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Ambush Killings of the Police, 1970–2018: A Longitudinal Examination of the “War on Cops” Debate 1970-2018年伏击杀害警察:对“向警察宣战”辩论的纵向考察
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-05-04 DOI: 10.1177/1098611120919441
M. White
{"title":"Ambush Killings of the Police, 1970–2018: A Longitudinal Examination of the “War on Cops” Debate","authors":"M. White","doi":"10.1177/1098611120919441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611120919441","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few years, there has been a series of high-profile, premeditated ambush attacks on police, which has led some to conclude there is a “war on cops.” Unfortunately, prior research has not examined the prevalence of police ambushes over an extended period of time, and the most recent study only analyzed the phenomenon through 2013. Moreover, the “war on cops” thesis implies a very specific motivation for an ambush: hatred of police or desire to seek vengeance in response to police killings of citizens. Prior research has not sufficiently explored the motivations of ambush attacks, or whether recent trends in ambushes are linked to a “war on cops” motive. I investigate ambush killings of police from 1970 to 2018 using data from the Officer Down Memorial Page in an attempt to address these research gaps. I apply a temporal coding scheme of when the attack occurred to isolate killings of police that are consistent with the International Association of Chiefs of Police definition of an ambush. Results from linear regression show that the annual rates of ambush killings of police have declined by more than 90% since 1970. Although ambushes spiked in 2016 and 2018 to the highest rates in 20 years, interrupted time series analysis indicates no statistically significant increase post-2013. Spikes have also occurred in nonambush killings since 2014. Police leaders and researchers should monitor trends in ambush and nonambush killings of police, as the recent spikes may presage the emergence of a chronic problem.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"451 - 471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611120919441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46295777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Understanding Body-Worn Camera Diffusion in U.S. Policing 了解美国警务中佩戴的摄像头扩散
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/1098611120917937
Justin Nix, N. Todak, Brandon Tregle
{"title":"Understanding Body-Worn Camera Diffusion in U.S. Policing","authors":"Justin Nix, N. Todak, Brandon Tregle","doi":"10.1177/1098611120917937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611120917937","url":null,"abstract":"By 2016, approximately one half of American police agencies had adopted body-worn cameras (BWCs). Although a growing body of research has examined the impact of BWCs on outcomes such as use of force, complaints, and perceptions of police, few have considered how and why some agencies adopted BWCs, while others have not. With guidance from the diffusion of innovations paradigm, this study explores variation in BWC adoption by police agencies. Drawing on a survey administered to a national probability sample of 665 municipal police executives in the spring of 2018, we found agency size, region, and the demographic composition of municipalities were associated with BWC usage. We then examined executives’ support for (or opposition to) legislation that would require BWC footage to be released publicly. Results suggest (a) a variety of environmental factors were associated with support and (b) the correlates of support varied across agencies of different sizes.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"396 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611120917937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46275173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Exploring Gendered Environments in Policing: Workplace Incivilities and Fit Perceptions in Men and Women Officers 探索警务中的性别环境：男性和女性警官的工作场所暴力行为和适合感
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/1098611120917942
Rachael M. Rief, Samantha S. Clinkinbeard
{"title":"Exploring Gendered Environments in Policing: Workplace Incivilities and Fit Perceptions in Men and Women Officers","authors":"Rachael M. Rief, Samantha S. Clinkinbeard","doi":"10.1177/1098611120917942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611120917942","url":null,"abstract":"Research indicates that women are still underrepresented in policing and that police culture is not fully accepting of its sisters in blue. As police organizations strive toward building an inclusive workforce, we must understand how women, already in the field, view their place and experiences within their jobs, organizations, and workgroups. Thus, in the current research, we use a comparative sample (n = 832) of male and female officers to examine perceptions of fit in the job, organization, and workgroup, and how these perceptions relate to reports of workplace incivilities. Findings indicate that women \"fit in\"with the job and the broader agency, but they are less likely than men to feel they belong within their workgroup. This relationship was partially mediated by workplace incivilities, indicating that women’s experience of subtle forms of discrimination partially explains their lower levels of fit in their workgroup.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"427 - 450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611120917942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48783386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Police Productivity and Performance Over the Career Course: A Latent Class Growth Analysis of the First 10 Years of Law Enforcement 职业生涯中的警察生产力和绩效:执法头十年的潜在阶级增长分析
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/1098611120907555
Jillian S. Desmond, Bradford W. Reyns, James Frank, Charles F. Klahm IV, Billy Henson
{"title":"Police Productivity and Performance Over the Career Course: A Latent Class Growth Analysis of the First 10 Years of Law Enforcement","authors":"Jillian S. Desmond, Bradford W. Reyns, James Frank, Charles F. Klahm IV, Billy Henson","doi":"10.1177/1098611120907555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611120907555","url":null,"abstract":"The present research investigates the productivity and performance of a large sample of police officers, beginning in the police academy and through their first 10 years of policing. Using longitudinal data and latent class growth analyses, we examine measures of productivity and performance over this time. Findings indicate that officers’ academy performance did not influence officer trajectories, but selected demographic variables were significantly related to performance across the career course. Among these, female and non-White officers were consistently rated lower in their performance evaluations. Overall, results suggest that factors predicting productivity and performance are dynamic, and there is no single combination of characteristics that predicts who will be a “good” officer.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"333 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611120907555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45252209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas 重新绘制得克萨斯州达拉斯的犯罪热点
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-03-30 DOI: 10.1177/1098611120957948
A. Wheeler, Sydney Reuter
{"title":"Redrawing Hot Spots of Crime in Dallas, Texas","authors":"A. Wheeler, Sydney Reuter","doi":"10.1177/1098611120957948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611120957948","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we evaluate the predictive capability of identifying long term, micro place hot spots in Dallas, Texas. We create hot spots using a clustering algorithm, using law enforcement cost of responding to crime estimates as weights. Relative to the much larger current hot spot areas defined by the Dallas Police Department, our identified hot spots are much smaller (under 3 square miles), and capture crime cost at a higher density. We also show that the clustering algorithm captures a wide array of hot spot types; some one or two addresses, some street segments, and others an agglomeration of larger areas. This suggests identifying hot spots based on a specific unit of aggregation (e.g. addresses, street segments), may be less efficient than using a clustering technique in practice.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"24 1","pages":"159 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611120957948","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43868666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Influence of Gender on Perceptions of Barriers to a Police Patrol Career 性别对警察巡逻生涯障碍认知的影响
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/1098611120907870
Michael T. Rossler, Cara E. Rabe-Hemp, Meghan Peuterbaugh, Charles Scheer
{"title":"Influence of Gender on Perceptions of Barriers to a Police Patrol Career","authors":"Michael T. Rossler, Cara E. Rabe-Hemp, Meghan Peuterbaugh, Charles Scheer","doi":"10.1177/1098611120907870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611120907870","url":null,"abstract":"Policing as an institution has been under immense pressure to increase the representation of women as police patrol officers. As the representation of women in policing has plateaued, increasing research has focused on barriers to women entering patrol work but has not examined the salience of these barriers with respect to males or reliably determined which barriers are most influential to desire to enter a police patrol career prior to employment. Drawing upon survey responses from more than 640 students enrolled in criminal justice courses across five universities (i.e., University of Southern Mississippi, Illinois State University, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Indiana University-Purdue University Indiana, and Missouri State University), the current inquiry examines the degree to which female and male students differ in their perceptions of barriers to entering a patrol career frequently listed in the literature. The findings indicate that female students view many of these obstacles differently than male students and that these perceptions influence interest in patrol careers.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"368 - 395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611120907870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46871423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
An Empirical Assessment of the Sources of Police Job Satisfaction 警察工作满意度来源的实证评估
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/1098611119875117
E. A. Paoline, J. Gau
{"title":"An Empirical Assessment of the Sources of Police Job Satisfaction","authors":"E. A. Paoline, J. Gau","doi":"10.1177/1098611119875117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611119875117","url":null,"abstract":"Dissatisfied workers are at risk for negative occupational behaviors such as job turnover, poor performance, work avoidance, decreased morale among coworkers, and physical or legal liability. Relying heavily on demographic (e.g., sex, race, education) and occupational (e.g., rank, experience, assignment) explanatory factors, early empirical studies failed to effectively model the statistical correlates of police officer job satisfaction. Recent inquiries have found more success in explaining the variation in job satisfaction by examining a variety of work-related attitudes. The current study adds to this burgeoning area of research by assessing the role of internal and external dimensions of the work environment, as well as views of fairness and effectiveness, on the job satisfaction of police officers. Based on survey data from a midsized municipal police department in Florida, the multivariate analysis reveals a number of successful predictors of job satisfaction, especially for those officers with a street-level assignment. A second analysis, based on qualitative coding of open-ended survey questions, finds differences in positive and negative features of the occupation across varying levels of satisfied and dissatisfied respondents. Implications of these findings for police practitioners and researchers are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"55 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611119875117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49173566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police in 34 Countries: A Multilevel Analysis 34个国家移民对警察的信心：多层次分析
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/1098611119883424
Sungil Han, Eui-gab Hwang, Matt R. Nobles, Sherah L. Basham, A. Piquero
{"title":"Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police in 34 Countries: A Multilevel Analysis","authors":"Sungil Han, Eui-gab Hwang, Matt R. Nobles, Sherah L. Basham, A. Piquero","doi":"10.1177/1098611119883424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611119883424","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines predictors of immigrants’ confidence in the police at the individual and national levels, based on the instrumental and expressive frameworks. Using the World Value Survey, the study analyzes data from 5,746 immigrants across 34 nations. Generalized multilevel mixed-effects models are utilized to test the effects of individual-level attributes and national-level structural indicators. Immigrants with a citizenship of the resident nation report higher confidence in the police. Neighborhood security, neighborhood trust, and perceived community membership influence immigrants’ confidence in the police. The national-level indicators, including diversity of the nation’s population and discriminatory culture, were significantly related to confidence in the police. In a society with a variety of nationalities and a more discriminatory culture, immigrants report more confidence in the police. Ensuring neighborhood security and improving social capital, such as institutional trust, are important for building confidence in the police.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"106 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611119883424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45932323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Influential Women? Policing Styles in Online Recruitment Materials 有影响力的女性？网上招聘材料中的警务风格
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/1098611119870263
Michael F. Aiello
{"title":"Influential Women? Policing Styles in Online Recruitment Materials","authors":"Michael F. Aiello","doi":"10.1177/1098611119870263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611119870263","url":null,"abstract":"This article tests the temporal relationship between the representation of females in policing and organizational change toward community-oriented policing. This mixed methods study involves secondary data analysis of the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey, open-source data collection of online recruitment materials for 493 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics agencies, quantitative content analysis of a random sample of 131 departments, and Leximancer semantic mapping of the 493 departments’ materials. The two forms of content analysis focus on the particular emphases of “legalistic,” “watchman,” and “service” styles. The quantitative content analysis results largely support the temporal model, with the percent female sworn in a given department in 2013 significantly predicting whether that department’s 2018 recruitment materials focus on service or community-oriented policing content. The Leximancer semantic mapping results provide a more ambiguous picture, including legalistic through-line language around police work.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"24 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611119870263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48509635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Structural Responses to Gendered Social Problems: Police Agency Adaptations to Human Trafficking 对性别社会问题的结构性回应：警察机构对人口贩运的适应
IF 3.1 2区 社会学
Police Quarterly Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/1098611119873093
Alicia L. Jurek, W. King
{"title":"Structural Responses to Gendered Social Problems: Police Agency Adaptations to Human Trafficking","authors":"Alicia L. Jurek, W. King","doi":"10.1177/1098611119873093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611119873093","url":null,"abstract":"The identification and investigation of human trafficking cases has lagged behind what prevalence estimates of the scope of the crime have suggested. Previous research has identified the importance of formalized responses to human trafficking for the successful identification of these cases, but little is known about the factors predicting the creation of specialized human trafficking units. The current study uses both primary and secondary data and a theoretical framework informed by structural contingency and representative bureaucracy to identify predictors of specialized human trafficking units in large municipal police departments in the United States. Penalized maximum likelihood estimation revealed only agency size and social disorganization were significant predictors of these specialized units. Directions for future research are included.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":"23 1","pages":"25 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1098611119873093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46341821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
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