International Migration最新文献

{"title":"Rethinking migration through the lens of social class","authors":"Anne Catherine Wagner","doi":"10.1111/imig.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imig.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study of migration and social class has traditionally belonged to separate fields of research. However, it is difficult to analyse international mobility without considering the social backgrounds of migrants. In mainstream representations, political discourses and media narratives, migrants are often portrayed as unskilled workers associated with precariousness and poverty. Yet, many contemporary migrants come from different social classes. Contrary to the popular portrayal of migrants, migration today is increasingly driven by members of the upper classes—business executives, investors, expatriates and young professionals—seeking better opportunities and a better quality of life abroad (Croucher, <span>2012</span>). Immigrants are significantly overrepresented among the founders of the most innovative and successful companies within the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In almost all OECD countries, the share of immigrants among entrepreneurs exceeds the share of immigrants in the general workforce, and this gap is widening (OECD, <span>2024</span>). Recent immigrants tend to be better educated than native populations: 50% of immigrants in the OECD had a tertiary degree in 2020, and in 2021, more than one-third of recent arrivals in the EU held highly skilled professions, compared to just over one-fifth in 2011 (OECD, <span>2023</span>). A U-shaped curve emerges when examining the social positions of migrants, showing an over-representation of both working class and, increasingly, upper-class groups.</p><p>Considering the social class of migrants opens up new perspectives on the phenomenon of migration. The experiences of the upper classes show that the categories typically used to analyse immigration are not universally applicable in all social contexts. The very terms “immigrant” or “migrant” carry an implicit connotation of social disadvantage, referring to a class position rather than a migratory situation. Upper-class individuals living abroad are rarely referred to as migrants but rather as expatriates, international managers or mobile professionals. This distinction based on social class is also reflected in migration policies (Chauvin & Bonjour, <span>2018</span>). In many wealthy countries, as barriers to entry for poorer migrants have been tightened, policies have been designed to attract foreign investors and, more generally, those perceived to be “talented”. Mechanisms such as the Australian and Canadian point systems, the German Blue Card, the Dutch Highly Skilled Migrant Program, the French Talent Passport and the European Union Blue Card create exceptions for foreigners deemed desirable. Policymakers justify these measures by referring to a global market for elites, in which countries must cultivate comparative advantages to attract “high potentials”. In addition to legal, fiscal and administrative measures that favour expatriates, these countries offer settlement assistance. Specialized rel","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imig.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do we need more or less focus on “class” in migration research?","authors":"Marta Bivand Erdal","doi":"10.1111/imig.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imig.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Is “class” a metaphor in migration studies? A cursory review of recent literature suggests “class” is sometimes central to analysis (e.g. Bonjour & Chauvin, <span>2018</span>; Kofman, <span>2018</span>; Robertson & Roberts, <span>2022</span>; Rye, <span>2019</span>; Stock, <span>2024</span>). However more often, “class” is mentioned as a figure of speech, symbolically referring to socio-economic dimensions of difference. The economic dimensions are often explicit but vague, e.g. “low skilled”, “high skilled”, “working class” or “privileged”. Links to social and cultural spheres are often implicit, echoing the influence of Bourdieu's conceptualization of social, cultural and economic capital (Oliver & O'Reilly, <span>2010</span>). Thus, “class” sometimes assumes the function of a metaphor, suggesting that there lies potential in further reflection on how the term is used in order to enhance contextual depth and analytical generalization in migration research.</p><p>Calls for deeper engagement with “class” in migration studies are not new (Van Hear, <span>2014</span>), but are far from omnipresent. After all, people's socio-economic circumstances have a bearing on life, including for key areas of inquiry in migration research, such as considerations and decisions about leaving, staying or returning. Material and immaterial resources and networks, key aspects of what often counts as class, are often defining for experiences before, during and after migration, and crucial for analysis not only at the micro-level but also at the meso- or macro-levels. Indeed, how “class” is understood and assumed to matter also has a bearing on migration governance (Bonjour & Chauvin, <span>2018</span>) or gendered dimensions of migration (Kofman, <span>2018</span>; Cederberg, <span>2017</span>), reflective of macro-level and group-level dynamics.</p><p>In this commentary, I offer some responses to the question: do we need more or less focus on “class” in migration research? My main concern is that where “class” is not clearly operationalized, nor adequately situated in specific analyses, the risk of analytical slippage is high. This is because “class” is not a universal phenomenon, nor is it synonymous to “inequality” (Lentz, <span>2020</span>). This notwithstanding the fact that the <i>stratification</i> of people and groups within societies, and various logics underpinning such layering—<i>hierarchies</i>—are (and have been) common across most human societies over time (see also Erdal et al., <span>2020</span>).</p><p>It is reasonable to ask how relevant debates about a concept emanating from industrializing, mainly North-West European societies a long time ago, are for migration research today. “Class”, following Weber, referred to income differences between groups, but such economic differences, he proposed, might be less salient than other dimensions of social status. This contrasts with perspectives drawing on Marx's work, foregrounding the r","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imig.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration and the implications of digitalization on the Brazil–Venezuela border","authors":"Denise Cogo,&nbsp;Julia Camargo","doi":"10.1111/imig.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyses the digitalisation of migration governance on the Brazil–Venezuela border. This digitalisation process ensued after the 2018 border militarisation through <i>Operação Acolhida</i> [Operation Welcome] and the adoption of international models spurred by a border security narrative. Based on a qualitative methodology, which included observation, interviews and documentary research, we examined the implications of digitalising migration governance in two areas of Venezuelan migrants' experiences on the Brazil–Venezuela border: (1) control and surveillance of Venezuelans as they arrive and settle in Brazil and (2) access to services and training projects on Brazilian territory.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of an academic diaspora: A study of scholars from Turkey in the higher education sector in Britain","authors":"Mustafa F. Özbilgin,&nbsp;Harun Yıldız,&nbsp;Cihat Erbil,&nbsp;Sercan Hamza Bağlama","doi":"10.1111/imig.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The internationalisation of higher education has revealed the importance of understanding the formation and dynamics of academic diasporas. Most studies focus on cohesive academic diasporas, overlooking fragmentation in diasporas as a central concern. In this paper, we define and theorise fragmented academic diaspora. The emergence of a highly fragmented diaspora of scholars from Turkey in the British higher education sector presents an ideal opportunity to examine the notion of a fragmented academic diaspora. Based on an online study of 20 scholars from Turkey in British academia, this paper investigates the formation of an academic diaspora fragmented across social fault lines. We examine the factors driving the formation of a fragmented academic diaspora, the boundaries defining this community and the challenges it faces. Additionally, we discuss these scholars' professional and personal experiences and investigate their integration into the academic landscape of Britain. Based on the expectations and aspirations of the participants, we propose strategies to leverage fragmentation within this academic diaspora as a pathway to fostering synergies amidst fragmentation and divisiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imig.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience in action: Poland's response to the migration crisis caused by the war in Ukraine","authors":"Andrzej Stawicki,&nbsp;Małgorzata Dziekanowska","doi":"10.1111/imig.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The subject of the study was the reaction and self-organization of Polish society to the sudden influx of war refugees from Ukraine after 24 February 2022. The mass response of the Polish society and the provision of aid to approximately 5 million Ukrainian refugees was a phenomenon extensively discussed in various forums. The situation required developing new crisis management mechanisms almost from scratch, as the existing system could not handle the sudden large influx of people. This provided an opportunity to study the mechanisms that prevented a serious humanitarian crisis in border regions. A quantitative and qualitative analysis identified the key factors responsible for the efficiency and resilience of the response. The study used a proprietary index to measure social resilience and supplemented it with in-depth qualitative research on key crisis response actions. We describe the mechanisms responsible for the system's quick reaction and stabilization. The research revealed diverse forms of self-organization in Polish society, ranging from informal groups to formal state institutions. This variety enabled flexible adaptation to rapidly changing situations. These initiatives operated independently with different coordination mechanisms, which could not be unified. While the lack of a single coordination mechanism might be seen as a weakness, it allowed for a resilient and comprehensive response on the regional system scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a critical pedagogy of migration studies: Ethics, politics and practice in the classroom By Teresa Piacentini, Bristol: Bristol University Press. 2024. pp. 194","authors":"Ömer Gökhan Ulum","doi":"10.1111/imig.13365","DOIUrl":"10.1111/imig.13365","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time spent abroad as a source of human capital – A nationwide study","authors":"Minna Toivanen,&nbsp;Jaakko Airaksinen,&nbsp;Pekka Varje,&nbsp;Jarno Turunen,&nbsp;Aki Koskinen,&nbsp;Ari Väänänen","doi":"10.1111/imig.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examined the extent to which time spent abroad contributes to human capital, using higher income as an indicator. Utilising Finnish register data, the study focused on returning migrants with higher education (<i>N</i> = 3497), matched with a reference population (<i>N</i> = 30,882). Time abroad was associated with a higher income level upon return amongst men (returnees €63,199, reference €55,982), but not amongst women (returnees €39,316, reference €41,779). In sectors, such as industry, construction, sales and finance, returnees showed particularly significant income differences compared to the reference group. However, even in these sectors, the association between international experience and subsequent income levels appeared to be notably stronger amongst men than women. In these sectors, men's income grew more, with increases of €8678 to €19,363 annually, while women's gains were €1685 to €9582. Overall, while time abroad enhances human capital, the benefits vary substantially by gender and sector. Men experienced clearer income growth compared to their counterparts in the reference group, whereas for women, no similar accumulation of human capital was identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imig.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How return migration becomes a viable option in older age","authors":"Aija Lulle","doi":"10.1111/imig.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>By building on the concept of preparedness, I demonstrate that return migration in older age requires a home, meaningful social relationships and pension income. More so, a framework for pension portability and taxation should be interpreted as morally just by returnees. The moral dimension encompasses meanings of fair taxation, the value of an older returnee and intergenerational solidarity within migrant communities and returnees' homes. Morality also interweaves multiple scales from transnational agreements to national return migration ideologies and everyday relationships at the micro scale. Accordingly, based on ethnography (2021–2023) with older returnees in Latvia, this research extends return migration theory and ageing studies through the scalar and moral lenses.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computing the face: From coloniality to control","authors":"Ava Zevop,&nbsp;Soline Ballet","doi":"10.1111/imig.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Facial recognition will be integrated into EU biometric border control. In this article, we draw on theoretical insights from Deleuze and Guattari (2005), Browne (2010) and Amaro (2022) to construct a constellation of historical fragments of computing the face. We move away from a mere focus on bias in facial recognition algorithms and shift our attention towards the structural conditions that organise machine learning around the assumption of race. We unravel four fragments: departing from current proposals for the implementation of facial recognition in EU border management, we historicise <i>computing the face</i> through zooming into practices of physical anthropology and anthropometry in both the Belgian colonial context and by Bertillon and Galton where identification and classification intersected, and the technology of vision of early facial recognition systems. With our article, we show how computing the face has historically been intertwined with racialising instruments and effects and how current proposals on using facial recognition in EU border control are underpinned with a colonial epistemic gaze.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parties abroad and migrants' representation in the country of origin","authors":"Sergiu Gherghina,&nbsp;Sorina Soare","doi":"10.1111/imig.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Some of the reasons for which political parties develop organizations abroad are to represent the emigrants, to mobilize them electorally and to provide support. So far, we know very little about how migrants think about and interpret these actions. To address this gap in the literature, our article aims to explain what drives migrants' perceptions that party organizations abroad represent their interests in their country of origin. We use individual-level data from an online survey conducted during the summer of 2022 among 1058 Romanian migrants. We find that the perceptions about parties as avenues of representation are a function of both the supply and the demand side. Political parties that are active and instill trust, people's interest in politics and perceived discrimination have strong effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48011,"journal":{"name":"International Migration","volume":"63 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/imig.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}