Ghana Journal of Geography最新文献_第2页

Adults’ Qualitative Accounts of Adolescent Sexual Activity in A Resource-Constrained Urban Setting: What Role Does Social Disorganization Play? 在资源有限的城市环境中，成年人对青少年性活动的定性描述：社会组织混乱起了什么作用？

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v16i2.13

Adriana Biney, Charlotte Ofori

{"title":"Adults’ Qualitative Accounts of Adolescent Sexual Activity in A Resource-Constrained Urban Setting: What Role Does Social Disorganization Play?","authors":"Adriana Biney, Charlotte Ofori","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v16i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v16i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual risk-taking behaviour among adolescents in urban resource-constrained communities has in recent times been deemed more pervasive than in the past. This study sought to interrogate this in an indigenous Ga community in Accra, Ghana by (i) identifying the perceptions on past and present patterns in adolescent sexual behaviour, and (ii) unearthing the factors accounting for the changes in adolescent sexual behaviour over time. We carried out two focus group discussions comprising 18 parents of adolescents and five individual interviews with elders (aged 50 and above) in the study community. The transcripts generated from the interviews were analysed thematically. Parents and elders alluded to adolescent sexual activity not generating as many negative reproductive health consequences in the past as it is in recent times; with adolescents engaging in public sexual acts unlike before. Individual, family and community/structural-level factors accounting for the changes in adolescents’ sexual behaviour over time include child indiscipline, lack of parental care, influence of the media, poverty, population growth, and community features. The changing nature of the urban space has been identified as a potential source of weakening adults’ control over adolescent sexual behaviour. The findings indicate that most of the changes taking place in the community are explained by social disorganization. The solutions to improve their sexual and reproductive health behaviour and outcomes require individual, family and community/structural-level programs and interventions.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141363722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Custom and Commodification: The Role of Earth Priests, Family Heads, Chiefs and Youth in Land Administration Among the Bulsa of Northern Ghana 习俗与商品化：加纳北部布尔萨人中土地祭司、家长、酋长和青年在土地管理中的作用

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v16i2.10

J. Gariba

{"title":"Custom and Commodification: The Role of Earth Priests, Family Heads, Chiefs and Youth in Land Administration Among the Bulsa of Northern Ghana","authors":"J. Gariba","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v16i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v16i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses the effects of land commodification on the role and authority of earth priests, family heads, chiefs, and youth in the administration of customary land among the Bulsa of the Upper East Region of Ghana. In Ghana, land is not only an economic resource, but also forms the basis of history, power, identity, rootedness, spirituality, and memory claims at both individual and group levels. Consequently, land appropriation tends to generate multiple disputes/conflicts. Using ethnographic research methodology, the article explores how land commodification has redefined customary practice related to land ownership and administration in the Bulsa area, including instigating different types of disputes or contested claims between earth priests, family heads, chiefs, and youth. The article explains how these disputes and contestations that emerge from land commodification implicate a bundle of customary land rights and undermine the legitimate claims of earth priests, family heads, chiefs, and young people to engage in land transactions. The article concludes that, while land commodification in the Bulsa area is inevitable, its occurrence should not create continuous conflict leaving family members especially, the youth, women, and community in a dismal or impoverished state.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141363198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Dynamics (1981 to 2021) in Semi-Arid Central Tanzania 坦桑尼亚中部半干旱地区降雨和气温动态分析（1981-2021 年

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v16i2.9

S. Msilu, A. Majule, Joseph Perfect

{"title":"Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Dynamics (1981 to 2021) in Semi-Arid Central Tanzania","authors":"S. Msilu, A. Majule, Joseph Perfect","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v16i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v16i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of climate change on rainfall and temperature dynamics in Bahi and Mpwapwa Districts , Dodoma Region, Tanzania , over 41 years (1981–2021). The study used historical temperature and precipitation data from the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA). The dataset was analyzed using linear regression and the Mann -Kendall trend test using MS Excel (2010) and SPSS V20. The results indicate slight increases in annual rainfall in Mpwapwa (3.717mm) and Bahi (2.743mm). However, mean decadal precipitation analysis reveals that Mpwapwa experienced a decrease in rainfall during the first three decades , followed by a significant increase in the most recent ten years . Conversely, the amount of rainfall in Bahi remained relatively consistent throughout, except for the last ten years, when there was an increase in precipitation compared to the earlier decade . However , the Mpwapwa district is observing an increase in the number of rainy days, whereas Bahi is experiencing a decrease. Additionally , both districts have encountered a notable rise in both minimum and maximum temperatures . These changes , particularly the increase in temperature and fluctuating rainfall , significantly impact agro-pastoral communities in these semi-arid regions . The study underscores the need for these communities to implement stronger adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141364846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environmental Effect of Quarry Site on the Adjoining Neighborhood in Oluyole Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria 尼日利亚奥约州奥卢约莱地方政府采石场对邻近居民区的环境影响

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.8

Jimoh Umar, Oluwabukola Oriri

{"title":"Environmental Effect of Quarry Site on the Adjoining Neighborhood in Oluyole Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"Jimoh Umar, Oluwabukola Oriri","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.8","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the environmental impact of the quarry site on the adjoining neighbourhood in Oluyole Local Government Area, Ibadan, and Oyo State. The healthy city concept provided an anchor for the research. The mixed-methods and cross-sectional survey research design were used. Primary and secondary data sources were used. Using systematic random technique, three hundred and eleven (311) copies of questionnaires were administered to households in the selected houses within 1km of a purposively selected quarry site. The variables that were investigated include the socio-economic characteristics, challenges associated with quarry sites, quarrying activities effect on human properties and psychological health, the coping mechanisms adopted by the people in the neighbourhood. The study revealed that residents of the neighbourhood close to the quarry site were faced with the following prevalent challenges; ground vibration as a result of blasting (FEI 4.81); noise from heavy machines, hauling and processing vehicles, as well as rock blasting (FEI 4.66); quarrying activities producing noise (FEI 4.23). Therefore, there should be more proactive measure in enforcing the environmental protection laws and regulations guiding the location of quarry sites.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138612154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The African Manatee (Trichechus Senegalensis, link 1795) in the Ramsar site of Setté Cama: Case at Lake Cachimba 塞特卡马拉姆萨尔遗址中的非洲海牛（Trichechus Senegalensis, link 1795）：卡钦巴湖案例

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.2

Christy Achtone Nkollo-Kema Kema, Judicaël Régis Kema Kema, Jean-Bernard Mombo, C. R. Z. Koumba

{"title":"The African Manatee (Trichechus Senegalensis, link 1795) in the Ramsar site of Setté Cama: Case at Lake Cachimba","authors":"Christy Achtone Nkollo-Kema Kema, Judicaël Régis Kema Kema, Jean-Bernard Mombo, C. R. Z. Koumba","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"The West African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN red list and is highly protected in Gabon. Gabon could be home to one of the highest densities of manatees remaining in Africa. Many people agree on the presence of manatee populations in several lakes and lagoons in Gabon. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution and abundance of manatees by monitoring. The study was carried out in the catchment area of Lake Cachimba at the Setté Cama Ramsar site. We used three data collection methods: secondary data collection, boat surveys and surveys of markets and landing sites. Data analysis was based on descriptive statistics, manatee encounter rates and carcass encounter rates (number of carcasses/km of river). The chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit test was used to determine whether there were significant differences in the abundance of manatee encounter rates between Lake Cachimba and the Mbissi River. The results showed that manatee hotspots in Lake Cachimba are located near the mouth of the DuebiRiver, along the shore of the village of Cachimba. In addition, fishing activities are a potential threat to the African manatee.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rental and Tenement Housing Problems in Sapele Local Government Area, Delta State 三角洲州萨佩勒地方政府所在地的出租房和简易房问题

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.5

Jolly Osaretin Egharevba, Prince Osarobo Edohen

{"title":"Rental and Tenement Housing Problems in Sapele Local Government Area, Delta State","authors":"Jolly Osaretin Egharevba, Prince Osarobo Edohen","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Rental/tenement housing problem is a persistent sustainable development challenge that affects livability, particularly in developing countries. The research examined the availability of rental housing, accessibility of rental housing location and neighbourhood facilities, environmental condition and overcrowding as factors of rental/tenement housing problems in Sapele Local Government Area. A total of 384 questionnaires were systematically distributed to household heads and 339 were returned. Data were analysed using both inferential and descriptive statistics. The result revealed that there is inadequacy in the availability of rental housing, and that the location of rental housing is highly accessible and rentals have high accessibility to neighbourhood facilities. It was found that there is an association between road conditions and the level of impediment to rental housing unit. The findings further showed that there was low crime rate and the studyarea had low susceptibility to flooding. Rental housing was found not to be affordable since a higher percentage of residents spends more than 30% of their income on rent and the maximum occupancy ratio was 2 persons per room and of such, there is no problem of overcrowding and privacy. The findings also revealed that there is a link between the number of persons per room and the level of privacy. It is recommended that government should be more involved in the provision of low-income rental housing units and formulation of rental policy.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":"48 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating Indigenous Knowledge Developed by Agro- Pastoralists to Cope with Climate Change and Variability in the Agro-Pastoralism Region of Rwanda 调查卢旺达农牧业地区农牧民为应对气候变化和多变性而开发的本土知识

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.3

Théogène Habakubaho, E. Mhache, J. Saria

{"title":"Investigating Indigenous Knowledge Developed by Agro- Pastoralists to Cope with Climate Change and Variability in the Agro-Pastoralism Region of Rwanda","authors":"Théogène Habakubaho, E. Mhache, J. Saria","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research was to assess indigenous knowledge developed in the agro-pastoralism region of Rwanda to cope with climate change. The study was conducted in drought-prone area of Nyagatare and Gatsibo Districts. Four hundred and eighty (480) households of agro-pastoralists were sampled randomly in 40 villages and interviewed. Focus Group Discussion and interviews with key informants were also used for data collection. Data were analysed using SPSS Statistics 28.0.1. Results indicated that local communities are traditionally using cloud/sky colour (80.6%), change of temperature during the day (66.5%), direction and strength of winds (58.8%) and lightning and thunder (46.3%) in weather forecasting. Further, locally made pesticides (42.9%), burning of pastures and farm residues (41.3%), early handweeding (59.8%), early planting (61.5%), indigenous medicines (33.3%) and indigenous crops and livestock breeds (61.0%) are used for diseases and pest management. Further, farming and grazing along rivers and wetlands (61.3%) and tolerant or early maturing crops (51.9%) are used for drought. Based on these results, the researcher concludes that there is evidence of the role of indigenous knowledge in adaptation to climate change. I, therefore, recommend that indigenous knowledge should be incorporated into the adaptation process, especially at the community level. This would include formal recognition, empowerment of its custodians, and simplified training and awareness. ","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":" 364","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-stakeholder approach for dealing with Trafficking in Persons: The case of Ghana 处理人口贩运问题的多方利益攸关方方法：加纳案例

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.4

L. Kandilige, G. A. Ampah

{"title":"Multi-stakeholder approach for dealing with Trafficking in Persons: The case of Ghana","authors":"L. Kandilige, G. A. Ampah","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Trafficking in persons has posed challenges to governments and security agencies globally. Advocacy, investigative and prosecutorial attempts have been deployed by specialised agencies in an attempt to disrupt and dismantle criminal networks that perpetuate trafficking. However, the ‘silo’ approach has yielded limited results. Using mainly qualitative research methods among representatives of government ministries, departments and agencies as well as officials from non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations and development partners, we argue that multi-stakeholder collaborations are essential for the co-creation of a coherent solution to the menace of Trafficking in Persons (TIP). We conclude that multistakeholder collaborations and the ‘4 Ps’ strategy of prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership within the Ghanaian context have shown that adequate resourcing of the national plan and close monitoring and evaluation of implementation activities could provide the best possible pathway to dealing with these seemingly intractable societal problems. Moreover, we conclude that the multi-stakeholder approach potentially offers access to more resources by drawing on the full range of technical, human, knowledge, physical and financial resources embedded in all sectors and among all actors.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":"14 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138624918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Domestic Water Conservation in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria: Perceptions and Practices 尼日利亚联邦首都区的家庭节水：观念与实践

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.6

Acinwu Ezekiel Ripiye, Abigail Abenu

{"title":"Domestic Water Conservation in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria: Perceptions and Practices","authors":"Acinwu Ezekiel Ripiye, Abigail Abenu","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Many regions in Nigeria currently experience physical or economic water scarcity; a situation that isexpected to worsen because of the nation’s rapid population growth, which has resulted in increased pressure on available freshwater resources. This study, therefore, examines water conservation practices in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), one of the fastest-growing areas in Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 649 respondents, from across the six Area Councils that make up the Territory. The findings revealed that water investments in the FCT have not yielded 100% public water supply coverage for residents. About half of the respondents (48.7%) reduced their water use by minimizing the water used for washing, and a slightly higher proportion (53.5%) minimized water used for bathing. While rain harvesting was the most widespread conservation practice, with 65.3% of the respondents adopting it, the least practised conservation method is wastewater reuse, where only about 41% of the respondents adopted it. Although themajority of the respondents were literates, education did not impact their conservation practice. The age and gender of respondents played no significant role in the adoption of conservation practices. More public awareness and water education are needed to promote greater domestic water conservation among residents.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138625105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Seasonal Differences in Rainfall Distribution Within the Bawku Area in the Savanna Belt of Ghana 加纳热带草原带巴乌库地区降雨分布的季节性差异

Ghana Journal of Geography Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.4314/gjg.v15i3.7

Kow Ansah-Mensah, Y. Asamoah

{"title":"Seasonal Differences in Rainfall Distribution Within the Bawku Area in the Savanna Belt of Ghana","authors":"Kow Ansah-Mensah, Y. Asamoah","doi":"10.4314/gjg.v15i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Empirical evidence suggests that temperatures are continuously rising in the savannah areas of Ghana and impacting negatively on residents’ livelihood activities. However, there is paucity of information on the wet and dry seasons’ rate of wetness or dryness in the driest belt of Ghana. Meanwhile, residents of the area are mainly rained agriculturalists. We employed gauge station rainfall and temperature data from Ghana Meteorological Agency to assess the seasonal rainfall characteristics of the Bawku area using XLSTAT and DrinC software. Results from the rainfall anomalies show persistent dryness (-0.017) in the area during the dry season and continuous wetness in the wet season (0.021). Evapotranspiration was consistently higher in the dry season at a rate of 2.6% (0.26) yearly as well as a high rate of aridity [AI] (0.00≤AI≤0.09) in the dry season and low aridity (0.56 ≤AI ≤1.13) during the wet season. Following the reduction in the amount of rainfall, we can conclude that Bawku area is continuously drying amidst the changing climate. It is recommended that the ministry of agriculture should prioritise the construction of mechanised dams or wells and expand irrigation projects in the area to reduce the climate change effects on the livelihood of the residents especially in the dry season.","PeriodicalId":479481,"journal":{"name":"Ghana Journal of Geography","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0