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Neutrality and Governance in a Weaponized World 武器化世界中的中立与治理
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.28
J. Benton Heath
{"title":"Neutrality and Governance in a Weaponized World","authors":"J. Benton Heath","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>About a decade ago, the neural network of the international financial system underwent an identity crisis. Since its establishment in 1973, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) had become the world's dominant system for transmitting information about financial transactions, handling up to 20 million messages per day across 212 jurisdictions. The Belgium-based company reached this position by providing customers with a reliable, confidential, and global system to exchange information. “[W]e have always maintained the position that we are like the internet,” Swift chief executive officer Gottfried Leibbrandt said in an October 2012 interview, “we connect everybody and we do not listen in on the conversation.” In other words, to borrow a phrase from its website, “Swift is neutral.”</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimism in International Human Rights Law Scholarship 国际人权法学术研究中的乐观主义
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.3
Başak Çalı
{"title":"Optimism in International Human Rights Law Scholarship","authors":"Başak Çalı","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a field of practice, international human rights law (IHRL) is in constant motion. The four books under review explore the legal, political, and civic dynamics that continuously shape and reshape this vibrant area of law. In this Essay, I underscore two important trends in contemporary IHRL scholarship that these books highlight. First, these works share a strong emphasis on <span>agency</span>, understood as human action that makes a difference in the world, be it the agency of individuals, domestic civil society organizations, transnational organizations, or courts. Highlighting agency, rather than overarching political, economic, and social structures, in turn shifts the attention from human rights law and doctrine “in the books” to an understanding of human rights law as a purposive and dynamic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strength after the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure: Are shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion & supination strength decreased? 关节镜 Latarjet 手术后的力量：肩关节内旋、肘关节屈曲和上举的力量是否减弱？
2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231165227
Naser Alnusif, Ali Lari, Saad AlQahtani, George S Athwal
{"title":"Strength after the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure: Are shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion & supination strength decreased?","authors":"Naser Alnusif, Ali Lari, Saad AlQahtani, George S Athwal","doi":"10.1177/17585732231165227","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17585732231165227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Latarjet procedure is an effective shoulder stabilizing surgery, however, the procedure results in an alteration of anatomy that may result in shoulder and elbow weakness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess post-operative shoulder and elbow strength after the Latarjet procedure. We hypothesized that shoulder and elbow strength are not affected after the procedure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study group consisted of patients that had undergone the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate the strength of bilateral shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination using peak torque (N/m), as well as grip strength (kilograms). Shoulder range of motion and the potential effects of hand dominance were further analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen patients with a mean age of 29 years and an average follow up of 47 months were included. Shoulder internal rotation strength, elbow flexion and forearm supination strength and grip strength were not significantly different when compared to the non-operative side (<i>p</i> > 0.13). The range of shoulder external rotation was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.001) on the Latarjet side.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results from this study demonstrate no statistically significant differences in the strength of shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination or grip strength despite the surgical alterations to the subscapularis and conjoint tendon.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"3 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10902414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90584118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corporate Accountability by Treaty: The New North American Rapid Response Labor Mechanism 条约规定的企业问责制：新的北美快速反应劳工机制
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.64
Kathleen Claussen, Chad P. Bown
{"title":"Corporate Accountability by Treaty: The New North American Rapid Response Labor Mechanism","authors":"Kathleen Claussen, Chad P. Bown","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.64","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"98 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139268166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The International Law Commission's Seventy-Fourth (2023) Session: General Principles of Law and Other Topics 国际法委员会第七十四届(2023年)会议:法律的一般原则和其他专题
2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.59
Charles Chernor Jalloh
{"title":"The International Law Commission's Seventy-Fourth (2023) Session: General Principles of Law and Other Topics","authors":"Charles Chernor Jalloh","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.59","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"84 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Revisiting Coercion as an Element of Prohibited Intervention in International Law 再论胁迫作为国际法中被禁止干预的要素
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.40
Marko Milanovic
{"title":"Revisiting Coercion as an Element of Prohibited Intervention in International Law","authors":"Marko Milanovic","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.40","url":null,"abstract":"International law prohibits states from intervening in the internal and external affairs of other states, but only if the method of intervention is coercive. This Article argues that coercion can be understood in two different ways or models. First, as coercion-as-extortion, a demand coupled with a threat of harm or the infliction of harm, done to extract some kind of concession from the victim state—in other words, an act targeting the victim state's will or decision-making calculus. Second, as coercion-as-control, an action materially depriving the victim state of its ability to control its sovereign choices. This may be done even through acts like cyber operations that the victim state is entirely unaware of. The Article argues that many of the difficulties surrounding the notion of coercion arise as a consequence of failing to distinguish between these two different models.","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71417506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Flexible Institution Building in the International Anti-corruption Regime: Proposing a Transnational Asset Recovery Mechanism 国际反腐败机制下的灵活制度建设:跨国资产追回机制的构想
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.32
Laurence R. Helfer, Cecily Rose, Rachel Brewster
{"title":"Flexible Institution Building in the International Anti-corruption Regime: Proposing a Transnational Asset Recovery Mechanism","authors":"Laurence R. Helfer, Cecily Rose, Rachel Brewster","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"Asset recovery is a fundamental principle of anti-corruption law, without which the financial damage from corruption cannot be repaired. Yet recovering assets is notoriously difficult and time-consuming, and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption provides little technical or institutional support to facilitate such returns. To remedy this, we propose the creation of a transnational asset recovery mechanism that could provide myriad services to states upon request, including gathering and publishing information, providing technical assistance and capacity building, helping to conclude agreements on asset return, and monitoring returned funds. Theoretically, we introduce the concepts of customizability and selectability to explain why a flexible transnational asset recovery mechanism has advantages over more formal international institutions, such as an international anti-corruption court. These benefits include lower financial and political costs, enhanced adaptability, and a greater likelihood of enhancing interstate cooperation regarding asset returns.","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71417505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Imperial History of Race-Religion in International Law 国际法中种族-宗教的帝国史
2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.58
Rabiat Akande
{"title":"An Imperial History of Race-Religion in International Law","authors":"Rabiat Akande","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.58","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135779374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unlocking CEDAW's Transformative Potential: Asylum Cases before the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 释放消除对妇女歧视委员会的变革潜力:消除对妇女歧视委员会审议的庇护案件
2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.55
Madeline Gleeson
{"title":"Unlocking CEDAW's Transformative Potential: Asylum Cases before the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women","authors":"Madeline Gleeson","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.55","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135094796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The United States Unveils Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy 美国发布负责任军事使用人工智能和自主的政治宣言
2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2023.50
{"title":"The United States Unveils Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomy","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.50","url":null,"abstract":"An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136128044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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