Evolutionary Anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Eleventh annual meeting of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution","authors":"Jana Kunze, Effrosyni Roditi, Mario Mata-González, Susan M. Mentzer","doi":"10.1002/evan.21939","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21939","url":null,"abstract":"Although originally planned as an in-person event in Aarhus, Denmark, the 11th annual meeting of the European Society for the study of human evolution took place once again as a virtual event. From September 22 to 24 2021, researchers from different parts of the world shared their work in the form of digital presentations. While the society currently counts 256 paid members, a total of 282 participants registered for the annual meeting with 135 submitted abstracts. Similar to the 2020 meeting, recorded videos of the talks and digital copies of the posters were available to view online before and after the meeting. During the conference itself, short, live elevator pitches were held by the presenters to enable discussions in the online meeting space. The poster sessions took place in gather town, this time with designated spaces for each presenter as well as uploaded posters, which improved the experience significantly compared with 2020.","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 2","pages":"72-74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39860566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropological genetic insights on Caribbean population history","authors":"Maria A. Nieves-Colón","doi":"10.1002/evan.21935","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21935","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the last American region settled by humans, yet the first to experience European colonization, the Caribbean islands have a complex history characterized by continuous migration, admixture, and demographic change. In the last 20 years, genetics research has transformed our understanding of Caribbean population history and revisited major debates in Caribbean anthropology, such as those surrounding the first peopling of the Antilles and the relationship between ancient Indigenous communities and present-day islanders. Genetics studies have also contributed novel perspectives for understanding pivotal events in Caribbean post-contact history such as European colonization, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and the Asian Indenture system. Here, I discuss the last 20 years of Caribbean genetics research and emphasize the importance of integrating genetics with interdisciplinary historic, archaeological, and anthropological approaches. Such interdisciplinary research is essential for investigating the dynamic history of the Caribbean and characterizing its impact on the biocultural diversity of present-day Caribbean peoples.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 3","pages":"118-137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39846833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an interdisciplinary perspective for the study of human expansions and biocultural diversity in the Americas","authors":"Lumila P. Menéndez,&nbsp;Kathleen S. Paul,&nbsp;Constanza de la Fuente,&nbsp;Tatiana Almeida,&nbsp;Miguel Delgado,&nbsp;Gonzalo Figueiro,&nbsp;Kelsey Jorgensen,&nbsp;Susan Kuzminsky,&nbsp;María Clara López-Sosa,&nbsp;Johanna Nichols,&nbsp;Mirjana Roksandic,&nbsp;George Richard Scott,&nbsp;Dennis O'Rourke,&nbsp;Mark Hubbe","doi":"10.1002/evan.21937","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21937","url":null,"abstract":"The timing and mode(s) of the initial human occupation of the Americas are among the most discussed topics in archaeology and biological anthropology, with hundreds of articles published in the last decades dedicated to the topic (for some comprehensive reviews, see References 1–3). Researchers have contributed to the debates through a vast range of disciplines, methodological and theoretical approaches, ranging from traditional archeological and bioarchaeological methods, to climate simulations and ancient DNA analyses. And yet, despite recent advances in the study of the biological variation and prehistoric expansions of populations into and within the Americas, there is still little consensus about key questions including the time and modes of human dispersion across the continents. This brings up a crucial question: why are we unable to find a consensus about the processes behind the initial settlements of the Americas? There are certainly multiple factors contributing to our inability to build reliable interpretations on this topic. Some of them are common to all endeavors to reconstruct and study past human societies across the planet, and some are unique to the history of research in the Americas. As a result, it is not uncommon to find significant reevaluations of current models and hypotheses, either through new findings and new methodological innovations (see, e.g., the most recent findings of early footprints in New Mexico), by the reanalysis of radiocarbon data accumulated over decades of research, or due to new theoretical framings of available data (see Reference 6 as a good example). While these constant reevaluations of the origins of early inhabitants of the Americas are related to all aspects of this process (e.g., chronology, cultural diversity, adaptation, and biological diversity), here we focus on recent discussions about the origins of Native American biological diversity, which by itself has been the focus of a vast and prolific literature. The study of biological diversity among early Native Americans has progressed at a remarkably fast pace in recent decades, and researchers new to this topic will probably find the process of reviewing the body of specialized literature daunting. Recent studies have drawn upon a wealth of different modern sources of information, including molecular (Y-chromosome, mitochondrial-DNA, autosomal markers), morphological (cranial, dental, and postcranial), and cultural (linguistic, lithic technology, and physical activity) data. The rapid incorporation of cutting-edge methods in the last decades has brought to the research of the early peopling and diversity of the Americas the sequencing of whole ancient genomes, registering high-quality morphological data with 3D surface and CT-scanners, performing digital reconstructions of fragmented anatomical structures, as well as accessing and sharing a large amount of data thanks to Big Data and Open Science initiatives. However, while these methodolo","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 2","pages":"62-68"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39707902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Summary of the 2021 American Society of Primatologists conference","authors":"Amanda Suzzi,&nbsp;Chloe Karaskiewicz","doi":"10.1002/evan.21936","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21936","url":null,"abstract":"The 43rd Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists (ASP) kicked off with a welcome from local host Janette Wallis, Oklahoma City Mayor David Holt, and ASP President Lynne Isbell. Over 150 participants attended the 4-day event, which featured roughly 120 scientific presentations. As is common at these meetings, behavior management and conservation featured prominently in many of the sessions. Specifically, there were four plenary sessions, four symposia, three roundtables, 10 oral podium sessions, two workshops, a speed mentoring event, and a comprehensive poster session with 36 presentations. In the first plenary session, Melanie Graham (U Minnesota) provided a succinct summary of the impact of animal-centric behavioral management on primate welfare and comparative model efficacy and reminded us of the ongoing value of primate models for diabetes research because, “insulin is not a cure, it's what we give our patients to keep them from dying.” Her work demonstrates that researchers can improve the welfare of laboratory animals through cooperative handling and positive reinforcement during medical care and procedures. Her results show that repeatedly sedated animals, compared to cooperatively handled animals, show indicators of increased physiological stress—and Graham argues that such techniques also add uncontrolled variance to comparative research. Positive reinforcement training can give patients (and primate subjects) the skills to cope with and respond to medical interventions. Using training, welfare, and behavioral management techniques, researchers can generate data that are more informative and more efficiently gathered and promote healthier outcomes for our research animals and human patients. In the second plenary session, Susan Alberts (Duke University), recipient of the 2019 Distinguished Primatologist Award, addressed the role of social effects and relationships on health and mortality at the Amboseli Baboon Research Project. She described how both early life environments (e.g., social, parental, and ecological influences) and adult social experiences (e.g., social status and affiliative social relationships) are linked to survival in wild baboons and humans alike. Amazingly, even just one adverse early experience doubles a female baboon's risk of death at every adult age. Alberts also presented intergenerational data, which showed that a mother losing a maternal caregiver at an early age predicts a shorter lifespan for her future offspring. This intergenerational effect of early maternal loss on offspring survival has wider implications for psychology and microevolutionary life history. In the third plenary session, Thomas Gillespie (Emory U) spoke on “A One Health Approach to Understanding and Mitigating Pathogenic Threats to Wild Primates.” He gave a passionate and thorough overview of how contact between humans, domesticated animals, and wild primates impacts bacterial similarity, disease transmission, and antibiotic res","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 2","pages":"69-71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39675998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fossil primate research at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","authors":"Paul E. Morse","doi":"10.1002/evan.21934","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21934","url":null,"abstract":"During the first five days of November 2021, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology convened its 81st annual meeting ... not in Minneapolis, Minnesota, but on nearly 2000 personal and work computers spread around the globe. The Covid pandemic continues to impede many academic pursuits, and the virtual setting of this year's conference was simultaneously a refreshing opportunity to witness the scope and scale of cutting-edge vertebrate paleontology research that has persisted in spite of it, and another reminder of the limitations that still inhibit our traditional gatherings. The conference presentations covered numerous aspects of vertebrate evolution, with many that specifically addressed primate evolution or provided valuable context to interpretation of the primate fossil record. Presentations on primate fossils were not limited to early primates, but made valuable contributions to hominoid and hominin evolution as well. A highlight of the meeting was the opening public lecture by Yohannes Haile-Selassie (Arizona State University) that described his fieldwork and major mid-Pliocene hominin finds from the western Afar Rift. His talk, framed around the early evolution of Australopithecus, can still be viewed on the Society website (https:// vertpaleo.org/svp-public-lecture/). Over 15 years of fieldwork at Woranso-Mille has produced 110 vertebrate localities and >200 hominin fossils, including previously unrepresented skeletal elements of Australopithecus afarensis and the currently unassigned, bipedally adapted Burtele foot. Of particular interest and importance are the remains of Australopithecus deyiremeda, which alongside Kenyathropus platyops and revelatory new cranial fossils of Australopithecus anamensis demonstrating its contemporaneity with A. afarensis, show that the mid-Pliocene was a time of high hominin alpha diversity. These finds significantly contribute to understanding hominin evolution, both by showing that the older model of an anagenetic “trunk” leading to branching of the hominin tree in the late Pliocene is false, and by proving that there are still major hominin fossil finds waiting to be uncovered—even in heavily prospected areas such as the Afar Rift.","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 1","pages":"9-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.21934","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39792957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raising up African paleoanthropologists: An innovative Master's program at Turkana University College, Kenya","authors":"John Rowan,&nbsp;Peter Edome Akwee,&nbsp;Craig Feibel,&nbsp;Sonia Harmand,&nbsp;Gregory Henkes,&nbsp;Elisabeth Hildebrand,&nbsp;Jason Lewis,&nbsp;Patricia Princehouse,&nbsp;Nicholas Taylor,&nbsp;Isaiah Nengo","doi":"10.1002/evan.21933","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21933","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya is world-renowned for its extraordinary fossil and archeological collections that have disproportionately contributed to our understanding of human origins and evolution. Although Kenya boasts a small cadre of trained scientists at its universities and museums, relatively few Kenyan citizens have benefitted from advanced scientific training commensurate with the country's world-renowned scientific heritage. This inequity stems, in part, from a lack of relevant graduate programs in paleoanthropology (broadly defined, including the geological, fossil, and archeological records relevant to understanding human origins) at many eastern African institutions. Decades of research projects led by Western scientists favoring exploitative ‘data-mining’ approaches to field and laboratory studies over those that aimed to engage with and train local Kenyan researchers is another contributing factor. The consequences of exclusionary research practices are further amplified by the fact that most major conferences and almost all graduate programs in paleoanthropology are presently hosted in North America or Europe, where the expense of international travel, visa procurement, cultural barriers, and other issues present additional impediments to Kenyan participation. The legacy of minimal investment in paleoanthropological research and training at Kenyan institutions is evinced by the small number of the country's citizens that have obtained doctoral degrees in paleoanthropology. This will be harmful to paleoanthropology as a whole in the long run, as Kenya's museum network is expected to greatly expand following the devolution of museums to the countylevel as mandated by the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. Thus, there is a pressing need to train local scientists and heritage managers who will be tasked with the conservation and curation of thousands of irreplaceable fossils and artifacts that, while legally owned by Kenya, are internationally significant pieces of human history and prehistory. Generating a pool of heritage stewards who are scientifically and culturally knowledgeable will help to prevent inefficient or short-sighted curatorial practices and to advocate for governmental and popular support of the country's museum network. This will be key for safeguarding Kenya's fossil and archeological records and ensuring that these treasures are preserved for all future generations. With these factors in mind, in early 2018 a Master's of Science (M.Sc.) program in Human Evolutionary Biology (MHEB) was","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 1","pages":"2-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.21933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39863978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The seventh annual northeastern evolutionary primatologists (NEEP) meeting: Back in-person in Boston, MA!","authors":"Faye S. Harwell,&nbsp;Christian M. Gagnon,&nbsp;Warrenkevin B. Henderson","doi":"10.1002/evan.21932","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21932","url":null,"abstract":"The northeastern evolutionary primatologists (NEEP) meeting is an annual regional conference that provides the opportunity for undergraduate, graduate, and early career scientists to present their work and network with each other. All precautions were taken to ensure that primatology students and researchers could safely gather inperson at Boston University for the Seventh Annual NEEP Meeting. This year, Drs. Eva Garrett, Cheryl Knott, and Christopher Schmitt took on the challenge of hosting the conference and creating a sense of normalcy as the meeting returned to its traditional in-person format (Figure 1). As the keynote speaker, Dr. Martin Surbeck (Harvard University) started the conference by presenting his work with wild bonobos along with giving sage advice to the student researchers in the audience. As an adventurous field researcher, Surbeck began with the guidance, “do not assume, check!” When Surbeck began his research, bonobos were known for finding “peace through pleasure” in addition to being female dominant, peaceful, egalitarian, tolerant, and vegetarian. At the Lui Kotale study site, Surbeck and collaborators found a finger from an immature black mangabey in bonobo feces along with a nearby pelt of mangabey hair. This finding challenged the notion that meat eating in bonobos is rare and highlighted the need for more field studies of wild bonobos in order to delineate meaningful differences between bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans. Surbeck later discovered high male reproductive skew among bonobos, leading to questions regarding the attractiveness of males and the potential to monopolize mating opportunities with ovulating females. “Is there a 'Ryan Gosling' bonobo attracting all the ovulating female bonobos?” Surbeck asked the audience. By “zooming out” to see the bigger picture, Surbeck found there are large potential indirect fitness gains for mothers that promote their sons. Rather than females choosing their mates based on “attractive” male characteristics, high-ranking mothers (e.g., Queen Elizabeth as Surbeck suggested) seem to ensure their sons mate more often with ovulating females compared to other males. Collectively, these findings show that bonobos are not necessarily the egalitarian vegetarian ape species they are often assumed to be. Their seemingly tolerant and cooperative behaviors are far more complex than what initially meets the eye. Taking his own advice “to get out there,” Surbeck helped establish a bonobo field site at Kokolopori. From constructing a boat to finding a replacement tire in the middle of nowhere, his group faced arduous challenges at every stage of this journey. In collaboration with the Bonobo Conservation Initiative (BCI), Surbeck has overseen the Kokolopori Bonobo Research Project (KBRP) since 2016. Currently, Surbeck collaborates with his graduate students, post-docs, and colleagues to critically assess our conventional understanding of bonobo sexuality, tolerance, and cooperation as they s","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 1","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.21932","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39760826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolutionary significance of human brown adipose tissue: Integrating the timescales of adaptation","authors":"Stephanie B. Levy,&nbsp;William R. Leonard","doi":"10.1002/evan.21930","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21930","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While human adaptability is regarded as a classical topic in anthropology, recent work provides new insight into metabolic adaptations to cold climates and the role of phenotypic plasticity in human evolution. A growing body of literature demonstrates that adults retain brown adipose tissue (BAT) which may play a role in non-shivering thermogenesis. In this narrative review, we apply the timescales of adaptation framework in order to explore the adaptive significance of human BAT. Human variation in BAT is shaped by multiple adaptive modes (i.e., allostasis, acclimatization, developmental adaptation, epigenetic inheritance, and genetic adaptation), and together the adaptive modes act as an integrated system. We hypothesize that plasticity in BAT facilitated the successful expansion of human populations into circumpolar regions, allowing for selection of genetic adaptations to cold climates to take place. Future research rooted in human energetics and biocultural perspectives is essential for understanding BAT's adaptive and health significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 2","pages":"75-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39728852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveling with Tinbergen: Four levels simplified to causes and consequences","authors":"Thore J. Bergman,&nbsp;Jacinta C. Beehner","doi":"10.1002/evan.21931","DOIUrl":"10.1002/evan.21931","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1963, Niko Tinbergen published his foundational manuscript identifying the four questions we ask in animal behavior—<i>how does the behavior emerge across the lifespan</i> (development); <i>how does it work</i> (mechanism); <i>how and why did it evolve</i> (evolution); and <i>why is it adaptive</i> (function). Tinbergen clarified that these ‘levels of analysis’ are complementary, not competing, thereby avoiding many fruitless scientific debates. However, the relationships among the four levels was never established. Here, we propose ‘leveling’ Tinbergen's questions to a single temporal timescale divided into <i>causes</i> (encompassing mechanism, development, and evolution) and <i>consequences</i> (encompassing function). Scientific advances now seamlessly link evolution, development, and mechanism into a continuum of ‘causes’. The cause–consequence distinction separates the processes that precede (and lead to) a behavior, from the processes that come after (and result from) a behavior. Even for past behaviors, the functional outcomes are (historical) consequences of the causes that preceded them.</p>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"31 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/evan.21931","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39724048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous Economic Development","authors":"R. Anderson, Dianne W. Wingham, Robert J. Giberson, B. Gibson","doi":"10.1057/9780230609907_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230609907_11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91280360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}