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Upstream conduct and price authority with competing organizations 与竞争组织的上游行为和价格权威
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12546
Enrique Andreu, Damien Neven, Salvatore Piccolo, Roberto Venturini
{"title":"Upstream conduct and price authority with competing organizations","authors":"Enrique Andreu,&nbsp;Damien Neven,&nbsp;Salvatore Piccolo,&nbsp;Roberto Venturini","doi":"10.1111/jems.12546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12546","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We characterize the degree of price authority that competing upstream principals award their downstream agents in a setting where these agents own private information about demand and incur nonverifiable distribution costs. Principals cannot internalize these costs through monetary incentives and design “permission sets” from which agents choose prices. The objective is to understand the forces shaping delegation and the constraints imposed on equilibrium prices. When principals behave noncooperatively, agents are biased toward excessively high prices because they pass on distribution costs to consumers. Hence, the permission set only features a price cap that is more likely to bind as products become closer substitutes, in sectors where distribution is sufficiently costly, and when demand is not too volatile. By contrast, when principals behave cooperatively, the optimal delegation scheme is richer and more complex. Because principals want to charge the monopoly price, the optimal permission set features a price floor when the distribution cost is sufficiently low, it features instead full discretion for moderate values of this cost, and only when it is high enough, a price cap is optimal. Surprisingly, while competition (as captured by stronger product substitutability) hinders delegation in the noncooperative regime, the opposite occurs when principals maximize industry profit.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"788-810"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jems.12546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50144896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Trade spends and profitability of promotions 贸易支出和促销的盈利能力
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12525
Maxim Sinitsyn
{"title":"Trade spends and profitability of promotions","authors":"Maxim Sinitsyn","doi":"10.1111/jems.12525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12525","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the prevalent mechanism of financing advertising and temporary price reductions through trade spend budgets. A manufacturer and a retailer interact for a number of periods with a plan to hold a sale in the last period. During the nonpromotional periods, the retailer accumulates the funds in this budget in proportion to the size of its order from the manufacturer. In the sale period, the budget is used to finance the discount offered by the manufacturer and advertising. I find that the manufacturer drops its price in the sale period to increase the profitability of promotions for the retailer. To be able to sell more units during the sale period, the retailer needs to accumulate a larger trade spend. This is accomplished by setting a smaller mark-up over the manufacturer's price in the regular periods. The manufacturer takes advantage of the retailer's softer pricing by increasing its regular wholesale price. As long as such trade spends are used to finance advertising, the total profits of each firm increase. Using fixed trade spends, where the manufacturer allocates a fixed amount for the retailer, does not lead to an increase in profits.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"811-826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jems.12525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50135235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social preferences and sales performance 社会偏好和销售业绩
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12523
Andrea Essl, Frauke von Bieberstein, Michael Kosfeld, Markus Kröll
{"title":"Social preferences and sales performance","authors":"Andrea Essl,&nbsp;Frauke von Bieberstein,&nbsp;Michael Kosfeld,&nbsp;Markus Kröll","doi":"10.1111/jems.12523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We use an incentivized experimental game to uncover heterogeneity in social preferences among salespeople in a large Austrian retail chain. Our results show that the majority of agents take the welfare of others into account but a significant fraction reveal selfish behavior. Matching individual behavior in the game with firm data on sales performance shows that agents with social preferences achieve a significantly higher revenue per customer. However, at the same time, they achieve fewer sales per day. Both effects offset each other, so that the overall association with total sales revenue becomes insignificant. Our findings highlight the nuanced role of selfish versus social preferences in sales contexts with important implications for economic research.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"882-905"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jems.12523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What innovation paths for AI to become a GPT? 人工智能成为 GPT 的创新路径有哪些？
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12524
Timothy Bresnahan
{"title":"What innovation paths for AI to become a GPT?","authors":"Timothy Bresnahan","doi":"10.1111/jems.12524","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jems.12524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Early commercial applications of artificial intelligence technologies (AITs) were narrow but extremely profitable. Comparable uses of those technologies throughout the economy would lead to a growth boom. Firms which emulated the early applications successfully would make tremendous strategic gains. This is a situation familiar from earlier rounds of information and communication technology. However, for AITs to become a general-purpose technology across many commercial applications sectors will require some new innovations. This paper examines the innovation paths that could lead to that desirable outcome, the ones that have stalled, the ones in the process now, and the ones that might occur in the future. Strikingly, early AIT use, both commercial and with technical customers, occurred where Digital Transformation was not required for it to succeed. The innovation paths all require Digital Transformation as key steps.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"33 2","pages":"305-316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114690449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Digital highways and firm turnover 数字高速公路和公司营业额
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12522
Carlo Cambini, Lorien Sabatino
{"title":"Digital highways and firm turnover","authors":"Carlo Cambini,&nbsp;Lorien Sabatino","doi":"10.1111/jems.12522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the impact of ultra-broadband (UBB) internet connections on firm entry and exit dynamics. These connections are based on optical fiber cables that link telecommunication operators to final users, allowing a significantly higher performance compared with traditional copper-line networks. We leverage on a unique comprehensive dataset collecting municipality-level information on broadband diffusion and firm turnover in Italy for the period of 2012–2019. Our empirical strategy exploits the staggered roll-out of UBB, starting from 2015. Our identification strategy is based on an instrumental variable approach that exploits plausibly exogenous variation in the physical and geographical peculiarities of the telecommunication infrastructure. Results suggest that UBB increases firm exit, particularly for small firms. On the contrary, firm entry rises only in digital intensive sectors and in the most developed geographical areas. Our findings have important implications for the ongoing debate around the massive investments in high-speed digital infrastructures, as they argue against the conventional idea that business activities equally benefit from last-generation broadband technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"673-713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50142454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Artificial intelligence adoption and system-wide change 采用人工智能和全系统变革
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-20 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12521
Ajay Agrawal, Joshua S. Gans, Avi Goldfarb
{"title":"Artificial intelligence adoption and system-wide change","authors":"Ajay Agrawal,&nbsp;Joshua S. Gans,&nbsp;Avi Goldfarb","doi":"10.1111/jems.12521","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jems.12521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Analyses of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption focus on its adoption at the individual task level. What has received significantly less attention is how AI adoption is shaped by the fact that organizations are composed of many interacting tasks. AI adoption may, therefore, require system-wide change, which is both a constraint and an opportunity. We provide the first formal analysis where multiple tasks may be part of an interdependent system. We find that reliance on AI, a prediction tool, increases decision variation, which, in turn, raises challenges if decisions across the organization interact. Reducing inter-dependencies between decisions softens that impact and can facilitate AI adoption. However, it does this at the expense of synergies. By contrast, when there are mechanisms for inter-decision coordination, AI adoption is enhanced when there are more inter-dependencies. Consequently, we show that there are important cases where AI adoption will be enhanced when it can be adopted beyond tasks but as part of a designed organizational system.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"33 2","pages":"327-337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jems.12521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122894279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The optimality of public–private partnerships under financial and fiscal constraints 财政和财政约束下公私伙伴关系的最优性
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12520
Marco Buso, Luciano Greco
{"title":"The optimality of public–private partnerships under financial and fiscal constraints","authors":"Marco Buso,&nbsp;Luciano Greco","doi":"10.1111/jems.12520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The government may delegate two sequential tasks (e.g., building and operating an infrastructure) to the same or different agents (i.e., partnership vs. sequential contracts). Agents are risk-neutral but face financial constraints, whereas the government's contractual capacity may be limited by the renegotiation-proofness and fiscal constraints. By relying on history-dependent incentives, the partnership contract corrects moral hazard more effectively than sequential contracts. Thus, it is socially preferred unless bundling different tasks deteriorates the agent's financial conditions. Our results shed new light on the role of firms' financial and government's fiscal conditions in driving the cost–benefit analysis of public–private partnerships.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"856-881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jems.12520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50136454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The impact of artificial intelligence design on pricing 人工智能设计对定价的影响
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12516
John Asker, Chaim Fershtman, Ariel Pakes
{"title":"The impact of artificial intelligence design on pricing","authors":"John Asker,&nbsp;Chaim Fershtman,&nbsp;Ariel Pakes","doi":"10.1111/jems.12516","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jems.12516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The behavior of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms is shaped by how they learn about their environment. We compare the prices generated by AIs that use different learning protocols when there is market interaction. Asynchronous learning occurs when the AI only learns about the return from the action it took. Synchronous learning occurs when the AI conducts counterfactuals to learn about the returns it would have earned had it taken an alternative action. The two lead to markedly different market prices. When future profits are not given positive weight by the AI, (perfect) synchronous updating leads to competitive pricing, while asynchronous can lead to pricing close to monopoly levels. We investigate how this result varies when either counterfactuals can only be calculated imperfectly and/or when the AI places a weight on future profits. Lastly, we investigate performance differences between offline and online play.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"33 2","pages":"276-304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122119944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spatial competition with demand uncertainty: A laboratory experiment 具有需求不确定性的空间竞争：一项实验室实验
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12517
Aurélie Bonein, Stéphane Turolla
{"title":"Spatial competition with demand uncertainty: A laboratory experiment","authors":"Aurélie Bonein,&nbsp;Stéphane Turolla","doi":"10.1111/jems.12517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Motivated by recent research on product differentiation, we conduct laboratory experiments to study how demand uncertainty influences firms' incentives to differentiate. We ground our experiment on a discrete version of the standard location-then-price game introduced by Hotelling (1929), and we consider different levels of demand uncertainty. We first derive the game equilibrium assuming risk-neutral firms, and obtain the standard prediction that a high level of demand uncertainty generates more differentiation. Second, we extend the analysis to consider non-risk neutral firms and markets with asymmetric risk profiles. We show that the game equilibrium can differ substantially according to the attitude to risk. Third, we compare our predictions with the experimental data and find that demand uncertainty acts as a differentiation force in the context of both symmetric markets composed of risk-neutral or risk-lover subjects and asymmetric markets. We find support also for the agglomeration effect arising from demand uncertainty for sufficiently risk-averse subjects. Overall, these results might explain the opposite product differentiation strategies frequently observed in markets with fast-evolving tastes (i.e., minimum or maximum differentiation). Finally, the data confirm that subjects differentiate to relax price competition and provide evidence of a strong positive relationship between differentiation and prices.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"906-939"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50121964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How firms compete when they set identical prices: Nonprice strategies in the Indian biscuit industry 企业在设定相同价格时如何竞争：印度饼干行业的非价格策略
IF 1.9 4区 管理学
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1111/jems.12518
Gianluca Antonecchia, Ajay Bhaskarabhatla
{"title":"How firms compete when they set identical prices: Nonprice strategies in the Indian biscuit industry","authors":"Gianluca Antonecchia,&nbsp;Ajay Bhaskarabhatla","doi":"10.1111/jems.12518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12518","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How do firms compete when all firms in an industry set identical prices? Using Nielsen data on India's biscuit manufacturers, we document productivity-based competition on nonprice strategies under industry-wide uniform pricing. Products with one standard deviation higher quantity-based productivity contain, on average, 13% more quantity per pack for the same price. Productivity also positively correlates with promotions on pack size, availability, and variety. A higher price (per pack size) sensitivity in rural markets combined with industry-wide uniform pricing imposes a greater burden on rural consumers. Additional analyses show that firms can reduce this burden by selling different pack sizes in urban and rural areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":47931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics & Management Strategy","volume":"32 4","pages":"733-756"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jems.12518","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50148038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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