IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104093

Lu Xue , Ke Shen , Shuangyun Yao

{"title":"‘Yòu+neg.+Xp’ as a social action format for staging rebuttals in Chinese talk-in-interaction","authors":"Lu Xue , Ke Shen , Shuangyun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs conversation analysis and interactional linguistic methods to investigate the sequential features and interactional functions of ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ as a format for rebuttals in Chinese talk-in-interaction. Drawing on naturally occurring data, the analysis shows that ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ can either be employed in second position to initiate or strengthen rebuttals or in third position to launch counter-rebuttals or reinforce prior counter-rebuttals that defend the speaker’s first-position claim or action. The study reveals that the predominant response elicited by ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ is disagreement or counter-rebuttals, indicating the presence of constraints on the argumentative force of ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’. The argumentative force of ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ is inseparable from interlocutors’ epistemic status of the encoded state of affairs embodied in its format. In addition, this study examines the interactive achievements of ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’, focusing on embodied rebuttals. When used to refute or resist the other party’s turn or action, ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ exhibits interactional functions that correspond to specific sequences, namely, eliciting epistemic competition in assertion, evaluation, and narrative sequences; launching an action resistance in questioning, requesting information, or complaint sequences; and implicitly rejecting directives in proposal and suggestion sequences. Finally, based on extant research, this study reveals how ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ is used to stage rebuttals through echo negation and inferential negation. This systematic examination of ‘<em>yòu</em>+neg.+Xp’ as a social action format for staging rebuttals facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the manifestation of rebuttals as common behaviours in naturally occurring conversations, providing empirical evidence from Mandarin Chinese to support the position that language structure and interaction shape each other.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 104093"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From grammatical to phonological metaphor: marked tonality as semogenic remapping 从语法隐喻到音系隐喻：标记调性作为语素映射

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104091

Wei Xu, Chengyu Liu

{"title":"From grammatical to phonological metaphor: marked tonality as semogenic remapping","authors":"Wei Xu, Chengyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metaphor research has predominantly focused on lexicogrammar, often overlooking its realization in phonological systems, particularly marked tonality. This study investigates whether and how marked tonality functions as a phonological metaphor through semogenetic remapping. Through a systematic comparison with grammatical metaphor, three key findings emerge. First, similar to grammatical metaphor’s semantic-lexicogrammatical remapping, marked tonalities participate in metaphorical realignment between semantics and phonology. By modifying the typical one-to-one mapping—where a figure is usually realized by a single tone group—marked tonality allows a figure to be realized by multiple tone groups, or multiple figures compressed into one tone group. Second, marked tonalities employ metaphorical shift mechanisms akin to those in grammatical metaphor, involving ‘up-grading’ and ‘down-grading’ within the phonological hierarchy. Third, marked tonality enacts interpersonal, textual, and ideational meanings—contrary to Halliday’s claim that tonality lacks ideational function—in political discourse and cinematic dialogue. The study thus proposes marked tonality as a phonological metaphor and a dynamic resource for meaning-making, extending grammatical metaphor theory into the phonological domain. It offers a functional model illustrating how phonological remapping via marked tonality contributes to metafunctional meaning, broadening the scope of metaphor research within Systemic Functional Linguistics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 104091"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The verbal group system and structure in Brazilian Portuguese 巴西葡萄牙语的语群系统和结构

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104070

Giacomo Figueredo, Gabriel Freitas

{"title":"The verbal group system and structure in Brazilian Portuguese","authors":"Giacomo Figueredo, Gabriel Freitas","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes the verbal group in Brazilian Portuguese within the Systemic Functional Linguistics framework. The verbal group is an intricate grammatical unit found in many languages. To adequately describe it, comprehensive approaches that consider its structural complexity are needed. While focusing on a relatively small grammatical unit, higher levels of language, such as clauses and discourse semantics, must be taken into account. Following Systemic Functional Linguistics descriptive methodology, this paper adopts a text-based, axially reasoned, trinocular approach. “From above”, the verbal group functions as part of clause structure, construing processes and negotiating meanings through pre-selections of functions such as Predicator, Finite, and Modality. “From below”, the verbal group pre-selects word classes through systems of verbal mood and aspectuality. “From roundabout”, the structure of the verbal group can be observed through its logical, interpersonal, and experiential relations. Logically, the verbal group establishes relations between the time when an event takes place and the “here and now” of the speech event through the system of tense. Interpersonally, modality meanings are also realised in the verbal group by the system of modal type. Experientially, resources of the system of event type realise meanings related to how experience is represented in the verbal group. In addition, Brazilian Portuguese form verb complexes, realising several meanings including aspect, modality, evidentiality, and voice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 104070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perceiving emotion in human and AI voices: sensitivity to acoustic cues in Korean speech 人类和人工智能语音的情感感知：对韩国语语音线索的敏感性

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104083

Dayeon Yoon, Grace Eunhae Oh, Riley Kent

{"title":"Perceiving emotion in human and AI voices: sensitivity to acoustic cues in Korean speech","authors":"Dayeon Yoon, Grace Eunhae Oh, Riley Kent","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotional expressions in speech are often recognized rapidly, highlighting the central role of prosodic cues. However, less is known about how accurately listeners perceive emotion in AI-generated voices, particularly in relatively low-resource languages such as Korean. This study examined recognition of four emotions – <em>Happy, Sad, Angry,</em> and <em>Anxious</em> – in human- and AI-generated Korean speech. Thirty-six Korean listeners judged both the voice type (human vs. AI) and the emotional content of 64 utterances (32 human, 32 AI-generated), with lexical content controlled and stimuli matched by speaker. Human voices yielded higher recognition accuracy and faster response times than the AI voices. Among the emotions, <em>Happy</em> was recognized most accurately and <em>Anxious</em> least accurately, with the difficulty for <em>Anxious</em> especially pronounced in AI speech. Random forest analyses further revealed differences in cue reliance: recognition of human <em>Anxious</em> speech drew on a combination of pitch and intensity cues, whereas recognition of the AI <em>Anxious</em> speech was driven primarily by intensity variability, reflecting reliance on more salient and exaggerated acoustic features. These findings suggest that distinctions between human and AI-generated speech become most evident with complex emotions, as listeners are more sensitive to the subtle prosodic cues provided by human voices but often missing from synthetic ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 104083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Verbal groups in Australian and Papuan languages: A comparative study 澳大利亚语和巴布亚语的语言群：比较研究

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104067

David Rose

引用次数: 0

Input-induced inter-speaker variation: evidence from Thai, Chinese and Japanese quantifier-negation sentences 输入诱发的说话人间差异：来自泰语、汉语和日语量词否定句的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104071

Yunchuan Chen

引用次数: 0

Projecting telicity in the event structure of Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from production and eye-tracking experiments 普通话事件结构的远性投射：来自生产和眼动追踪实验的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104084

Qiaoyun Liao , Mengzhe Geng , Xin Weng , Mengting Gao

{"title":"Projecting telicity in the event structure of Mandarin Chinese: Evidence from production and eye-tracking experiments","authors":"Qiaoyun Liao , Mengzhe Geng , Xin Weng , Mengting Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how telicity is represented in the event structure of motion expressions in Mandarin (i.e. whether it is projected in syntax or is encoded in the lexical semantics of verbal roots) in two experiments. Experiment 1 used a production paradigm and revealed that resultative verb compounds (RVCs) are used primarily in boundary-crossing motions, while typical S-framed expressions are used in boundary-as-direction and non-boundary motions. Experiment 2 used an eye-tracking experiment and showed that RVCs are telic and typical S-framed constructions are atelic. Moreover, the evidence from the Manner Area of Interest (AoI) supports that RVCs are syntactically more complex than typical S-framed constructions. Results indicate that RVCs differ from S-framed constructions owing to their distinct syntactic complexity and thus are better classified as E-framed constructions. Furthermore, the greater syntactic complexity observed in RVCs compared with S-framed constructions provides evidence for the syntactic approach to telicity realization, wherein telicity is represented by an independent projection in syntax (i.e., <em>res</em>P). These findings reflect a language-specific constraint in Mandarin, concluding that the representation of telicity in Mandarin should be analyzed within the syntactic approach, which is different from languages such as English, which may be analyzed within the lexicalist approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 104084"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How can GIVE be counterfactual? Polygrammaticalization of pa21te33 把得 in Huarong Sinitic GIVE怎么可能是反事实的呢？华容语pa21te33的多语法化

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104072

Penghui Xiang

{"title":"How can GIVE be counterfactual? Polygrammaticalization of pa21te33 把得 in Huarong Sinitic","authors":"Penghui Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the polygrammaticalization of the compound GIVE verb <em>pa</em><sup><em>21</em></sup><em>te</em><sup><em>33</em></sup> 把得 in Huarong Sinitic. Derived from the lexicalization of the verb BA 把 ‘take-hold’ and directional verb DE 得 ‘to get/obtain’, it retains a distinctive [+manner] feature (cf. Zhang, 2011). The grammaticalization process operates at both the morpho-syntactic and the semantic-pragmatic levels. Beyond its core lexical meaning ‘to give’ requiring definite objects, <em>pa</em><sup><em>21</em></sup><em>te</em><sup><em>33</em></sup> 把得 has grammaticalized via three pathways into five functional markers: causative, passive, benefactive applicative, restrictive focus, and counterfactual conditional. Both its pathway to a passive marker (via a permissive causative stage) and its applicative development show parallels in cross-linguistic data. Notably, its evolution into a counterfactual conditional marker represents a novel, understudied pathway. Initially, its frequent co-occurrence with definite objects prompted reanalysis of the lexical GIVE verb as a restrictive focus marker, adopting a delimitative reading with maximality effect via metonymy. The inherent topicality of <em>pa</em><sup><em>21</em></sup><em>te</em><sup><em>33</em></sup> 把得-constituent enables its fronting as a frame-setting topic, thus driving its reanalysis as a conditional marker. Subsequently, the counterfactual usage analogized from this focus usage with its restrictive meaning shifting metonymically to contrastive meaning through pragmatic inference, finally yielding to a concessive conditional reading. The conditional <em>pa</em><sup><em>21</em></sup><em>te</em><sup><em>33</em></sup> 把得 also shows emerging discourse-marker functions implying speaker’s negative stance, illustrating (inter)subjectification. These findings significantly advance the typological understanding of GIVE verb extensions in Sinitic languages, particularly identifying a new source for counterfactual conditional use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 104072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The architecture of absence: How nominal and clausal grounding illuminate profiling verb-noun compounds 缺席的结构：名义和小句的基础如何阐明概述动词-名词复合词

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104069

Di Wang , Ruifen Guo

{"title":"The architecture of absence: How nominal and clausal grounding illuminate profiling verb-noun compounds","authors":"Di Wang , Ruifen Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the cognitive and constructional mechanisms underlying exocentric verb-noun compounds in English and Mandarin, addressing gaps in prior research that predominantly focused on structural properties whilst neglecting cross-linguistic cognitive processes. Integrating Langacker’s grounding theory with Construction Grammar, the study employs a paraphrasing test with 120 participants (including native English and Mandarin speakers, and Chinese L2 learners of English) to analyse how semantic properties (including cognitive strategies, semantic roles, transparency and frequency) map onto grounding strategies (nominal, clausal, mixed). The results reveal a fundamental typological divergence. English relies predominantly on mixed and nominal grounding, reflecting its syntactic approach to reference management. In contrast, Mandarin exhibits a preference for mixed and clausal grounding, with a marked dispreference for nominal strategies. This indicates that English employs grammatical means to promote nominalisation, whereas Mandarin preserves dynamic, relationally rich representations even in highly conventionalised compounds. Furthermore, the influence of cognitive strategies, semantic roles, transparency and frequency is systematically modulated by language-specific constraints. Our findings also uncover an asymmetric cross-linguistic influence in bilingual processing. These results indicate that whilst underlying cognitive mechanisms are universal, their linguistic representations are constrained by the typological characteristics of each language. This study provides a unified Cognitive-Constructional Model for the description of profiling verb-noun compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 104069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145479056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ranking the acoustic cues of contrastive focus in Taiwan Mandarin: Evidence from number words 台湾普通话对比焦点的声线索排序：来自数词的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学

Lingua Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104073

Ting Wang , Yong-cheol Lee

{"title":"Ranking the acoustic cues of contrastive focus in Taiwan Mandarin: Evidence from number words","authors":"Ting Wang , Yong-cheol Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the interaction between tone and corrective focus in Taiwan Mandarin using phone number strings formatted as (NNN)-(NNN)-(NNNN). Both production and perception experiments were conducted to examine the contrastive focus prosody of each lexical tone using number words. The study hypothesized that contrastive focus prosody in Taiwan Mandarin would be weaker and less distinct than in Beijing Mandarin. Results from the production experiment revealed unique patterns in the realization of contrastive focus across different tones. Random forest analysis showed that each focused tone exhibited distinct acoustic characteristics when marking contrastive focus. These findings suggest that the prosodic marking of contrastive focus is tone-dependent. However, regardless of tone type, Taiwan Mandarin speakers consistently prioritized duration cues in producing contrastive focus, indicating that duration played a primary role among other acoustic parameters. Despite these tone-specific distinctions, the overall magnitude of contrastive focus prosody in Taiwan Mandarin was notably weak and less distinct. This weakness made it challenging for listeners to identify the positions of contrastive focus, resulting in low identification rates in the perception experiment. The results of this study suggest that the prosodic realization of contrastive focus is shaped by language-specific phonetic and phonological implementation, and that focus effects can vary even between different varieties of the same language.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 104073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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