Arabian Journal of Geosciences最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating climate change effects on water quality dynamics over multiple time scales: a case study of Iran’s Helle River basin","authors":"Farhang Rahmani,&nbsp;Mohammad Hadi Fattahi","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12270-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12270-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study integrates multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) with climate-driven water quality dynamics to assess climate change impacts on Iran’s Helle River across multiple timescales. Unlike traditional linear models, this approach captures nonlinear, scale-dependent behaviors in water quality time series. Results show that climate change significantly alters water quality parameters: magnesium displays high sensitivity with notable variations, while acidity and sodium remain relatively stable. The study uniquely identifies scale-specific multifractal signatures, such as acidity (<i>Δα</i> = 1.27) and sulfate (<i>Δα</i> = 1.07), highlighting their variability under climate forcing. Nonlinear models sensitive to extreme fluctuations are recommended for accurate medium- and long-term forecasting, contrasting with linear models suited for short-term predictions. These findings link multifractal dynamics to climate-induced water quality changes, offering a framework for region-specific adaptation strategies. The outcomes provide actionable insights for sustainable water management in semi-arid regions facing climate extremes, advancing the understanding of complex climate-river interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential analysis and unified predictive modeling of capillary rise in sodium chloride and sodium sulfate saline soils","authors":"Yupeng Shen,&nbsp;Lin Wang,&nbsp;Quan Cao,&nbsp;Jamlick Kariuki,&nbsp;Chengcheng Luo","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12269-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12269-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Capillary rise in saline soils is a key indirect factor leading to the degradation of structural performance in subgrade and similar structures. The type and salt content (SC) of the saline soil further complicate capillary rise, posing significant challenges for preventing and controlling capillary rise in subgrade and other structures. This study used sodium chloride saline soil (NCS) and sodium sulfate saline soil (NSS) as the research objects, investigating the capillary rise characteristics of saline soils and the influence of salt type and content on capillary variations. The soil suction was measured using the filter paper to aid the analysis. The results showed that adding sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) affected all three stages of capillary rise in soil. These effects included promoting elevation, gradual wane, and reverse inhibition. During the promotion stage, capillary rises rapidly, leading to significant changes in the moisture field of the subgrade and accelerating the destruction of its strength and stability. The effect of salt type on the maximum capillary height was closely related to changes in SC. Compared to NCS, NSS exhibited a more substantial capillary rise at low SC. However, as the SC increased, the inhibitory effect on capillary rise gradually intensified. According to Chinese standards, weak saline soils, traditionally considered more suitable for subgrade construction, exhibited more significant capillary rise, which requires attention in future subgrade construction. A significant correlation was observed between capillary rise and suction for both types of saline soils at different SCs. The maximum capillary height prediction model for saline soils, adjusted by soil suction, demonstrated applicability and accuracy, providing valuable insights for capillary rise prevention in subgrade construction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iraqi shoreline stability: a review of recent geological and engineering research","authors":"Hiba Ahmed Mahdi,&nbsp;Raid Aziz Mahmood,&nbsp;Wisam R. Muttashar","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12273-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12273-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research has extensively reviewed previous studies of the dynamics of the Iraqi shore zone that is characterized by low-lying plains of mudflats and situated in the northwest of the Arabian Gulf. To ensure a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the existing literature, the methodology in this research entailing categorizes that research interested in shoreline changes into several groups based on their main scope: shoreline change-related studies, sedimentary-focused studies, and coastal engineering studies. The research then deduced the findings of these research groups in two ways: firstly, the long-term reduction of water discharges from the Shatt al-Arab River due to upstream water management projects has led to decreased sediment supply, exacerbating erosion, and altering the shoreline geomorphology; secondly, the construction of new coastal marinas, notably the Grand Faw Port (GFP), has the potential to mitigate erosion along specific segments of the coastline even though the long-term impacts remain inadequately studied. The previous research on the Iraqi coastline most likely shows fragmented and insufficient to comprehensively understand the region’s coastal dynamics and then assess critical natural hazards, such as erodibility and sedimentation rates. This critical gap exists in knowledge and has severely limited ability to predict and mitigate coastal hazards. The most significant conclusion that emerged from this review study is that the Grand Faw Port (GFP) construction most likely caused the Iraqi seashore to split into two areas, the western and the eastern, each of which has distinctive features.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-025-12273-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance and paleotectonic setting of the triassic to lower jurassic adigrat sandstone around Yejube, Blue Nile Basin, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Muluken Kassahun,&nbsp;Demeke Zemene,&nbsp;Teame Haileslassie,&nbsp;Daniel Meshesha","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12274-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12274-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mineralogical and geochemical (major and trace element) data are presented for the Adigrat Sandstone exposed around Yejube, located in the Blue Nile Basin of central Ethiopia, to determine its provenance and tectonic setting. On the Q-F-L diagram, the Yejube Adigrat Sandstone falls within the sublitharenite to quartzarenite fields, consistent with its chemical classification. The Yejube Adigrat Sandstone comprises a higher amount of sub-rounded to rounded quartz grains (~ 89.98%), with subordinate amounts of rock fragments and feldspars associated with higher SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and K₂O/Na₂O ratios, which suggest that it is highly reworked, recycled, and matured. Mineralogical and major element analyses of the Yejube Adigrat Sandstone demonstrate a quartzose sedimentary provenance. However, the immobile trace elemental ratios (La/Sc, Th/Co, La/Co, Cr/Th, and Th/Sc), high LREE/HREE ratios, and low Eu/Eu* values (Eu/Eu* = 0.5) strongly support a felsic (granitic and gneissic) source. Furthermore, a comparison of provenance studies for the Adigrat Sandstone in the Yejube and Dejen–Gohatsion areas of the Blue Nile Basin and the Mekelle outlier indicates that the sediments of the former were primarily derived from felsic source rocks, similar to those of the Mekelle outlier, in contrast to the mafic to intermediate sources identified at Dejen–Gohatsion in the Blue Nile Basin. The higher quartz content (~ 89.98%), SiO₂/Al₂O₃, and K₂O/Na₂O ratios, the enrichment in immobile trace elements (e.g., La, Th, Zr, Co, Sc, Hf), the negative Eu anomaly, and the rare earth element (REE) pattern, which are almost like that of the typical average upper continental crust, infer that the Yejube Adigrat Sandstone was deposited in a passive margin tectonic setting. Moreover, the tectonic discrimination diagram for Yejube Adigrat sandstone indicates a passive margin tectonic setting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of geomorphic signatures of neotectonic activity within the Khoh River Basin: a geospatial approach","authors":"Hritika Deopa,&nbsp;M. R. Resmi","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12265-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12265-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present paper has integrated geomorphic and tectonic features with remote sensing, landslide, and earthquake data to explore the influence of tectonics on the evolutionary trajectory of the Khoh River Basin, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. The basin offers a favorable geological setting for exploring landforms shaped by ongoing tectonics. Various morphotectonic indices were computed to unravel the influence and extent of tectonics within the basin. A total of 12 longitudinal profiles were obtained for each sub-basin to capture the geological variations and influence of structural discontinuities on the river migration and tilting of the basin. Furthermore, the presence of unpaired terraces, paleo-channels, ox-bow lakes, alluvial fan, and knick points provided insights into the impact of neotectonic activities in shaping the landscape of the basin. These features are located in proximity with five major tectonic structures, viz., the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), Khoh River Fault (KRF), Sukh Rao Fault (SRF), and Najibabad Fault (NF) that have influenced fluvial dynamics of the Khoh River to great extent. Additionally, ongoing tectonic processes, fault reactivation, and intense precipitation have resulted in numerous landslides and earthquakes in the region, rendering it vulnerable to surface deformation and potential disasters in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical assessment of opal mining techniques, tools, market system, environmental impact challenges, and prospects — A systematic review","authors":"Anteneh Yayeh Adamu,&nbsp;Demessie Mulu Eneyew,&nbsp;Assamen Ayalew Ejigu,&nbsp;Andrzej Kajetan Dubiniewicz,&nbsp;Sisay Awoke Endalew,&nbsp;Asmare Belay Nigussie,&nbsp;Asnake Enawgaw Amognehegn","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12261-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12261-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study presents the existing challenges in opal mining in the Delanta area (mining methods, tools, market system, and environmental impact) and provides possible recommendations to overcome these challenges. Literature review, data collection, field survey, and data analysis were used as methods for this study. Environmental impact assessment also applied in the study area. Based on the study, the opal mining system in the Delanta area is performed in traditional ways and this method is not benefiting the local miners as well as the country. In the area, due to roof collapse of mining sites, three to eight artesian small-scale miners are dying each year. Opal quality deterioration (wastes locally called Ajara) because of cracking is the other main challenge in the study area. Moreover, environmental problems such as deforestation, concealed underground channels, landslides, the loss of numerous species’ habitats, annihilation of flora, land degradation, soil erosion and pollution, water pollution, air pollution, downstream sedimentation, and the covering of topsoil on agricultural land, which affects the farming system are the main findings of this study. In the study area, only 3% of the opal is processed, while 97% is rough, and this results in loss of income for the country. Finally, the study indicated the possible solutions in opal exploration and mining methods, as well as market system for the safe and sustainable extraction of Delanta opal resources. The study recommended for future work to design a safe mining method, a ventilation shaft, develop a smartphone app for quality grading and branding for selling, developing a low-cost opal cutting and polishing machine for value addition, and establishing training centers. In addition, the sector in the area also needs solar systems planting for lighting of mining sites, design and development of waste soil removal technology/conveyors and hammers for safe mining, sustainable development and management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of vibratory ball mill grinding parameters of hydrated lime ultrafine grinding on consumed energy","authors":"Eyüp Sabah","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12263-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12263-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the grinding behavior of hydrated lime in a vibratory ball mill, focusing on the relationships between grinding energy consumption and grinding efficiency in terms of specific surface area evolution and ultrafine particle size reduction under various operational parameters, including grinding time (10–30 min), ball filling (60–80%), and material filling (10–40%). The initial median particle size (<i>d</i>₅₀) and specific surface area of hydrated lime (297 µm and 0.54 m²/g, respectively) were significantly enhanced through the grinding process, with the maximum increase in specific surface area (Δ<i>S</i> = 2.17 m²/g) and reduction in final particle size (<i>d</i>₅₀ = 6.37 µm) achieved at the shortest grinding time (10 min) under optimum conditions of 80% ball filling and 30% material filling, with relatively low energy consumption (<i>E</i>_m &lt; 2.5 kWh/t). The results demonstrated that higher energy inputs due to prolonged grinding times did not necessarily correspond to proportional increases in specific surface area due to particle agglomeration effects, indicating the presence of critical grinding parameters affecting energy utilization efficiency. This was confirmed by SEM analysis, which revealed significant morphological alterations in hydrated lime particles, characterized by substantial size reduction in the early stages of grinding followed by the formation of densely packed agglomerates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Qawasim Formation through integration of available data from El Basant wells, Nile Delta, Egypt","authors":"Ahmed Sedki,&nbsp;Mohamed Abd Elkhalek Mahmoud Abdelhady,&nbsp;Hany Elsayed Ahmed,&nbsp;Mohamed Reda","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12251-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12251-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Upper Miocene Qawasim Formation is an important hydrocarbon reservoir in the Nile Delta Province. This research focuses on characterizing the Late Miocene Qawasim Formation in the El Basant Gas Field, located in the Eastern part of the East Nile Delta onshore, 12.5 km south of El Manzala Lake, covering approximately 30.66 km². By integrating well logs, core analysis, petrographic thin sections, X-ray diffraction, and drilling data from five wells, this study identifies opportunities for enhancing our understanding of the subsurface geology reservoir characterization and reservoir potential of the El Basant Gas Field. The study area is characterized by step normal faults oriented northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast. Lithological analysis reveals abundant shale and sandstone facies, indicating significant gas potential. Petrophysical analysis confirms the Qawasim Formation as the primary reservoir, with a net pay thickness of about 23 m, effective porosity of around 34%, and hydrocarbon saturation of about 52%. A detailed 3D model assessed the influence of structural setting, facies, and petrophysical properties on the Qawasim Formation. Integrating these findings, two highly prospective locations were identified, with estimated Gas Initial In Place (GIIP) values of approximately 29.563 million cubic feet.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levels, spatial distributions, and sources of n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids (pristane and phytane) in surface sediments from Hodeidah city, Yemen","authors":"Murad A. Al-Salahi,&nbsp;Essam A. Nasher,&nbsp;Hamid T. AL-Saad,&nbsp;Ahmed I. Rushdi","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12260-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12260-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Samples of surface sediments from two coastal areas, namely outer the entrance (Zone O) and at the inlet to the seaport of Hodediah (Zone I), were collected and examined to assess total organic carbon (TOC) and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The analysis aimed to investigate the distribution, concentrations, and origins of aliphatic hydrocarbon <u>n</u>-alkanes as well as acyclic isoprenoid pristane and phytane. Sediments were collected using a Van Veen grab sampler, dried, extracted with a dichloromethane/methanol mixture and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Total organic carbon (TOC) in weight percent (wt. %) was determined by a simple oxidation method. The total extractable organic matter was separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) into aliphatic fraction (F₁, mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons). The average total <u>n</u>-alkane concentrations relative to TOC were 3016 ± 4317 µg/g_(TOC) in Zone O and 690 ± 405 µg/g_(TOC) in Zone I. The average concentrations of the isoprenoid pristane (Pr) and phytane (Ph) were 175 ± 307 µg/g_(TOC) in Zone O and 164 ± 472 µg/g_(TOC) in Zone I, and 269 ± 346 µg/g_(TOC) and 258 ± 6624 µg/g_(TOC) in Zone O and Zone I, respectively. The major sources of <u>n</u>-alkanes were petroleum residues, based on the organic geochemical parameters and indices (e.g., CPI(o/e), LMW/HMW, Pr/Ph, Pr/nC₁₇ and Ph/nC₁₈). They were 93 ± 2% of the total <u>n</u>-alkanes in Zone O and 90 ± 4% in Zone I. The biogenic origins of <u>n</u>-alkanes were relatively low levels in the two zones. Microbial sources ranged from 3.2 ± 2.8% in Zone O and 6.2 ± 4.2% in Zone I; higher plant wax inputs were 2.7 ± 1.8% in Zone O, and 2.3 ± 1.7% in Zone I, whereas algal sources were 1.5 ± 2.2% in Zone O and 1.4 ± 2.0% in Zone O. Additional researches are required to characterize the rate, accumulation, and transformation of diverse organic matter sources in the coastal region of Yemen.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of environmental fragility in a mineral exploration area in the Southern Region of Brazil","authors":"Pedro Daniel da Cunha Kemerich,&nbsp;Leonardo Rosa da Silva,&nbsp;Douglas Stefanello Facco,&nbsp;Milene Priebe e Silva,&nbsp;Gabriel DAvila Fernandes,&nbsp;Willian Fernando de Borba,&nbsp;Fernando Ernesto Ucker,&nbsp;Luciano Marquetto","doi":"10.1007/s12517-025-12258-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-025-12258-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mining plays a pivotal role in society by supplying the raw materials essential for consumer goods and industrial and technological advancement, and it is witnessing a growing demand. However, the environmental toll of mining activities can be substantial, necessitating comprehensive environmental data to enable a robust analysis of the situation, which in turn allows the formulation of effective control and monitoring strategies. The primary objective of this study is to assess the environmental quality of a mineral exploration area in the Camaquã Mines region (Caçapava do Sul municipality, Southern Brazil). This assessment utilizes methods grounded in the empirical analysis of natural and anthropogenic environment fragility as proposed by Ross (1994), incorporating considerations of geomorphology, pedology, climatology, and land use, and classifies the area in five groups from very weak to very strong fragility. Based on the analysis developed in this work and in the cartographic products generated, the prevailing environmental class is characterized by moderate fragility. This research significantly contributes to comprehending the impacts of mining and the environmental conditions within the area of interest. The methodologies and findings presented here can serve as a foundational framework for subsequent studies in environmental and territorial planning geared towards achieving sustainable development aligned with economic growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"18 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}