{"title":"The Titanium Law of Evaluation: Increasing the impact and replicability of safety and justice interventions through deliberate implementation and adaptation","authors":"Nancy La Vigne","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09650-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09650-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This paper introduces the Titanium Law of Evaluation, emphasizing the importance of implementation fidelity and local contextual adaptation in program evaluations within criminology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>Through an examination of the past and current conversations in criminology around the role of randomized controlled trials, the paper highlights the critical but often overlooked aspect of deliberate implementation, as defined by adherence to fidelity and adaptation to local context, in understanding program effectiveness.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Result</h3><p>The case studies of the Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE) and the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) illustrate the importance of measuring implementation fidelity, making mid-course corrections, and adapting programs to local contexts to foster desired outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>The Titanium Law advocates for a nuanced understanding of implementation processes, promoting collaborative evaluations that consider both fidelity and local context—both key components of implementation science. Recommendations include integrating these principles into criminology curricula and fostering partnerships between researchers and practitioners to improve evaluation outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is restorative justice appropriate for sexual assault and domestic violence? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the “empirical vacuum”","authors":"Heather Hensman Kettrey, Noah Samuel Reynolds","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09651-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09651-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Restorative justice (RJ) is a victim-centered approach to addressing injustice, providing those harmed with empowerment and restitution. Yet, the application of RJ to sexual assault (SA) or domestic violence (DV) cases is rare and contentious.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>In a broad systematic review yielding 12,461 candidate reports, we identified four eligible studies relayed through five reports (<i>N</i> = 692 participants).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Findings from a meta-analysis of 12 effects reported across four studies indicated a small but significant and favorable effect on offender recidivism (<i>g</i> = 0.26, 95% CI [0.09, 0.43]), which became non-significant when limiting the sample to randomized control trials. Although RJ is designed to be victim-centered, no eligible studies reported quantitative victim well-being outcomes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Results identified potentially favorable effects of RJ in SA/DV cases; thus, implementation appears to be acceptable. However, before widespread rollout is recommended, more research is needed, especially as RJ affects victims of SA/DV.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"261 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Researchers’ interpretations of evidence about the association between violent attitudes and offending from different research designs","authors":"Kevin L. Nunes, Cassidy E. Hatton, Anna T. Pham","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09649-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09649-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>We examined the inferences authors of articles published in violence journals draw from studies about the relationship between attitudes and violent offending.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants (<i>N</i> = 120, 58.3% women) were randomly assigned to one of 12 hypothetical studies, which varied on research design and whether the results were intuitive or counterintuitive.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Participants rarely incorrectly stated that the study demonstrated causation or prediction when not warranted by the research design. However, some participants failed to acknowledge plausible alternate interpretations (e.g., third variable) and selected causal implications that were not warranted by the study’s research design. This was often more so the case when the studies’ results were intuitive than when they were counterintuitive.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Though we did find some evidence of overstepping, our findings suggest that researchers may not overstep the evidence as much as suggested by previous studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liliana Ribeiro, Inês Sousa Guedes, Carla Sofia Cardoso
{"title":"Eyes on phishing emails: an eye-tracking study","authors":"Liliana Ribeiro, Inês Sousa Guedes, Carla Sofia Cardoso","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09648-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09648-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This study aims to explore susceptibility to phishing emails by analysing the visual patterns of individuals.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>A quasi-experimental study was developed, using 28 emails (13 phishing; 13 legitimate; 2 control) which were subdivided into two groups (G1; G2) and presented to the participants who looked at a set of 15 emails. The sample consisted of 70 participants.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Phishing emails showed significantly higher average fixation times and total fixations in the sender’s area compared to legitimate emails. However, no significant correlations were found between fixation time, total number of fixations in various areas of the email, and the accuracy of email identification (both general and phishing).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>This pioneering study within the Portuguese context lays the foundation for future research on analysing and accurately detecting different types of emails, including differentiating between them<i>. </i>It also supports the development of targeted training to improve the recognition of various emails cues<i>.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142599295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher M. Campbell, Ryan M. Labrecque, Alicia d. McKay
{"title":"Higher expectations: a systematic review of reporting the science of propensity score modeling in criminal justice studies","authors":"Christopher M. Campbell, Ryan M. Labrecque, Alicia d. McKay","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09646-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09646-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>This systematic review examined the reporting practices of propensity score modeling (PSM) in criminology and criminal justice studies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>There were 229 articles (with 527 individual sets of PSM analyses) published between 2000 and 2022 in the top 19 ranked criminology and criminal justice journals that were identified for study inclusion. These articles were systematically coded to assess the presence of key PSM reporting elements, including covariates, estimation methods, balancing strategy, matching type, sample size, balance assessment, sensitivity analysis, and post-PSM analyses.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The use of PSM has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Study findings suggest that while there are many areas where the discipline has improved reporting over the last 22 years, there are still others that are sorely lacking. Our review reveals that only 28.9% of studies reported the propensity score technique used, 21.8% did not report pre- or post-PSM sample information, and 26.6% of all studies examined either did not report a balance assessment or reported using only one assessment which were largely null hypothesis significance testing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings provide a baseline assessment of PSM reporting and provide some guidance for conducting, reviewing, and publishing PSM research in criminology and criminal justice journals.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unpacking job satisfaction among law enforcement through self-determination theory: a meta-analytic approach","authors":"Gordon Abner, Yi Wang, Eloy Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09647-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09647-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study is to conduct the first peer-reviewed meta-analysis of the predictors of job satisfaction among law enforcement. We draw upon self-determination theory (SDT) to guide our selection of six antecedents to include in our analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We utilize Schmidt and Hunter’s (2015) meta-analytic methods of correcting correlations individually for artifacts. We also employ meta-analytic sub-group comparison methods as part of a moderator analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The results in order from the smallest to the largest effect size are cynicism towards the public ρ = -.34, job autonomy ρ = .41, supervisor support ρ = .43, co-worker support ρ = .53, opportunities for professional development ρ = .58, and training ρ = .59. Regarding the subgroup analyses, the effect sizes for supervisor support were significantly weaker in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries, and the effect size for autonomy was significantly stronger in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings support the utility of SDT in explaining job satisfaction among law enforcement. While SDT has broad applications, the relative impact of each dimension of SDT on job satisfaction varies meaningfully across cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lee R. J. Hughes, Jacob G. Sorbello, Kurt Piron, Corey Allen, Timothy Piatkowski, Grant J. Devilly
{"title":"Examining the use of drug screening technologies in night-time entertainment districts","authors":"Lee R. J. Hughes, Jacob G. Sorbello, Kurt Piron, Corey Allen, Timothy Piatkowski, Grant J. Devilly","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09643-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09643-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>We sought to determine whether various ion scanner devices could provide a practical alternative in field-based research, where affordable and accessible drug screening is needed for comprehensive and ongoing investigation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>In Study 1, off-site sample analysis proved inconclusive, rendering Protocols A and B impractical for ongoing drug screening. Conversely, Study 2’s on-site, real-time analysis (Protocol C) emerged as a more effective method. The Itemizer3, particularly in Protocol C, excelled in discerning drug users. Comparing admitted drug use rates in both studies, the mere presence of an objective measure, confirmational or not, likely facilitated more truthful participant responses, highlighting the efficacy of real-time, on-site drug screening using IMS/ITMS technologies.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Findings</h3><p>All samples analyzed off-site in Study 1 were found to be inconclusive. As such, Protocols A and B were not feasible for on-going drug screening and monitoring. Conversely, the results of Study 2 Protocol C demonstrated that harvesting samples directly off participants on-site and analyzing these in-real time to be a more efficacious method. Our findings in Protocol C also show that the Itemizer3 was better at identifying those who did not use drugs from those who did. Looking at the incidence rates of admitted drug use in Studies 1 and 2, we find that simply having an objective measure present (irrespective of whether it is confirmational or not) likely resulted in us obtaining more truthful responses from participants about their use of drugs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our results underscore IMS/ITMS practicality for on-site NED drug screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142562056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean-Louis van Gelder, Timothy C. Barnum, Shaina Herman, Peter Wozniak
{"title":"The MAXLab aggression and bystander intervention scenario set (MAXLab_ABISS): A modular scenario set for studying decision making in situations of interpersonal violence in virtual reality","authors":"Jean-Louis van Gelder, Timothy C. Barnum, Shaina Herman, Peter Wozniak","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09645-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09645-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This Research Note describes the MAXLab Aggression and Bystander Intervention Scenario Set (MAXLab_ABISS) and provides empirical examples of its applicability. We describe the scenarios, elaborate on the production process, provide technical specifications, and explain how materials can be obtained.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Method</h3><p>This modular stimulus set, which is currently available in the English, German and Dutch language, includes 360° videos for studying decision-making in interpersonal violence. It offers researchers a complimentary method to collect data on emotions, perceptions, and reactions to violent situations using immersive technology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Analysis from two samples (n = 101 and n = 55) show the immersive scenarios of the stimulus set are effective at evoking targeted emotional experiences at the moment of a crime decision.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>MAXLab_ABISS is a safe and effective tool for studying decision making in real-life, emotion-laden criminogenic settings. We offer insights for how researchers can further use the materials to study decision making related to crime and violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian T. Adams, Matt Barter, Kyle McLean, Hunter M. Boehme, Irick A. Geary
{"title":"No man’s hand: artificial intelligence does not improve police report writing speed","authors":"Ian T. Adams, Matt Barter, Kyle McLean, Hunter M. Boehme, Irick A. Geary","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09644-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09644-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>This study examines the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to reduce the time police officers spend writing reports, a task that consumes a significant portion of their workday.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>In a pre-registered randomized controlled trial, we test this claim within the patrol division of a medium-sized police department (<i>n</i> = 85) at the individual report level (<i>n</i> = 755). Analyses utilize mixed-effects regression accounting for the nested structure of report-writing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>AI assistance did not significantly affect the duration of writing police reports. Alternative specifications beyond those specified in the pre-registration, including a difference-in-differences approach observing report duration over a full year (<i>n</i> = 6084), confirm the null findings are robust.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings contradict marketing expectations for the effect of this technology, suggesting no time savings in report-writing can be expected when using AI-assisted report-writing. Several other potential effects remain possible and untested.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge dissemination in translational criminology: a case study in corrections","authors":"Bitna Kim, Matthew A. Bills, Meghan Royle","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09639-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09639-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>This study aims to identify effective strategies for disseminating scholarly evidence to corrections practitioners within the framework of translational criminology.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>In this experimental study, corrections practitioners were randomly assigned to receive weekly executive summaries, full-text articles, or corrections news for five months. Data were collected through a pre-survey, a 2-month midpoint survey, and a post-survey to evaluate engagement and knowledge uptake.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Participants receiving executive summaries showed the highest engagement but did not demonstrate enhanced comprehension compared to those receiving corrections news, who exhibited higher comprehension. Those accessing full-text articles reported the least comprehension and lower engagement, despite finding the information highly useful.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Given the mixed effectiveness of executive summaries and full-text articles, future research should develop tailored dissemination strategies to better meet the needs of corrections practitioners. The study highlights the critical roles of partnerships and pracademics in translating complex research for practical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}