WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY最新文献

{"title":"Reflections on archaeology and inequality. A foreword","authors":"R. McGuire","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2022.2233798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2022.2233798","url":null,"abstract":"In this World Archaeology issue – An Archaeology of Inequality – archaeologists continue the discipline’s engagement with social inequality in a wide range of contexts and times. My work has always been about power, oppression and how to change these things. Robert Paynter and I wrote an earlier volume – The Archaeology of Inequality – that addressed these goals (McGuire and Paynter 1991). When Bob and I published the book thirty years ago, Anglophone archaeology was locked in a debate between a culture history of traditions and a processual archaeology focused on cultural evolution. Culture history primarily asked how traditional societies reproduced themselves with little or no attention to the power relations that might entail. The cultural evolutionists saw power as something that ‘egalitarian’ societies lacked except for distinctions of age and gender. They told (and some still tell) a story of how the powerful drove cultural evolution and created inequality (e.g. Flannery and Marcus 2012). We challenged these perspectives and took a relational view of humans and cultural that emphasized the conscious actions of people in their mundane lives as the place people make change. Bob and I participated in a general movement in anthropology, at the end of the 20th century, which emphasized power and the expression of power in domination and resistance. We were greatly influenced by James Scott’s (1985) book Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Like many others, we only later discovered Elizabeth Janeway’s (1980) book Power of the Weak. Then as now, focusing on inequality brought us to not just study the world but rather to try and change it. Before the 1980s, most anthropologists assumed a Weberian (Weber 1978, 53) concept of power to whit; the ability of individuals or groups to get their way when opposed by others. In this sense, power is a quantifiable thing that people can acquire, store, win, lose and expend. In contrast, and following the lead of many others, we advanced a relational concept of power. Our thought started with the work of Karl Marx and the relational dialectic as discussed by Bertell Ollman (2003). We treated power not as a thing or a quantity, but rather as a relationship between humans’ power to do and to have power over. This led to a focus in the book on resistance to inequality as opposed to inequality simply being something imposed from above. Soon after the publication of our book, critics within Anthropology questioned the concept of resistance (Ortner 1995; Seymour 2006). They noted the vagueness of the concept and the catch all nature of it. They pointed out that researchers rarely defined resistance. The basic consensus among anthropologists had been that resistance involves intent in opposing those exerting ‘power over’. So, if the peasants stole rice because they were hungry, but not with an intent to resist, was rice stealing resistance? Critics accused scholars of romanticizing and fetishiz","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"491 - 492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45055868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognising inequality: ableism in Egyptological approaches to disability and bodily differences","authors":"H. Vogel, R. Power","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2170911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2170911","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper employs a historiographical approach to review the allied fields of Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology in relation to studies of disability and bodily differences in ancient Egypt. We incorporate critical disability studies and embodiment theories to consider whether ableism is prevalent across these disciplines. The focus of this study has been inverted from ‘identifying’ disability. Instead our primary driving question is: are Egyptological approaches to bodily differences and disabilities contributing to a production and maintenance of ableism in Egyptology? Here we first identify ableist narratives within numerous methodologies highlighting the need to reconsider existing approaches, terminologies, models, and assumptions regarding studies of disability in the ancient past. We then challenge readers to recognise ableism as a form of inequality in the existing scholarship, and in turn, call for better awareness of assumptions relating to bodily norms, terminologies, and inclusivity in ancient world studies.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"502 - 515"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42853240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wandering Islands1: towards an archaeology of garbage-based settlements","authors":"Maryam Dezhamkhooy","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2170910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2170910","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The growing rate of global inequality, on the one hand, and hyper-consumerism, particularly among higher socio-economic classes in developed countries, on the other, have resulted in the emergence of new forms of subsistence, lifestyles and settlement types where subaltern groups and populations live and work. This paper investigates the emergence of two of these kinds of settlement in Tehran, Iran, that have developed based on the intersection of two factors: garbage and undocumented migration. In these places, undocumented Afghan migrants sort and sell dry garbage. At the same time, these places shelter the workers, chiefly teenage and underage undocumented Afghan migrants. This paper is a preliminary effort to archaeologically categorize and conceptualize these garbage-based settlements. Archaeology is among the best methodologies to investigate the materiality and inequality faced by such transient subaltern groups in the short and long term. Here I discuss how several factors, beyond absolute poverty, participate in turning garbage into a livelihood and generate garbage-based settlements.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"542 - 554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58988267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No gentry but grave-makers: inequality beyond property accumulation at Neolithic Çatalhöyük","authors":"Kevin Kay, S. Haddow, C. Knüsel, C. Mazzucato, M. Milella, R. Veropoulidou, Katheryn C. Twiss","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2196956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2196956","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Archaeologists have adopted the Gini coefficient to evaluate unequal accumulations of material, supporting narratives modelled on modern inequality discourse. Proxies are defined for wealth and the household, to render 21st century-style economic tensions perceptible in the past. This ‘property paradigm’ treats material culture as a generic rather than substantive factor in unequal pasts. We question this framing while suggesting that the Gini coefficient can prompt a deeper exploration of value. Our study grows from multi-material evaluation of inequality at Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Here we use the Gini coefficient to scrutinise distributions of burial practices among houses. To the expectations of the property paradigm, the result is unintuitive – becoming slightly more equal despite rising social complexity. We explore possible explanations for this result, each pointing to a more substantive link between past futures and differentiated lives as a framework for archaeologies of inequality.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"584 - 601"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44193276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary regimes of disappearance and the unequal treatment of human remains","authors":"M. L. Hattori","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2199008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2199008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the death and unequal treatment of human remains in contemporary Brazilian society. It provides an innovative approach to documenting practices such as state inaction and structural violence from an archaeology perspective and explores concepts such as contemporary regimes of disappearance, state apparatus, violence and the ‘right to memory’ in a neoliberal context. Rather than merely using dichotomies such as repression and visibility, or oppression versus rights, the aim is to use archaeological evidence to problematize the dominant understandings of politics and question the ways in which class, race and gender are used in neoliberal policies by transforming human beings who were not ‘profitable in life’ into ‘profitable in death’.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"528 - 541"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43157590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anarchy, institutional flexibility, and containment of authority at Poverty Point (USA)","authors":"Matthew C. Sanger","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2169339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2169339","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Monumental architecture has long been associated with the rise of the State and societal inequality, yet recent studies have shown some small and relatively egalitarian societies also built large-scale architecture. This study posits that some of these groups utilized ‘institutional flexibility’ – a strategy of creating and then dismantling hierarchical power systems during limited periods of time – as a means of harnessing group labor, establishing ritual cycles, and policing behavior during periods of gathering, but then reverting to more autonomous power relations for the remainder of the year when groups were dispersed. Poverty Point, a complex earthwork site in Louisiana (USA), built by hunter-gatherer-fisher peoples over a 500-year period (ca. 3600–3100 cal B.P.) exemplifies the use of ‘institutional flexibility’ and demonstrates how this strategy can result in extremely complex activities, while also preserving autonomous power relations by containing elite aspirations to particular temporal, spatial, and social contexts.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"555 - 571"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45207544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Materializations of variable power strategies and inequalities in Polynesia","authors":"Seth Quintus, Jennifer G. Kahn","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2185288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2185288","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Polynesian societies have long framed discussions of chiefdoms. Often, these discussions treat Polynesia as a relatively homogenous region. Despite this, substantial variability in political forms developed in the region that came to affect the structure and nature of archaeologically attested past communities. Here we use two case studies to highlight these patterns: the Manuʻa group in West Polynesia and Moʻorea Island in East Polynesia. We demonstrate how a dualism in chieftainship based on the ideological flexibility of mana, defined loosely as active power, was used in each place, giving rise to different patterns of settlement and economic activities. This dualism intersects with archaeological models of corporate versus network power strategies. Elements of both strategies are evident in each of our case studies but to different degrees. Power strategies in Manuʻa are argued here to be more corporate, while those in Moʻorea were more exclusive.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"625 - 639"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48165592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collectors, class and conflict at the lower palaeolithic discovery at Stoke Newington, 1878-1884","authors":"M. White","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2170456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2170456","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper uses events following the 1878 discovery of a rich Lower Palaeolithic ‘living floor’ at Stoke Newington, London, to explore the social and economic relationships and imbalances that existed within Palaeolithic archaeology in the mid to late nineteenth century. It explores in particular the role of the British working classes in amassing the extant record, the biases they might have introduced and the value of this archaeology to their own lives and livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"516 - 527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48828582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Materialising inequalities in past, present and future","authors":"S. Semple, Rui Gomes Coelho","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2022.2233804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2022.2233804","url":null,"abstract":"by critiquing methods for measuring inequality and propose new models for exploring in/equity. They ask readers to reflect on terminologies and create more inclusive archaeologies that recognise multi-vocality in past and present. The papers here are rich in case-studies that reveal not only how materiality might be suggestive of inequity but also the ways in which evidence can suggest processes of moderation and cooperation. The authors also point to how recognising the material traces of unequal treatment or access can allow new and different voices to join the narrative of the human past","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"493 - 501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49551221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unequal housing in Pompeii: using house size to measure inequality","authors":"Samuli Simelius","doi":"10.1080/00438243.2023.2172069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2023.2172069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT House size is often used as a tool to calculate wealth in ancient societies, and thus it is also a potential source for the study of inequality. The site of Pompeii, on the Bay of Naples in southern Italy, was first inhabited about 800 years before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried it 79 CE. The city provides one of the largest data sets of private architecture in the Roman world, and it has been utilized to calculate the level of inequality in a Roman urban setting. Nonetheless, to understand the inequality of the entire society of the city, these calculations need to be developed. This article uses quantitative and statistical methods, such as Gini coefficients, Lorenz Curves, and also simpler graphs and their interpretation to advance establish methods for exploring inequality through house and building size. A method is proposed for identifying the top economic elite in this urban setting, and the article develops the calculation of inequality further, to encompass even individuals who did not own buildings. As a result, excavated Pompeii’s top economic elite is estimated to have comprised 50 to 100 households, with a high level of inequality evident in this ancient city during its final phase, the year 79 CE.","PeriodicalId":47942,"journal":{"name":"WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"54 1","pages":"602 - 624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41765195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}