experts about a paper’s importance, and only after positive evaluation sending the paper for a full review (which most importantly means checking the paper’s correctness). Quick opinions constitute a form of “importance only” peer review and are thus the opposite of the “soundness only” approach at mega-journals such as PLOS ONE. Quick opinions emerged in response to increasing submissions and the fact that checking correctness in mathematics is particularly time-consuming. Quick opinions are informal and are often only addressed to editors. They trade on, indeed reinforce, a journal hierarchy, where journal names are often used as a “members’ measurement system” to characterize importance. Finally, quick opinions highlight that a key function of the peer-reviewed journal today, apart from validation and filtration, is “designation”—giving authors items on their CV.","PeriodicalId":48083,"journal":{"name":"Science Technology & Human Values","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135680904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Drawing Data Together: Inscriptions, Asylum, and Scripts of Security 汇总数据:铭文、庇护和安全脚本

2区社会学

Science Technology & Human Values Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1177/01622439231200170

Sarah Perret, Claudia Aradau

引用次数: 0