{"title":"Theory Change in Cognitive Neurobiology: The Case of the Orbitofrontal Cortex.","authors":"David L Barack","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do theories of the functions of parts of the brain change? I argue that computational hypotheses help explain the nature of theorizing in cognitive neurobiology. I will focus on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a frontal region of the brain implicated in an array of cognitive functions. Different theories of OFC state different principles of OFC function and use different concepts to construct those principles. There are also differences in the patterns of use of evidence across different theories. I briefly survey several extant proposals for understanding theory change in science generally and cognitive neuroscience specifically, including paradigm shifts, tool innovation, mechanism discovery, conceptual innovation, exploratory experimentation, and changes in measurement techniques. While these extant approaches fall short at describing the nature of theory change illustrated by the case of OFC, they are compatible with my proposal that these theoretical changes and differences in the use of evidence result from different computational hypotheses about the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 3","pages":"e70003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12053038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Qing Zhang, Edward Ruoyang Shi, Michael Pleyer
{"title":"Category Learning as a Cognitive Foundation of Language Evolution.","authors":"Elizabeth Qing Zhang, Edward Ruoyang Shi, Michael Pleyer","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Category learning gives rise to category formation, which is a crucial ability in human cognition. Category learning is also one of the required learning abilities in language development. Understanding the evolution of category learning thus can shed light on the evolution of human cognition and language. The current paper emphasizes its foundational role in language evolution by reviewing behavioral and neurological studies on category learning across species. In doing so, we first review studies on the critical role of category learning in learning sounds, words, and grammatical patterns of language. Next, from a comparative perspective, we review studies on category learning conducted on different species of nonhuman animals, including invertebrates and vertebrates, suggesting that category learning displays evolutionary continuity. Then, from a neurological perspective, we focus on the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Reviewing the involvement of these structures in vertebrates and the proposed homologous brain structure to the basal ganglia in invertebrates in category learning, as well as in language processing in humans, suggests that the neural basis of category learning likely has an ancient origin dating back to invertebrates. With evidence from both behavioral and neurological levels in both nonhuman animals and humans, we conclude that category learning lays a crucial cognitive foundation for language evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 3","pages":"e70007"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward Dynamical Modeling of Infants' Looking Times.","authors":"Ralf Engbert, Josephine Funken, Natalie Boll-Avetisyan","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70006","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analyzing looking times is among the most important behavioral approaches to studying problems such as infant cognition, perception, or language development. However, process-based approaches to the dynamics of infants' looking times are lacking. Here, we propose a new dynamical framework for modeling infant gaze behavior with full account of the microstructure (i.e., saccades and fixations). Our process-based model is illustrated by reproducing inter-individual differences in a developmental study of noun comprehension (Garrison et al. 2020). In our modeling framework, numerical values of model parameters map onto specific cognitive processes (e.g., attention or working memory) involved in gaze control. Because of the general architecture of the mathematical model and our robust procedures in model inference via Bayesian data assimilation, our framework may find applications in other fields of developmental and cognitive sciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 3","pages":"e70006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12102751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ADAPTER: A Conceptual Model of Category-Driven Analogical Retrieval.","authors":"Lucas Raynal, Emmanuel Sander","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on analogy-making agrees that mapping allows one to find structural similarities when comparing two situations. However, whether retrieval of past events from memory is guided by surface or structural similarities remains subject to empirical debate. The current contribution is aimed at dissolving this controversy by reviewing experimental evidence showing that the determinants of analogical retrieval primarily depend on the encoding of the situations, which is itself modulated by prior categories available to the participants. Based on this review, a conceptual model is introduced (ADAPTER, As Deep As Possible Target Encoding and Retrieval), in which available categories determine the level of abstraction characterizing encoding as well as the type of retrieval that can be implemented. The model also incorporates the impact of encoding contexts and characteristics of the target descriptions on the likelihood of a relational encoding, which in turn influence the determinants of retrieval. This framework elucidates prior findings within a unified account and provides avenues for advancing the debate on the determinants of analogical retrieval by generating empirical predictions. The model also provides novel insights into the developmental trajectory of structurally based retrievals and suggests promising educational interventions aimed at promoting spontaneous transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 3","pages":"e70005"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Is Cognitive Control?","authors":"Denis Buehler","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The last two decades have seen major advances in cognitive control research. In this paper, I provide an overview of this research. I next make a case that it might benefit from more reflection on its theoretical foundation. I end by suggesting that action theory might be of use with this.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 2","pages":"e70004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mental Spaces Theory and Multilayered Meaning Construction.","authors":"Iksoo Kwon","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conceptualization underlying language use is an unconscious and automatic process that interacts with the general human cognitive faculty. The main purpose of Mental Spaces Theory (MST), as one of the major frameworks in Cognitive Linguistics, is to shed light on this process and model it in cognitively motivated ways. This overview pursues two objectives: First, to introduce the basics of the theory, as it was originally proposed by Gilles Fauconnier, and second, to show how MST accounts for networks of mental spaces accommodating semantic contents and how it represents the many roles of cognizers in the construal process. The first part of this overview discusses the background of MST and summarizes its major contributions to the field. The second part follows up on how the theory has been evolving toward investigations of attested linguistic/multimodal data. Illustrating how multiple viewpoints are stacked up in modeling the construal of multimodal artifacts as well as linguistic ones, this overview demonstrates the full interpretive potential of the concept of a \"mental space\" in the processing of multilayered meaning construction.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 2","pages":"e70002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11968559/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Looking at Viewpoint in ASL Through a Cognitive Linguistics Lens.","authors":"Terry Janzen","doi":"10.1002/wcs.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central to how signed languages such as American Sign Language (ASL) express the viewpoint of a signer is the space surrounding the signer's body, and primarily that in front of the signer. Perspective-taking, in its most basic form, is physical and perceptual in nature, where signers might map a scene experienced in the past onto their present surrounding space as they engage in narrative discourse. But beyond this, signers also express conceptual viewpoint in terms of how they view, subjectively, more abstract ideas, for example expressing a particular stance toward someone's actions, and space frequently plays a role here too. The expression of viewpoint affects linguistic structure in a variety of ways, for example, when the perspective shifts from one story character to another, referring to various entities must be tracked, for which ASL has particular linguistic mechanisms that signers employ. At an abstract level, ASL has certain constructions that reflect viewpoint, one example of which is topic-comment constructions, where a topic phrase is subjectively chosen (often paradigmatically) as a means of framing a state of affairs, which is one kind of conceptual viewpoint, whereas the comment that follows is a construction containing, pragmatically, the signer's belief or stance regarding that state of affairs. Through a cognitive linguistics lens, we can see how aspects of viewpoint in ASL involve instances of conceptual blends, relying on metaphor and metonymy, body partitioning, and image schemas.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":"16 2","pages":"e70001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Multiple Dimensions of Familiarity: From Representations to Phenomenology.","authors":"Jérémy Gardette, Emma Delhaye, Christine Bastin","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1698","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.1698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article focuses on familiarity, the form of memory allowing humans to recognize stimuli that have been encountered before. We aim to emphasize its complex nature which includes representational and phenomenological dimensions. The former implies that its neural correlates depend on the type and complexity of the cue stimulus, as different classes of stimuli are represented in distributed ventral visual and medial temporal regions. The second dimension relates to the subjective feeling of familiarity, which results from a fluency signal that is attributed to past encounters with the stimulus. We review mnemonic and non-mnemonic sources of fluency that can induce a sense of familiarity, as well as cases where fluency is not attributed to memory, among which the phenomenological experience of déjà-vu. Across these two dimensions, we highlight key questions to be answered by future studies to improve our understanding of the underpinnings of this form of memory and contribute to building an integrative neurocognitive model of familiarity. Essential to this aim is the clarification of the computational, cognitive, and neural mechanisms involved, namely global matching, fluency attribution, and sharpening. Furthermore, future research is needed to unravel the relationships between these mechanisms. We argue that to achieve these goals, researchers must use appropriate behavioral paradigms and clearly define which dimension of familiarity they investigate.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"e1698"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142591983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikel Jimenez, Antonio Prieto, José Antonio Hinojosa, Pedro R Montoro
{"title":"Consciousness Under the Spotlight: The Problem of Measuring Subjective Experience.","authors":"Mikel Jimenez, Antonio Prieto, José Antonio Hinojosa, Pedro R Montoro","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1697","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.1697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of consciousness is considered by many one of the most difficult contemporary scientific endeavors and confronts several methodological and theoretical challenges. A central issue that makes the study of consciousness so challenging is that, while the rest of science is concerned with problems that can be verified from a \"third person\" view (i.e., objectively), the study of consciousness deals with the phenomenon of subjective experience, only accessible from a \"first person\" view. In the present article, we review early (starting during the late 19th century) and later efforts on measuring consciousness and its absence, focusing on the two main approaches used by researchers within the field: objective (i.e., performance based) and subjective (i.e., report based) measures of awareness. In addition, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of both types of awareness measures, evaluate them according to different methodological considerations, and discuss, among other issues, the possibility of comparing them by transforming them to a common sensitivity measure (d'). Finally, we explore several new approaches-such as Bayesian models to support the absence of awareness or new machine-learning based decoding models-as well as future challenges-such as measuring the qualia, the qualitative contents of awareness-in consciousness research.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"e1697"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in neuroscience research and big data's analysis on anxiety disorder.","authors":"Qianmei Yu, Meihua Ruan, Yongjun Chen, Chun Wang","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1692","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.1692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety disorder is a complex disease with the influence of environmental and genetic factors and multimolecular participation, and it is also one of the most common mental disorders. The causes of disorders are not clear but may include a variety of social, psychological, and biological factors. Therefore, neither genetics, neurobiology, nor neuroimaging can independently explain the pathological mechanism. By searching the Web of Science databases, Derwent Innovation Patent database, ClinicalTrials.gov database, and Cortellis database, we analyze the current situation of papers, patents, clinical trials, and drugs of anxiety disorder. Second, the existing literature was reviewed to summarize the neurophysiological mechanism, brain imaging, gene, anti-anxiety drugs, and other aspects of anxiety disorders. This article reviews the research status of anxiety disorders. The heterogeneity of the disease, lack of treatment effectiveness, and gaps in translational medicine still present barriers to further advancement. Thus, in-depth explorations of the underlying biological mechanisms of anxiety disorders, the detection and intervention of biological targets, and further developments based on existing intervention strategies will drive future research on anxiety disorders. This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Clinical.</p>","PeriodicalId":47720,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"e1692"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}