Evolutionary Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Deconstructing Eurocentrism in skin pigmentation research via the incorporation of diverse populations and theoretical perspectives","authors":"Yemko Pryor,&nbsp;John Lindo","doi":"10.1002/evan.21993","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21993","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of skin pigmentation has been shaped by numerous biological and cultural shifts throughout human history. Vitamin D is considered a driver of depigmentation evolution in humans, given the deleterious health effects associated with vitamin D deficiency, which is often shaped by cultural factors. New advancements in genomics and epigenomics have opened the door to a deeper exploration of skin pigmentation evolution in both contemporary and ancient populations. Data from ancient Europeans has offered great context to the spread of depigmentation alleles via the evaluation of migration events and cultural shifts that occurred during the Neolithic. However, novel insights can further be gained via the inclusion of diverse ancient and contemporary populations. Here we present on how potential biases and limitations in skin pigmentation research can be overcome with the integration of interdisciplinary data that includes both cultural and biological elements, which have shaped the evolutionary history of skin pigmentation in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 4","pages":"195-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9966592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunter-gatherer diets and activity as a model for health promotion: Challenges, responses, and confirmations","authors":"Melvin Konner,&nbsp;S. Boyd Eaton","doi":"10.1002/evan.21987","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21987","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Beginning in 1985, we and others presented estimates of hunter-gatherer (and ultimately ancestral) diet and physical activity, hoping to provide a model for health promotion. The Hunter-Gatherer Model was designed to offset the apparent mismatch between our genes and the current Western-type lifestyle, a mismatch that arguably affects prevalence of many chronic degenerative diseases. The effort has always been controversial and subject to both scientific and popular critiques. The present article (1) addresses eight such challenges, presenting for each how the model has been modified in response, or how the criticism can be rebutted; (2) reviews new epidemiological and experimental evidence (including especially randomized controlled clinical trials); and (3) shows how official recommendations put forth by governments and health authorities have converged toward the model. Such convergence suggests that evolutionary anthropology can make significant contributions to human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 4","pages":"206-222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10335492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"William L. Jungers, a gentle giant in Madagascar","authors":"Laurie R. Godfrey,&nbsp;David A. Burney","doi":"10.1002/evan.21992","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21992","url":null,"abstract":"William L. Jungers is perhaps best known for his work on human evolution and especially Australopithecus afarensis (“Lucy”) and Homo floresiensis (the “Hobbit”), but Madagascar was his first love, and the place to which he retired (Figure 1). His last professional affiliation was Association Vahatra in Antananarivo, Madagascar. Bill's first edited book (Size and Scaling in Primate Biology) showcased his broad comparative perspective and the statistical savvy with which he approached research on all topics in paleobiology throughout his career. During the mid‐20th century, paleobiology was on a steady journey toward increased parameterization and quantitative rigor, embracing the primary goals of using pattern in the fossil record to deduce evolutionary process and allometric variation to deduce behavior, physiology, and indeed, also, evolutionary process. Bill's book was one of several that focused on allometry, evolution, and the biology of scaling. From the beginning, having completed in 1976 a doctoral dissertation at the University of Michigan on the appendicular skeleton of Megaladapis, one of Madagascar's “giant” lemurs, Madagascar's extinct and extant lemurs were central to Bill's thinking about skeletal allometry. Understanding scaling was not merely a tool to reconstruct the body masses of extinct animals, but to understand how size affects musculoskeletal anatomy in species belonging to different locomotor groups (e.g., climbers, vertical clingers and leapers)—and more than that, how size affects behavior and physiology. But, in good measure, Bill's ability to “read” bones, and from those analyses, to visualize the past, sprang from his expertise beyond biometrics—that is, his knowledge of comparative primate anatomy and biomechanics. Extinct and extant lemurs, with their extraordinary diversity in form and function, accorded him superb subject matter. Thus, when in 2002 he coedited a book on Reconstructing behavior in the primate fossil record with J. Michael Plavcan, Richard Kay, and Carel van Schaik, his own contribution (apart from coauthoring the introductory and concluding chapters) was on “Ecomorphology and behavior of giant extinct lemurs from Madagascar.” Throughout his career, his fascination with lemurs never waned. He contributed scores upon scores of publications on extinct and extant lemurs including comprehensive reviews, and the world benefited from his insights. One of Bill's landmark publications was a book coauthored with Steve Goodman (Extinct Madagascar: Picturing the island's past), with spectacular, anatomically accurate, and behaviorally realistic illustrations of Madagascar's late Holocene plant and animal communities. The prehistoric landscapes illustrated in this volume were creations that only skilled anatomists like Bill and Steve could envision, with the help of paleoecologists like one of us (David Burney) who, by looking through microscopes at assemblages of tiny pollen grains sampled from sedimentary dep","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 4","pages":"172-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9963501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The estimation and evolution of hominin body mass","authors":"Christopher B. Ruff,&nbsp;Bernard A. Wood","doi":"10.1002/evan.21988","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21988","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Body mass is a critical variable in many hominin evolutionary studies, with implications for reconstructing relative brain size, diet, locomotion, subsistence strategy, and social organization. We review methods that have been proposed for estimating body mass from true and trace fossils, consider their applicability in different contexts, and the appropriateness of different modern reference samples. Recently developed techniques based on a wider range of modern populations hold promise for providing more accurate estimates in earlier hominins, although uncertainties remain, particularly in non-<i>Homo</i> taxa. When these methods are applied to almost 300 Late Miocene through Late Pleistocene specimens, the resulting body mass estimates fall within a 25–60 kg range for early non-<i>Homo</i> taxa, increase in early <i>Homo</i> to about 50–90 kg, then remain constant until the Terminal Pleistocene, when they decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 4","pages":"223-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.21988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10318190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male–male relationships in chimpanzees and the evolution of human pair bonds","authors":"Aaron A. Sandel","doi":"10.1002/evan.21986","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The evolution of monogamy has been a central question in biological anthropology. An important avenue of research has been comparisons across “socially monogamous” mammals, but such comparisons are inappropriate for understanding human behavior because humans are not “pair living” and are only sometimes “monogamous.” It is the “pair bond” between reproductive partners that is characteristic of humans and has been considered unique to our lineage. I argue that pair bonds have been overlooked in one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. These pair bonds are not between mates but between male “friends” who exhibit enduring and emotional social bonds. The presence of such bonds in male–male chimpanzees raises the possibility that pair bonds emerged earlier in our evolutionary history. I suggest pair bonds first arose as “friendships” and only later, in the human lineage, were present between mates. The mechanisms for these bonds were co-opted for male-female bonds in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 4","pages":"185-194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9954183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amazonian Monkeys and Kafka's Ape at the German Primate Center","authors":"Bernardo Urbani,&nbsp;Gabriel Robinson-González","doi":"10.1002/evan.21985","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21985","url":null,"abstract":"After a long pause due to the global pandemic, people began holding and attending in‐person gatherings again. Two public events at the Deutsches Primatenzentrum (German Primate Center, DPZ) in November 2022 stand out: the opening of a large exhibition on primatological research in the Amazon and the presentation of an unusual play linking primatology and visual arts (Figure 1a,d). This review will take the readers on a guided tour and reveal the hidden journey behind both events.","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 3","pages":"131-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9606123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental health and well-being in primatology: Breaking the taboos","authors":"Joanna M. Setchell,&nbsp;Steve Unwin,&nbsp;Susan M. Cheyne","doi":"10.1002/evan.21984","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21984","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We hope to raise awareness of mental health and well-being among primatologists. With this aim in mind, we organized a workshop on mental health as part of the main program of the Winter meeting of the <i>Primate Society of Great Britain</i> in December 2021. The workshop was very well received. Here, we review the main issues raised in the workshop, and supplement them with our own observations, reflections, and reading. The information we gathered during the workshop reveals clear hazards to mental health and suggests that we must collectively acknowledge and better manage both the hazards themselves and our ability to cope with them if we are to avert disaster. We call on institutions and learned societies to lead in seeking solutions for the benefit of primatologists and primatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 3","pages":"144-153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9607293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking methods and data for the whole-outline geometric morphometric analysis of lithic tools","authors":"Renata P. Araujo,&nbsp;Felix Riede,&nbsp;Mercedes Okumura,&nbsp;Astolfo G. M. Araujo,&nbsp;Alice Leplongeon,&nbsp;Colin Wren,&nbsp;José R. Rabuñal,&nbsp;Marcelo Cardillo,&nbsp;María B. Cruz,&nbsp;David N. Matzig","doi":"10.1002/evan.21981","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21981","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Originally developed for the quantitative analysis of organismal shapes, both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D geometric morphometric methods (GMMs) have recently gained some prominence in archaeology for the analysis of stone tools&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1-3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;—unquestionably the primary deep-time data source for the earliest periods of human cultural evolution.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; The key strength of GMM rests in its ability to statistically quantify and hence qualify complex shapes, which in turn can be used to infer social interaction,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; function,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6, 7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; reduction,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; as well as to assess classification systems and cultural relatedness.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;9-11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The methodological diversification that has accompanied the rise in popularity of this particular suite of methods has, however, also resulted in an increasing lack of comparability and interoperability, which—ironically—works against the promise of GMM to provide a tool for comparing artifact shapes that is not sensitive to interanalyst variation. Standardized protocols, vetted datasets, as well as case-transferable and fully reproducible methods do not currently exist, hampering the full utility of geometric morphometrics as an approach to comparatively understand human behavior as reflected in these lithic proxies. Additionally, the emerging issue of methodological diversity in the geometric morphometric analysis of stone tools is further compounded by issues related to landmark selection. When applied to organisms, landmark selection is guided by &lt;i&gt;a priori&lt;/i&gt; knowledge about ontogeny, homology, and function. For stone tools, however, only very few such evident landmarks suggest themselves.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Instead, many studies have used landmarks selected specifically to highlight particular design features of a given tool class (e.g., stemmed points or leaf points). These cannot, however, be easily compared across tool classes. Other studies have used sets of equidistant landmarks measured perpendicularly from a given tool's longest axis to its margins to describe overall shape.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this context, whole-outline geometric morphometrics offers an alternative approach that circumvents landmark selection by describing the entire outline of the recorded artifact. It is computationally tractable, readily replicable, and well-suited for 2D object representations such as drawings and photographs, many of which exist in excavation reports, catalogs, finds registers and the published literature at large. Furthermore, emerging approaches in paleobiology now allow such continuous shape data to be used in phylogenetic applications, opening up the possibility of effectively combining stone tool geometric morphometrics with cultural phylogenetics in one workflow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;From 26 to 30 September 2022, the authors convened for a workshop with the title “Cultural evolutionary tools for stone tool shape analysis","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 3","pages":"124-127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.21981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9605513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primatology at the 2023 annual meeting of the Society for Integrative & Comparative Biology","authors":"Chris Claypool","doi":"10.1002/evan.21983","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21983","url":null,"abstract":"Alexandra Kralich (U. Pennsylvania) investigated whether body size in orangutans is binary or a spectrum by comparing the body size of unflanged males to flanged males and females. Orangutans are considered highly sexually dimorphic; adult males are twice as large as females and exhibit bimaturism (or a plastic polymorphism) in which some but not all adult males develop cheek pads known as face flanges, along with a laryngeal throat pouch used for mate calling. Historically, the unflanged condition in males was considered a temporary phase of subadult development but study of wild individuals revealed that males can remain unflanged for life. The proximal hormonal mechanism for flanging is unknown, and we have only recently started to learn about body size and behavioral differences between adolescent, unflanged, and flanged males. Using stature and mass to assess for size, Kralich examined 96 skeletons from wild individuals at 12 museums (looking at associated skins when available) and used the skin, dentition, and long bone fusion to determine age. Kralich found that the size of unflanged males falls between flanged males and females (with younger ages being closer to the female range) and that femur lengths of unflanged males overlapped with or exceeded those of flanged males. Kralick proposes that the larger femur sizes in unflanged males is due to a longer developmental growth period. These data show that while flanged males are generally larger, biological sex is a range or a spectrum, even in a species considered highly sexually dimorphic. Because some males go through both states, we may need to rethink sexual selection, which suggests that unflanged males are less desirable to females. Rather, the unflanged males are successful with previously unmated females and in times of rank instability, and one study found that more than half of offspring at the field site were fathered by unflanged males. Thus, there may be a disconnect between social status and mating success, and developing flanges may even have the disadvantage of the flanges eventually becoming shriveled, which marks the individual as a “past‐prime” male. Kralick argues that “sexual dimorphism” is not an appropriate term to describe the variation observed in orangutans and so new terminology is needed. Further, we should avoid projecting gendered thinking onto nonhuman primates because our expectations may limit our understanding of natural variation. Brett Frye (Emory and Henry College) studies the effects of environmental factors on health outcomes and investigated the impacts of litter size on the health of captive and free‐range callitrichine (i.e., marmosets, tamarins) primates. Gestation and infancy are critical periods of development and environmental influences can shape physiology and behavior over the entire life course. Most primates have only one offspring at a time, but callitrichines routinely have litter sizes up to six, with twins being the most common. Sibling","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 3","pages":"128-130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9597746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human consumption of large herbivore digesta and its implications for foraging theory","authors":"Raven Garvey","doi":"10.1002/evan.21979","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21979","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vegetal matter undergoing digestion in herbivores' stomachs and intestines, <i>digesta</i>, can be an important source of dietary carbohydrates for human foragers. Digesta significantly increases large herbivores' total caloric yield and broadens their nutritional profile to include three key macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates) in amounts sufficient to sustain small foraging groups for multiple days without supplementation. Ethnographic reports of routine digesta consumption are limited to high latitudes, but the practice may have had a wider distribution prehistorically. Including this underappreciated resource in our foraging hypotheses and models can substantively change their predictions. Assessing the explanatory power of kilocalorie-centered models relative to ones that attend to humans' other nutritional requirements can help us better address major questions in evolutionary anthropology. This paper explores the foraging implications of digesta in two contexts—sex-divided subsistence labor and archaeologically observed increases in plant use and sedentism—using estimates of available protein and carbohydrates in the native tissues and digesta, respectively, of a large ruminant herbivore (<i>Bison bison</i>).</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"32 3","pages":"135-143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9608850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}