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A Closer Look at the Alleged “War on Cops”: Post-Ferguson Trends in Ideologically-Motivated Homicides of Police Officers, 2008–2021 细看所谓的“对警察的战争”：2008-2011年弗格森时代后出于意识形态动机杀害警察的趋势
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231189827
Jesse J. Norris
{"title":"A Closer Look at the Alleged “War on Cops”: Post-Ferguson Trends in Ideologically-Motivated Homicides of Police Officers, 2008–2021","authors":"Jesse J. Norris","doi":"10.1177/10986111231189827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231189827","url":null,"abstract":"Some proponents of the “war on cops” thesis have suggested that the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement encourages people to murder police officers and is responsible for many civilian-on-police homicides. To evaluate such claims, this study examines all homicides of on-duty police officers by civilians from 2008 to 2021 ( n = 595) for ideological motives, and uses interrupted times series analysis to test for post-Ferguson trends. Ideological motivations were present in 12% of civilian-on-police homicides, and only 3% constituted terrorism. Right-wing motivations were far more common (6%) than left-wing motives (3%). Most analyses showed no significant increase in ideological civilian-on-police homicides after Ferguson. Although homicides with left-wing motives unconnected to personal revenge significantly increased after Ferguson, this only accounts for a small proportion of post-Ferguson homicides (4%). In short, there is no evidence that BLM unleashed a “war on cops” in which officers are increasingly targeted in ideological homicides.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43457728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Race, Ethnicity and Basic Law Enforcement Training Non-Completion: A National-Level Examination of Police Academies 种族、民族与基本执法培训未完成情况:警察院校国家一级考试
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231188429
E. A. Paoline, J. Sloan
{"title":"Race, Ethnicity and Basic Law Enforcement Training Non-Completion: A National-Level Examination of Police Academies","authors":"E. A. Paoline, J. Sloan","doi":"10.1177/10986111231188429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231188429","url":null,"abstract":"Calls for the diversification of policing to better mirror communities served date to 1960s-era national commissions and continue to the present. Largely ignored in efforts to diversify policing is the role of race/ethnicity and completion of academy-based training of police recruits. This study used data collected from 615 U.S. basic law enforcement training (BLET) academies during 2018 to examine the correlates of BLET non-completion, including academy-level counts of racial/ethnic group membership of recruits, academy regional location, affiliation, stress of the training model used, and required weeks of BLET for state-level certification. Multivariate negative binomial regression modeling indicated that compared to non-completion counts of White non-Hispanic recruits, except for Asian non-Hispanic group members, the expected change in non-completion counts for members of all other racial/ethnic groups significantly increased holding all other variables in the model constant at their means. Implications for diversifying policing are discussed and recommendations made for further research.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48219862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differences Between High and Low Performing Police Agencies in Clearing Robberies, Aggravated Assaults, and Burglaries: Findings From an Eight-Agency Case Study 高绩效和低绩效警察机构在清理抢劫、严重攻击和入室盗窃方面的差异:来自八个机构案例研究的结果
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-07-02 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231182728
C. Lum, C. Wellford, Thomas Scott, Heather Vovak, Jacqueline A. Scherer, Michael Goodier
{"title":"Differences Between High and Low Performing Police Agencies in Clearing Robberies, Aggravated Assaults, and Burglaries: Findings From an Eight-Agency Case Study","authors":"C. Lum, C. Wellford, Thomas Scott, Heather Vovak, Jacqueline A. Scherer, Michael Goodier","doi":"10.1177/10986111231182728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231182728","url":null,"abstract":"This eight-agency case study analyzes the characteristics of four high-and four low-performing police agencies, as measured by their long-term crime clearance rates. High and low performers were identified through a systematic assessment of 30 years of clearance rates of robberies, aggravated assaults, burglaries, and homicides for the largest 100 police departments in the United States. Researchers then conducted in-depth case studies of eight of these agencies—four of the highest and four of the lowest ranking in terms of their investigative practices. Comparisons of high-and low-performing agencies reveal differences in organizational structure; leadership and resources; selection, training, and performance review for investigators; case assignment and investigative processes; and community interactions. These findings provide direct guidance to agencies seeking to strengthen their investigative organization and practices.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46704318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can a Virtual Reality Training Scenario Elicit Similar Stress Response as a Realistic Scenario-Based Training Scenario? 虚拟现实训练场景能否引发与现实场景训练场景相似的应激反应?
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231182729
M. H. Martaindale, William L. Sandel, Aaron Duron, M. McAllister
{"title":"Can a Virtual Reality Training Scenario Elicit Similar Stress Response as a Realistic Scenario-Based Training Scenario?","authors":"M. H. Martaindale, William L. Sandel, Aaron Duron, M. McAllister","doi":"10.1177/10986111231182729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231182729","url":null,"abstract":"One key feature for scenario-based training is introducing stressful, realistic scenarios for trainees. Some law enforcement agencies have begun using virtual reality systems to provide scenario training for their officers. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess if a virtual reality training scenario can elicit a similar stress response as a realistic scenario-based training scenario. The independent groups quasi-experiment collected salivary markers of acute stress (α-amylase and secretory immunoglobulin A) prior to, and immediately following, either an in-person scenario-based training exercise (n=31) or a virtual reality scenario (n=27) based on the in-person exercise. Difference-in-difference and two-way ANOVA tests were performed. Overall, participants exposed to the virtual reality scenario experienced a similar stress response to the realistic in-person scenario-based training exercise. Implications for law enforcement agencies are discussed to hopefully move police training forward.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46358197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A Longitudinal Study of Police Differential Response Team Impact on Crime in Houston: A Test of Broken Windows Thesis 休斯顿警察差异反应小组对犯罪影响的纵向研究：破窗论文测试
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221092947
Jihong Zhao, Yan Zhang
{"title":"A Longitudinal Study of Police Differential Response Team Impact on Crime in Houston: A Test of Broken Windows Thesis","authors":"Jihong Zhao, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1177/10986111221092947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111221092947","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to partially test the broken windows thesis, and to evaluate the effect of Houston’s Differential Response Team (DRT) in particular at the patrol division level using crime-related calls for service data (CFS) in the city. Monthly DRT assignment data over a period of 13 years in five different space-time patterns were utilized to estimate the effect of targeted disorder enforcement from 2005 to 2017. Our findings suggest that the DRT overall did not produce significant effects on crime-related calls, with only one out of five space-time patterns showing demonstrable benefit. We highlighted the underlying features generating differential rates of crime across geographic areas as an explanation in the discussion section. The unique feature of this study was the focus on routine police activities as opposed to arrests as the key indicator of law enforcement intervention in the management of crime.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"26 1","pages":"143 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49348214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Disciplinary Sanctions for Police Misconduct: An Empirical Analysis of Sanction Severity 警察不当行为的纪律处分：处分严重性的实证分析
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231174831
R. Worden, Christopher J. Harris, Moonsun Kim
{"title":"Disciplinary Sanctions for Police Misconduct: An Empirical Analysis of Sanction Severity","authors":"R. Worden, Christopher J. Harris, Moonsun Kim","doi":"10.1177/10986111231174831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231174831","url":null,"abstract":"The imposition of appropriate sanctions for substantiated police misconduct is important, but social science offers little evidence about whether the severity of sanctions is related to the gravity of the misconduct, or disparities indicative of biased decision-making, or simply arbitrary decision-making. We examine the application of sanctions for police misconduct in one agency, analyzing sanctions imposed in 1,946 sustained personnel complaints filed against 1,026 officers between 1987 and 2001. We find that the nature of the misconduct accounts for some of the variation in sanction severity, with internal bureaucratic violations sanctioned more severely than officers’ improprieties vis-à-vis citizens. Among the latter, sanctions tend to be less severe than those prescribed by either citizens or police officers. We also find that sanction severity is affected by officers’ characteristics, but also that much of the variation in sanctions is unaccounted for, suggesting a large degree of unstructured decision-making.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Explaining Police Procedural Justice in a Democracy: An Expanded Internal-External Model 解释民主制度下的警察程序正义:一个扩展的内外模型
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231169278
Shun-Yung Kevin Wang, I. Sun, Yuning Wu, Fei-Lin Chen
{"title":"Explaining Police Procedural Justice in a Democracy: An Expanded Internal-External Model","authors":"Shun-Yung Kevin Wang, I. Sun, Yuning Wu, Fei-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1177/10986111231169278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231169278","url":null,"abstract":"Since procedural justice was proposed, this vein of research has gained much popularity in scholarship, empirical supports, and theoretical advancement. Yet, research on the procedural fairness within police organizations, particularly on the underlying and mediating mechanisms between internal and external procedural justice, remains understudied. Relying on survey data collected from Taiwanese police officers, this study expands the current literature by testing the direct relationships between supervisor, organizational, and social supports and external procedural justice and their indirect connections through supervisor trustworthiness and self-legitimacy. Supervisor and social supports were found to directly boost officers’ commitment to external procedural justice. Perceived organizational support promotes external procedural justice through cultivating officer self-legitimacy. This study concludes by discussing cross-border research and pragmatic implications for police training and management.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45880016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Unions, Occupational Career Change, and Gender Inequality: Using Current Population Survey Panel Data to Assess Police Wage Change 工会、职业生涯变化和性别不平等:使用当前人口调查面板数据评估警察工资变化
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231165518
X. Luo, C. Schleifer
{"title":"Unions, Occupational Career Change, and Gender Inequality: Using Current Population Survey Panel Data to Assess Police Wage Change","authors":"X. Luo, C. Schleifer","doi":"10.1177/10986111231165518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231165518","url":null,"abstract":"A large body of literature describes the occupational gender wage gap at the national labor market level as well as in specific occupations. Yet, among those studies of within-occupational inequality, few have focused on how occupational career change affects gender wage inequality. With an increasing number of female workers entering into the police labor force as well as the high turnover rate in the police sector, it is important to explore wage changes in this highly unionized and hyper-masculine occupation. Using two-wave panel data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG) from 1979 to 2016, this study examines how change in occupational career along with change in union membership may lead to different wage rewards or penalties for police men and police women. Our findings reveal that individuals experience a large increase in wages when joining the police occupation, and this wage bonus is greater for women than for men. Furthermore, individuals joining the police as well as a union see a wage bonus, but wage loss when leaving the police and a union. Overall, police men have a larger wage loss than police women when leaving the police force and losing union membership. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46648137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using Body Worn Camera Footage to Investigate Predictors of Officer Behavior and the Outcomes of Police–Community Interactions 使用随身携带的摄像机录像调查警察行为的预测因素和警察与社区互动的结果
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231169788
Lois James, Stephen M. James
{"title":"Using Body Worn Camera Footage to Investigate Predictors of Officer Behavior and the Outcomes of Police–Community Interactions","authors":"Lois James, Stephen M. James","doi":"10.1177/10986111231169788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231169788","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to use interval-level metrics to code a random sample of body worn camera footage from a large ( N ∼ 700) municipal police department in 2019. Just over 1,100 videos were coded for (1) community member factors; (2) officer behaviors—including an overall “performance” score; and (3) encounter outcomes. Our goal was to answer the following: Do police receive higher overall performance scores when interacting with some types of community members compared to others? Which community member factors significantly predict specific officer behaviors? Which community member factors significantly predict encounter outcomes? We found that officers received higher performance scores when interacting with women, and with community members with mental illness. We found that socio-economic-status and gender were the most common predictors of officer behaviors, while race and ethnicity, socio-economic-status, gender, and armed status predicted encounter outcomes. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49550645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Intersection of Health and Justice: An Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid Training for Justice-involved Professionals 健康与司法的交汇点——司法专业人员心理健康急救培训评价
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1177/10986111231169275
Christine L. Arazan, L. Weich
{"title":"The Intersection of Health and Justice: An Evaluation of Mental Health First Aid Training for Justice-involved Professionals","authors":"Christine L. Arazan, L. Weich","doi":"10.1177/10986111231169275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111231169275","url":null,"abstract":"Where historically justice and behavioral health professionals have functioned independently in systems that often collide, the ability to provide community behavioral health training to justice involved professionals may lead to enhanced public safety and decreases in incarcerations. This study evaluated the impact of the Mental Health First Aid program completed by 85 justice professionals. Study participants completed a questionnaire before and after the training to assess the impact on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Findings suggest the training reduced stigmatizing attitudes and improved participants’recognition of mental health disorders, self-confidence in providing help, and intent to help. The results of this study provide preliminary evidence supportive of justice communities investing in the Mental Health First Aid training consistent with the International Chiefs of Police Association’s commitment to the “One Mind Campaign” to ensure that justice professionals have the skills to safely and responsibly meet the needs of people with mental illness","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47327646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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