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Implied Terms In Treaties
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.68
Cameron Miles
{"title":"Implied Terms In Treaties","authors":"Cameron Miles","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.68","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Can treaty terms be implied? And, if so, what does that mean? This Article draws on concepts from the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics to analyze how the rules on treaty interpretation allow, in exceptional cases, for the identification of implied terms in otherwise express treaty texts. Its key insight is that implied terms fit within the framework of Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and are derived from the associated interpretation of express terms. They cannot be derived from a separate process—and indeed such a separate process is not possible under the positive law.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender Equality in World Athletics: Transnational Norm Development by Private International Organizations
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.60
Michele Krech
{"title":"Gender Equality in World Athletics: Transnational Norm Development by Private International Organizations","authors":"Michele Krech","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.60","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This Article examines how World Athletics, a private regulatory body, has shaped the legal norm of gender equality. Focusing on three landmark legal challenges to World Athletics’ regulation of gender, this Article shows how the organization has constructed the meaning of gender equality as it has pursued global, monopolistic, and autonomous authority. World Athletics has retrofitted this norm to align with its longstanding regulatory practices by essentializing women, coopting rivalrous actors, and depoliticizing sex. In doing so, the organization has repeatedly construed and constrained the meaning of gender equality to bolster its private regulatory authority.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143375169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Just About Time: International Law's Temporalities and Our Moment in History 恰逢其时：国际法的时间性与我们的历史时刻
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.45
Sivan Shlomo Agon, Michal Saliternik
{"title":"Just About Time: International Law's Temporalities and Our Moment in History","authors":"Sivan Shlomo Agon, Michal Saliternik","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.45","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Time is a Pandora's box that international lawyers have long been reluctant to fully open. Perhaps unwilling to tackle the complexities this elusive concept presents, or loath to confront past wrongs and future threats that might arise from the fabled box, international jurists have left core questions of time and international law largely underexplored. In so doing, however, they have overlooked time and temporality as useful analytical lenses through which to gain new and deeper understandings of international law as a discipline and governance system. After all, international law is entangled with time in various and multifaceted ways. International law does not simply exist in time, having its own past, present, and future. Rather, like law generally, international law is constantly being shaped, organized, and reconstructed by time, while also creating, embedding, and perpetuating temporal standards and understandings. Yet, whereas domestic law scholars have in recent decades devoted considerable attention to the complex time-law relationship, international lawyers have so far investigated this relationship in only a limited manner, focusing primarily on doctrinal and procedural questions, while leaving many theoretical issues unaddressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extraterritoriality's Empire: How Self-Determination Limits Extraterritorial Lawmaking 治外法权的帝国：自决权如何限制治外法权的制定
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.33
Evan J. Criddle
{"title":"Extraterritoriality's Empire: How Self-Determination Limits Extraterritorial Lawmaking","authors":"Evan J. Criddle","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.33","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, a growing number of countries have courted controversy by regulating activities outside their borders. They have used extraterritorial lawmaking to cultivate competitive global markets, strengthen or weaken data privacy, combat foreign terrorism and military aggression, promote human rights abroad, and suppress political dissent at home. This Article explores whether extraterritorial lawmaking can be reconciled with the right to self-determination under international law. I argue that the right to self-determination entitles each national polity to determine the laws and institutions by which it is governed within its territory. Extraterritorial lawmaking violates the right to self-determination when it subjects peoples to legal norms they have not freely endorsed. This insight calls for a paradigm shift in how international lawyers evaluate extraterritoriality, with broad ramifications for legal theory and practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International Law in Gaza: Belligerent Intent and Provisional Measures 加沙的国际法：交战意图和临时措施
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.53
Tom Dannenbaum, Janina Dill
{"title":"International Law in Gaza: Belligerent Intent and Provisional Measures","authors":"Tom Dannenbaum, Janina Dill","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On October 7, 2023, Palestinian armed groups, chiefly Hamas's armed wing, breached the fence around the Gaza strip and launched attacks on Israeli territory. Over several hours, Palestinian fighters killed 1,269 people, mostly civilians, engaged in sexual violence and torture, and took 253 hostages. The same day, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared, “Israel is at war,” and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched air strikes and later a ground invasion of Gaza. In the eleven months since, Palestinian groups have continued to hold, mistreat, and kill hostages and launched rockets into Israel's population centers. Meanwhile, the IDF has killed an estimated forty-one thousand people in Gaza, mostly civilians, engaged in sexual violence and torture of Palestinian detainees, damaged or destroyed most of the food, water, and medical infrastructure, and restricted humanitarian access, with dire consequences. Civilian casualty experts argue the death toll (which excludes the likely greater number killed “indirectly” through disease and deprivation) far exceeds what we have come to expect from contemporary military campaigns. Both sides have committed violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), too many to list individually.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty: Statehood and Security in the Face of Anthropogenic Climate Change 澳大利亚-图瓦卢法勒皮利联盟条约》：面对人为气候变化的国家地位与安全
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.54
Alex Green, Douglas Guilfoyle
{"title":"The Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty: Statehood and Security in the Face of Anthropogenic Climate Change","authors":"Alex Green, Douglas Guilfoyle","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On November 9, 2023, Prime Minister Albanese of Australia and then Prime Minister Natano of Tuvalu signed the Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty in Rarotonga (Falepili Union Treaty or the Treaty). The preamble explains that “the concept of <span>Falepili . . .</span> connotes the traditional values of good neighbourliness, duty of care and mutual respect.” It sets a groundbreaking precedent for Small Island States threatened by rising sea-levels, addressing both State continuity and climate resettlement. Nonetheless, and despite its subsequent entry into force on August 28, 2024, it has not been without controversy in Tuvalu and, to a lesser extent, Australia due to provisions seen by some as substantially infringing Tuvalu's independence in foreign relations or even its sovereignty.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Sleeping Giant? The ENMOD Convention as a Limit on Intentional Environmental Harm in Armed Conflict and Beyond 沉睡的巨人？ENMOD 公约》作为对武装冲突及其他情况下蓄意破坏环境行为的限制
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.15
Joanna Jarose
{"title":"A Sleeping Giant? The ENMOD Convention as a Limit on Intentional Environmental Harm in Armed Conflict and Beyond","authors":"Joanna Jarose","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This Article reinterprets the 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) to show how it might rationally strengthen protections for the environment against intentional damage by states, particularly during armed conflict. The Article applies the orthodox rules of treaty interpretation to analyze in depth the Convention text, the <span>travaux préparatoires</span>, and available subsequent state practice, aiming to determine how the somewhat opaque Article II of ENMOD and its definition of “environmental modification technique” is best understood. It concludes that ENMOD has a broader potential application than it has historically been given.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neutrality and Governance in a Weaponized World 武器化世界中的中立与治理
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.28
J. Benton Heath
{"title":"Neutrality and Governance in a Weaponized World","authors":"J. Benton Heath","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>About a decade ago, the neural network of the international financial system underwent an identity crisis. Since its establishment in 1973, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) had become the world's dominant system for transmitting information about financial transactions, handling up to 20 million messages per day across 212 jurisdictions. The Belgium-based company reached this position by providing customers with a reliable, confidential, and global system to exchange information. “[W]e have always maintained the position that we are like the internet,” Swift chief executive officer Gottfried Leibbrandt said in an October 2012 interview, “we connect everybody and we do not listen in on the conversation.” In other words, to borrow a phrase from its website, “Swift is neutral.”</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimism in International Human Rights Law Scholarship 国际人权法学术研究中的乐观主义
IF 4.3 2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/ajil.2024.3
Başak Çalı
{"title":"Optimism in International Human Rights Law Scholarship","authors":"Başak Çalı","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a field of practice, international human rights law (IHRL) is in constant motion. The four books under review explore the legal, political, and civic dynamics that continuously shape and reshape this vibrant area of law. In this Essay, I underscore two important trends in contemporary IHRL scholarship that these books highlight. First, these works share a strong emphasis on <span>agency</span>, understood as human action that makes a difference in the world, be it the agency of individuals, domestic civil society organizations, transnational organizations, or courts. Highlighting agency, rather than overarching political, economic, and social structures, in turn shifts the attention from human rights law and doctrine “in the books” to an understanding of human rights law as a purposive and dynamic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strength after the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure: Are shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion & supination strength decreased? 关节镜 Latarjet 手术后的力量：肩关节内旋、肘关节屈曲和上举的力量是否减弱？
2区 社会学
American Journal of International Law Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231165227
Naser Alnusif, Ali Lari, Saad AlQahtani, George S Athwal
{"title":"Strength after the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure: Are shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion & supination strength decreased?","authors":"Naser Alnusif, Ali Lari, Saad AlQahtani, George S Athwal","doi":"10.1177/17585732231165227","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17585732231165227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Latarjet procedure is an effective shoulder stabilizing surgery, however, the procedure results in an alteration of anatomy that may result in shoulder and elbow weakness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess post-operative shoulder and elbow strength after the Latarjet procedure. We hypothesized that shoulder and elbow strength are not affected after the procedure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study group consisted of patients that had undergone the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate the strength of bilateral shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination using peak torque (N/m), as well as grip strength (kilograms). Shoulder range of motion and the potential effects of hand dominance were further analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen patients with a mean age of 29 years and an average follow up of 47 months were included. Shoulder internal rotation strength, elbow flexion and forearm supination strength and grip strength were not significantly different when compared to the non-operative side (<i>p</i> > 0.13). The range of shoulder external rotation was significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.001) on the Latarjet side.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results from this study demonstrate no statistically significant differences in the strength of shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination or grip strength despite the surgical alterations to the subscapularis and conjoint tendon.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":"3 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10902414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90584118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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