Journal of International Development最新文献

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Chinese Collateralization in Comparative Perspective: ‘Belt and Suspenders’ on the Belt and Road 比较视角下的中国抵押:“一带一路”中的“一带一路”
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-08-04 Epub Date: 2026-07-02 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70098
Deborah Brautigam, Yufan Huang
{"title":"Chinese Collateralization in Comparative Perspective: ‘Belt and Suspenders’ on the Belt and Road","authors":"Deborah Brautigam,&nbsp;Yufan Huang","doi":"10.1002/jid.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>How do Chinese banks secure their loans to governments and public enterprises in the Global South? How do Chinese practices compare with those of other commercial and official creditors? We find that Chinese creditors rarely secure their overseas loans with real property, but primarily utilize liquid assets in escrow accounts that operate as payment mechanisms. Chinese practices represent a hybrid ‘belt and suspenders’ approach to lending to countries where neither the belt (government) nor the suspenders (collateral) are considered fully reliable. Our review suggests strong historical parallels between Chinese official and commercial creditors and analogous lenders in Japan and the West, bringing into question the uniqueness of China as a creditor.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 6","pages":"976-988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
South–South Knowledge Circulation: A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Climate Adaptation Education in Shanghai, São Paulo and Mumbai 南南知识流通:上海、圣保罗和孟买社区气候适应教育的比较分析
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-08-04 Epub Date: 2026-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70104
Joshua Ampofo, Jiacheng Li
{"title":"South–South Knowledge Circulation: A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Climate Adaptation Education in Shanghai, São Paulo and Mumbai","authors":"Joshua Ampofo,&nbsp;Jiacheng Li","doi":"10.1002/jid.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates how community-based climate adaptation education (CBCAE) is shaped, mediated and circulated across three Global South megacities, namely, Shanghai, São Paulo and Mumbai, between 2019 and 2025. Drawing on a mixed-methods comparative design that combines document analysis of 148 policy and curricular texts, semi-structured interviews with 72 educators and community organizers and a purpose-built Knowledge Flow Intensity Index (KFII), the study traces the lateral pathways through which pedagogical strategies, curricular content and grassroots adaptation practices travel across these settings. The literature review was conducted through systematic searching of Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC and Google Scholar using multilingual search terms in English, Portuguese and Mandarin, supplemented by city-to-city cooperation studies and critical education research. The findings show that South–South knowledge circulation is mediated by diverse lines of pedagogical translation, policy adaptation and cultural contextualization, informed by local institutional legacies and community epistemologies. Shanghai demonstrates the strongest institutional scaffolding, São Paulo the deepest participatory pedagogy grounded in the Freirean tradition, and Mumbai foregrounds indigenous ecological knowledge. Differentiated circulation is proposed as a theoretical framework that reflects the multi-directional, domain-specific and transformative nature of lateral knowledge flows, extending prior circulation theory by specifying the mechanisms of transformation and providing a replicable quantitative instrument for their measurement. Implications for South–South educational cooperation, urban climate resilience policy and the epistemic politics of adaptation knowledge are discussed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 6","pages":"1027-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Navigating Metrics: Disparities and Challenges in Project Evaluations Across Global Development Organisations 导航指标:全球发展组织项目评估中的差异和挑战
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-08-04 Epub Date: 2026-07-07 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70105
Bryan Cook, Elizabeth Jackson, Paul Alexander
{"title":"Navigating Metrics: Disparities and Challenges in Project Evaluations Across Global Development Organisations","authors":"Bryan Cook,&nbsp;Elizabeth Jackson,&nbsp;Paul Alexander","doi":"10.1002/jid.70105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study e<i>x</i>amines variations in project evaluation practices among 10 major international development organisations and their alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on a mixed-methods analysis of 4112 project evaluation reports (2015–2017 and 2020–2022) across six regions and 11 sectors, it reveals persistent methodological disparities, arising from differences in Likert scales, rubrics and the adoption of OECD-DAC 2019 evaluation criteria revisions. These inconsistencies undermine comparability and accountability. Content analysis shows only approximately 20% of reports explicitly map micro-level project outcomes to specific SDG indicators. Cost analysis highlights widespread transparency gaps and substantial variation in underruns and overruns. Greater harmonisation of evaluation frameworks is essential to strengthen accountability and value for money in ODA flows.</p>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 6","pages":"989-998"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.70105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Healthier Herds, Heavier Workloads? The Gendered Time and Resource Implications of Herd Health Management in Kenyan Dairy Systems 更健康的牛群,更繁重的工作量?性别时间和资源的牛群健康管理在肯尼亚乳业系统的影响
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-08-04 Epub Date: 2026-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70099
Kevin W. Maina, Martin C. Parlasca, Elizaphan J. O. Rao
{"title":"Healthier Herds, Heavier Workloads? The Gendered Time and Resource Implications of Herd Health Management in Kenyan Dairy Systems","authors":"Kevin W. Maina,&nbsp;Martin C. Parlasca,&nbsp;Elizaphan J. O. Rao","doi":"10.1002/jid.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Strategies for sustainable intensification of livestock are critical for food system transformation. In dairying systems, herd health management is among such strategies. Although adoption patterns and productivity gains have been analysed in previous studies, the social implications are still not well understood. This paper provides insights into the relationship between herd health management and intrahousehold labour demand as well as women's empowerment. We test the hypotheses that the adoption of herd health management practices increases intrahousehold labour demand among male and female household members and, thereby, affects women's empowerment. We use primary data from smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya on time use, women's participation in decision-making and livestock asset ownership, adoption status of important herd health management practices and household demographic characteristics. We apply censored regression and multinomial logit regression models to test our hypotheses. The results show that adopting herd health management practices is associated with more labour demand in dairy production for both men and women. The magnitude of the change differs across production systems but is always higher for men. Additionally, herd health management practices are negatively associated with different aspects of women's empowerment including women's livestock asset ownership and control over income from dairy. The study underscores the importance for gender sensitivity in the sustainable intensification of livestock production in the Global South.</p>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 6","pages":"933-945"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.70099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148667493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Studying to Support? Exploring Remittance Responsibilities Among Black South African Graduates 学习是为了支持?探讨南非黑人毕业生的汇款责任
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-07-07 Epub Date: 2026-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70093
Emma Whitelaw, Nicola Branson, Murray Leibbrandt
{"title":"Studying to Support? Exploring Remittance Responsibilities Among Black South African Graduates","authors":"Emma Whitelaw,&nbsp;Nicola Branson,&nbsp;Murray Leibbrandt","doi":"10.1002/jid.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A large majority of Black South Africans remain restricted by intergenerational education and economic disadvantages. Labour market returns to tertiary qualifications are high, but the share of youth accessing post-secondary education remains low. Under such circumstances, graduates may face unique responsibilities to financially support family members, over and above their income or employment status. We fit a Heckman model for the decision to offer financial support (remit), recognising that the mechanisms associated with offering support may differ from the determinants of support value. Results indicate that Black graduates are more likely to remit than other Black individuals and remit higher amounts conditional on remitting. Part of this responsibility arises from graduate status alone—that is, over and above employment characteristics and living arrangements. Similar dynamics may emerge in contexts with high private returns to tertiary education, unequal access to post-secondary schooling, persistent socio-economic inequalities and where extended family support obligations shape economic mobility.</p>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 5","pages":"868-882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predicting Household Food Insecurity Through a Livelihood lens: A Machine Learning Approach in Rural Colombia 通过生计镜头预测家庭粮食不安全:哥伦比亚农村的机器学习方法
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-07-07 Epub Date: 2026-05-23 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70092
Adrino Mazenda
{"title":"Predicting Household Food Insecurity Through a Livelihood lens: A Machine Learning Approach in Rural Colombia","authors":"Adrino Mazenda","doi":"10.1002/jid.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Food insecurity remains a persistent challenge in rural Colombia, driven by structural inequalities, livelihood constraints and exposure to shocks. This paper examined the determinants and predictive drivers of household food insecurity using nationally representative data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Data in Emergencies Monitoring (DIEM) surveys collected in 2023, covering 2771 rural households. The analysis integrated machine learning techniques with logistic regression to capture both predictive performance and interpretability, guided by the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The results showed that ensemble machine learning models achieved strong predictive accuracy, with the up-sampled logistic regression model performing competitively (AUC = 0.758), confirming its suitability as a benchmark. Explainable machine learning and regression estimates consistently identified education, income, household size, agricultural participation and exposure to shocks as key determinants of food insecurity. In particular, participation in agriculture reduced the likelihood of food insecurity, while higher food prices, health-related shocks and reliance on adverse coping strategies significantly increased vulnerability. Geographic disparities were also evident, with households in regions such as Bolívar, Cesar and La Guajira facing substantially higher risks. The findings demonstrated that food insecurity reflects the interaction of structural, livelihood and shock-related factors rather than isolated effects. Integrating predictive modelling with a livelihood-based framework improved the identification of high-risk households and strengthened the evidence base for targeted, timely and context-specific policy interventions to reduce food insecurity in rural Colombia.</p>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 5","pages":"827-840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interethnic Marriages, Border Markets and Cattle Rustling: A Study of Ethnic Cleavages in Rural Kenya 异族通婚、边境市场与偷牛:肯尼亚农村民族分裂研究
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-07-07 Epub Date: 2026-04-24 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70084
Abu Bakarr Bah, Francis Onditi, Dennis Wambua, Nelson Wanyonyi
{"title":"Interethnic Marriages, Border Markets and Cattle Rustling: A Study of Ethnic Cleavages in Rural Kenya","authors":"Abu Bakarr Bah,&nbsp;Francis Onditi,&nbsp;Dennis Wambua,&nbsp;Nelson Wanyonyi","doi":"10.1002/jid.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper addresses the question as to whether interethnic marriages reduce cattle rustling and its related violence in rural Kenya? Previous findings on the relationship between interethnic marriages and violent conflicts in rural areas are mixed. On the one hand, contacts resulting from interethnic marriages can build closer ties among ethnic groups. On the other hand, inter-group competition resulting from closer interaction may breed friction, especially in communities with a history of deep inequalities and injustices. At the centre of this dialectical relation lies the question of the mitigating effect of interethnic border markets. We use randomised perception survey data to compare the rate of interethnic marriages among the Luo, Abakuria and Maasai and measure the prevalence of cattle rustling and its related violence, notably killings, within the three ethnic cleavages (i.e., Luo—Abakuria, Abakuria—Maasai, Maasai—Luo). The survey is complimented with qualitative data. Results show that the overall interethnic marriage rate is 1.9 out of 3, indicating that interethnic marriage is relatively common, albeit constricted. The qualitative data complement the results and shed light on critical nuances resulting from cultural and political factors in interethnic relations in Kenya.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 5","pages":"773-789"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Varieties of Democracy Aid Approaches: The Role of Donors' Domestic Ideology 民主援助方式的多样性:捐助者国内意识形态的作用
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-07-07 Epub Date: 2026-05-10 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70083
Jean-Baptiste Puginier
{"title":"Varieties of Democracy Aid Approaches: The Role of Donors' Domestic Ideology","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Puginier","doi":"10.1002/jid.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>After the end of the Cold War, DAC donors increased their efforts of democracy promotion in developing countries. Among other instruments, DAC donors increasingly use democracy aid to improve democracy abroad. However, DAC donors differ in their allocation and delivery strategy of democracy aid. Some donors favour a bottom-up approach which consists of enhancing civil society participation. Other donors favour a top-down approach which consists of enhancing recipient states' institutions. This study argues that donors' political economy ideologies entail different conceptions of democracy, leading to distinct theories of democratization and, consequently, democracy promotion approaches. These ideological underpinnings shape the priority, organization and staff of national aid bureaucracies, which in turn influences patterns of democracy aid allocation. To test the hypothesis, this article employs a country-year fixed effect regression model using data from the OECD Credit Reporting System (CRS) dataset. This dataset contains detailed information on all democracy aid projects delivered by the 23 DAC donors in 156 recipient countries from 1990 to 2021. Results confirm that DAC donors' domestic ideology influences democracy aid approaches. These findings contribute to the understanding of the varieties of democracy promotion, democracy aid allocation strategies and effectiveness in developing countries' democratization process.</p>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 5","pages":"799-811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Equalising Effect of Marital Exogamy: Intercaste Marriages and the Reduction of Child Nutrition Inequality in India 婚姻异族通婚的均衡效应:印度跨种姓婚姻与儿童营养不平等的减少
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-07-07 Epub Date: 2026-06-22 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70091
Rukmi Pradeep, Srinivas Goli
{"title":"The Equalising Effect of Marital Exogamy: Intercaste Marriages and the Reduction of Child Nutrition Inequality in India","authors":"Rukmi Pradeep,&nbsp;Srinivas Goli","doi":"10.1002/jid.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Endogamous marriages in India reflect a socially segregated society based on religion and caste, perpetuating the existing social stratification and inequalities. Caste endogamy contributes to the unequal transfer of social capital and social endowments, thereby reproducing inequalities within and across generations. In this background, the study examined the question of whether intercaste marriages contribute to reducing economic inequality in children's nutrition. We triangulated analyses based on pooled microdata and macro-panel data compiled from the National Family Health Survey and other Government surveys (2005–2021). The Wagstaff's corrected concentration index, panel data random effects regression models and pooled cross-sectional Probit regression model have been used. Findings suggest the continued prevalence of caste-based assortative sorting in the Indian marriage market and wealth-based inequalities in child nutritional status, thereby indicating both strong caste endogamy and health inequalities. However, an increase in intercaste marriage is associated with declining inequalities in the child nutrition indicators: stunting, wasting and underweight. The pathway is established through the reduced economic heterogeneity in populations owing to intercaste marital arrangements and a greater possibility of exchange of resources. Thus, we advance that intercaste marriages lessen caste inequalities in child nutrition in India by narrowing group differences in socio-economic status.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 5","pages":"905-931"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Political Economy of Receiving Aid: A Research Agenda 接受援助的政治经济学:一个研究议程
IF 2 4区 经济学
Journal of International Development Pub Date : 2026-07-07 Epub Date: 2026-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70087
Haley J. Swedlund, Zunera Rana
{"title":"The Political Economy of Receiving Aid: A Research Agenda","authors":"Haley J. Swedlund,&nbsp;Zunera Rana","doi":"10.1002/jid.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this introduction to the special issue, ‘The Political Economy of Receiving Aid’, we argue for moving beyond disciplinary silos and the narrow question of whether foreign aid is effective. Instead, we argue for better theorizing the political and economic impacts of the aid system on receiving societies. By aid system, we mean the complex network of relationships, norms and incentives between a broad constellation of actors and institutions, both informal and formal, working to deliver foreign aid. The articles in this special issue contribute to a more complex, holistic understanding of aid's impact on receiving societies. Aid is much more than an injection of funds into a domestic economy. Along with aid dollars come people, structures, ideas and norms that can alter receiving societies in powerful and unexpected ways.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Development","volume":"38 5","pages":"790-798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jid.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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