Journal of Experimental Criminology最新文献_第2页

How October 7, 2023, changed fear and exposure to hate among Jewish members of universities: a research note 2023 年 10 月 7 日如何改变了大学中犹太裔成员的恐惧和受仇恨影响的程度：研究说明

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09638-5

Mateus R. Santos, Dikla Yogev

{"title":"How October 7, 2023, changed fear and exposure to hate among Jewish members of universities: a research note","authors":"Mateus R. Santos, Dikla Yogev","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09638-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09638-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Estimate the impact of October 7<sup>th</sup> on fear, antagonism, and harassment towards Jewish members of universities.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The study is based on a survey experiment conducted with 201 Jewish individuals at universities in Northern America and Europe. Respondents were asked about their exposure to hate, and about their comfort level conducting several activities. However, we randomly manipulated whether each respondent was asked about the weeks <i>before</i> October 7<sup>th</sup>, the weeks <i>thereafter</i>, or about <i>recent</i> weeks. Because of random assignment, estimates are conservative and are less sensitive to bias.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We found high levels of hate prior to October 7<sup>th</sup>, which were exacerbated significantly afterwards. Most respondents no longer feel comfortable expressing their culture or conducting several daily activities.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Respondents are being harmed for their identity and because of a conflict which is outside of their control. They also believe their host institutions have been ineffective in addressing their safety concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A bird’s eye view of crime: assessing the effectiveness of mobile watchtowers on vehicle-related thefts 鸟瞰犯罪：评估流动瞭望塔对与车辆有关的盗窃的有效性

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09637-6

James D. Kelsay, Ian A. Silver, Jaya B. Davis, Brook Rollins

引用次数: 0

An economic evaluation of a police–mental health co-response program: data from a pragmatic randomized controlled trial 警察与心理健康共同应对计划的经济评估：来自实用随机对照试验的数据

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09635-8

Meret Hofer, Thanh Lu, Katie Bailey, Arnie Aldridge, Eric Grommon, Evan Lowder, Bradley Ray

{"title":"An economic evaluation of a police–mental health co-response program: data from a pragmatic randomized controlled trial","authors":"Meret Hofer, Thanh Lu, Katie Bailey, Arnie Aldridge, Eric Grommon, Evan Lowder, Bradley Ray","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09635-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09635-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Alternative responses to behavioral health emergencies are increasingly common interventions to address the overrepresentation of people with mental illness in the criminal legal and health systems. We compared costs associated with receiving a crisis response from police-as-usual versus a police-mental health co-response team that occurred as part of a randomized controlled trial.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Eligible 911 calls-for-service were randomized to receive a police-as-usual or a co-response. Next, we record-linked randomized events to emergency medical services, jail, outpatient services, and emergency department data to assess outcomes. We calculated per-person costs of service utilization following the randomized event from a public-sector perspective.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Our analysis revealed no cost-savings from the co-response. Persons who received a co-response team response had greater 12-month post-randomized incident costs associated with outpatient behavioral health encounters and emergency department visits.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Rigorous evaluations and cost analyses are important for determining whether alternative police response interventions achieve community goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-response and homelessness: the SEPTA transit police SAVE experiment 共同响应和无家可归者：SEPTA 公交警察 SAVE 实验

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09634-9

Jerry H. Ratcliffe, Hayley Wight

{"title":"Co-response and homelessness: the SEPTA transit police SAVE experiment","authors":"Jerry H. Ratcliffe, Hayley Wight","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09634-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09634-9","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>We test the benefit of adding an outreach specialist to a dedicated police team tasked with helping the vulnerable community in the transit system move to treatment or shelter.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>For a year, officer shifts were randomized to determine when they were accompanied by an outreach specialist. One hundred and fifty-eight in-depth treatment conversations regarding treatment or shelter with 165 vulnerable people were assessed for whether they were subsequently transported to a suitable facility.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Likelihood of an individual in a treatment conversation with a specialist and a police officer being transported to a facility was 29% greater than the likelihood for an individual talking with only a police officer; however, this finding was not statistically significant.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>With the outcome of getting vulnerable people (mainly people experiencing homelessness) to accept transportation to a shelter or treatment facility, the co-responder model did not significantly outperform the effect of specially trained police officers working independently of the outreach specialist.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What is rape? Elements of rape and application of the criminal label 什么是强奸？强奸的要素和刑事标签的应用

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09633-w

Megan Bears Augustyn, Gillian M. Pinchevsky, Nan Li

{"title":"What is rape? Elements of rape and application of the criminal label","authors":"Megan Bears Augustyn, Gillian M. Pinchevsky, Nan Li","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09633-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09633-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Test how incident-level factors affect perceptions of rape.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>An experimental vignette design was embedded in an online survey administered to a national sample of adults (<i>N</i> = 1205) to examine how type of penetration, location of penetration, type of resistance, and victim intoxication affect perceptions of criminal incidents of sexual violence. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the relationship between incident-related factors and (1) the belief that the scenario was a crime, (2) the belief it was an act of rape, and (3) whether “rape” is the preferred term to label the scenario and net of individual attitudinal and demographic variables.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Scenarios involving tonic immobility (i.e., victim was unable to speak or move) were less likely to be perceived as a crime compared to those where the victim was asleep, verbally resisted, and physically resisted. Additionally, scenarios involving oral penetration (compared to vaginal penetration) were less likely to be labeled “rape” or have “rape” as the preferred term to label the incident, and penetration by fingers or an object was less likely to be labeled “rape” or to have “rape” as the preferred label compared to penetration with a penis. Finally, tonic immobility reduced the likelihood participants labeled the act “rape” or preferred the label “rape” compared to scenarios where the victim was asleep, physically resisted, and verbally resisted. Whether or not the victim was intoxicated did not appear to influence the outcomes under study.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Public opinions regarding “rape” do not align with the current federal definition; educational efforts are needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of sexual violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141862241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Private security for curbing unwanted sexual behaviours in train stations: a place-based randomised controlled trial 私人保安遏制火车站内不受欢迎的性行为：基于场所的随机对照试验

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09632-x

Barak Ariel, John Langton, Kerry Peters, Kim Webster, Noy Assaraf

{"title":"Private security for curbing unwanted sexual behaviours in train stations: a place-based randomised controlled trial","authors":"Barak Ariel, John Langton, Kerry Peters, Kim Webster, Noy Assaraf","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09632-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09632-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Unwanted sexual behaviours (USB) are widespread within mass transit networks worldwide. The present study examines the effectiveness of a place-based approach to tackle USB: repeated visits by capable guardians to prevent victimisation in train stations with a greater propensity for incidence of USB.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Pretest-posttest between groups randomised controlled trial on the effect of an intervention administered by a non-police security team at a prominent train operating company in England and Wales. Eligible hotspot stations (<i>n</i> = 51) were randomly assigned to two conditions: enhanced security measures, encompassing heightened presence of security staff, proactive interaction with possible victims, and pre-emptive efforts to prevent USB, and business-as-usual conditions. Negative binomial regression models estimate the treatment effect in terms of USB, violence, and all other incidents in the treatment compared to the control arms.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Findings</h3><p>The implementation of heightened security measures led to significant reductions in reported incidents of USB at treatment stations compared to control stations. The intervention has also led to significant decreases in reported violent incidents but has had no significant effect on other reported incidents.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Security personnel have the potential to serve as efficient guardians in train stations, effectively reducing the risk of USB and violence. The findings highlight the efficacy of place-based interventions as measures against USB. However, the intervention comes with a significant opportunity cost as the security teams had limited capacity to deal with other crime types. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141768562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How exposure to natural landscapes can decrease the tendency toward delinquent behavior: the role of delay discounting 接触自然景观如何减少犯罪行为倾向：延迟贴现的作用

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09631-y

Yevvon Yi-Chi Chang, Wen Cheng, Wen-Bin Chiou

{"title":"How exposure to natural landscapes can decrease the tendency toward delinquent behavior: the role of delay discounting","authors":"Yevvon Yi-Chi Chang, Wen Cheng, Wen-Bin Chiou","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09631-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09631-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>We conducted two experiments to test the possibility that exposure to natural (versus urban) landscapes is associated with a lower tendency to perform delinquent acts.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Participants were randomly assigned to either the nature or urban exposure condition in both experiments. A discounting measure was then administered. The likelihood of cheating in a matrix task (Experiment 1) and the tendency toward delinquent choices (Experiment 2) served as the dependent measures.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Participants in the nature exposure condition were less likely to cheat in a matrix task (Experiment 1), and less inclined to make delinquent choices (Experiment 2), compared with participants in the urban exposure condition. The discounting tendency mediated the link between exposure to nature and the inclination to engage in delinquent behavior.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest that exposure to urban landscapes is more closely associated with delinquent behavior than previously thought.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the impact of safe consumption sites on neighborhood crime in New York City: a synthetic control approach 评估安全消费场所对纽约市社区犯罪的影响：合成控制方法

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09630-z

John J. Hall, Jerry H. Ratcliffe

{"title":"Assessing the impact of safe consumption sites on neighborhood crime in New York City: a synthetic control approach","authors":"John J. Hall, Jerry H. Ratcliffe","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09630-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09630-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The study analyzes the impact of supervised consumption sites (SCSs) on local crime in New York City (NYC), examining both violent and property crimes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We use a count-based synthetic control approach to compare police administrative crime data before and after SCS establishment in two NYC neighborhoods. This quasi-experimental design was used to infer the causal effects of SCSs on neighborhood crime, using an evaluation framework across a range of local spatial bandwidths.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We found a significant 167% increase in property crimes within 1000 feet of the Washington Heights SCS after it opened as an SCS. We did not see changes in violence or property crimes near the East Harlem site. These findings suggest a differential impact of SCSs on neighborhood crime, possibly moderated by local factors.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>This research contributes to our understanding of how SCSs impact neighborhoods, suggesting that their effect on neighborhood crime is not uniform and may be dependent on local context. It underscores the need for further research to understand the interaction between public health interventions and local crime trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of a youth-focused problem-oriented policing initiative on crime: findings from a randomized controlled trial in three cities 以青年为重点、以问题为导向的警务举措对犯罪的影响：三个城市的随机对照试验结果

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09629-6

Bruce G. Taylor, Weiwei Liu, Shalima Zalsha, Jackie Sheridan-Johnson, George Sabol, Clifton R. Lacy

{"title":"The impact of a youth-focused problem-oriented policing initiative on crime: findings from a randomized controlled trial in three cities","authors":"Bruce G. Taylor, Weiwei Liu, Shalima Zalsha, Jackie Sheridan-Johnson, George Sabol, Clifton R. Lacy","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09629-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09629-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>This study tests whether Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) in hot spots of crime reduces property and violent crime in three cities, comparing POP versus control hot spots. We also examined low-levels versus high-levels of POP versus control on crime separately for pre-, during- and post-intervention.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial of POP replicated in three communities over one year using Poisson and negative binomial regression models.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>We did not find any significant intervention effect on violent crimes post intervention in any of the three sites but observed some unintended iatrogenic/negative effect of lowlevel treatment on property crimes in two sites.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Due to difficulties experienced in implementing POP, we caution against concluding POP does not work. Instead, low level POP implementation during the era of post COVID-19 and anti-policing sentiment post the George Floyd murder may not be effective in reducing property and violent crime.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141553316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Behind the yellow sticker: paradoxical effects of a visual warning of body-worn cameras on the use of police force 黄色贴纸的背后：随身摄像头的视觉警告对使用警力的矛盾影响

IF 3 2区社会学

Journal of Experimental Criminology Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-024-09627-8

Noy Assaraf, Alejandro Mouro, Donald M. Papy, Noel Castillo, Barak Ariel

{"title":"Behind the yellow sticker: paradoxical effects of a visual warning of body-worn cameras on the use of police force","authors":"Noy Assaraf, Alejandro Mouro, Donald M. Papy, Noel Castillo, Barak Ariel","doi":"10.1007/s11292-024-09627-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-024-09627-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Research on police body-worn cameras (BWCs) draws attention to the need for suspects to be aware of the devices for them to exert a deterrent, “civilising effect”, which can manifest as a reduction in the use of force in police-public interactions. This awareness can be manipulated audibly, visually, or both, yet no trials exist to test a visual stimulus that increases awareness of BWCs relative to BWCs without this function. In this field experiment, we test the effect of a visual warning of BWCs on use-of-force incidence.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A six-month cluster-randomised controlled trial involving spatiotemporal police units was conducted in Miami Beach, USA. The units were randomly assigned to the experimental group, which included officers who wore BWCs featuring multiple yellow stickers and “VIDEO & AUDIO” logo (used as a visual warning). Officers in the control group were equipped with BWCs without yellow stickers. Neither group was required to announce the presence of the BWCs, thus isolating the visual warning from the audial warning. Poisson regression models estimate the treatment effect, with confirmatory subgroup analyses based on the proactive versus reactive interactions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Statistically significant differences in the use of force by officers, but in the contrary direction: higher rate of use of force due to equipping officers with BWCs with yellow stickers relative to BWCs without the yellow stickers. Relative change analysis indicates that yellow stickers cause an increase in the rate of use of force in incidents involving proactive policing, with a less pronounced increase in reactive policing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Without contextualising their use to citizens, raising awareness of the presence of BWCs can aggravate police-public encounters.</p>","PeriodicalId":47684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Criminology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0