Arabian Journal of Geosciences最新文献

{"title":"Efficient recovery of rare Earth elements and cadmium from El-Missikat Fluorite-bearing Granite, Eastern Desert, Egypt","authors":"Doaa I. Zaki,&nbsp;Galal M. Abd El Wahab,&nbsp;Omneya M. El Hossini,&nbsp;Rania M. Mahdy","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12443-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12443-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an optimized hydrometallurgical process for recovering Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and Cadmium (Cd) from El-Missikat fluorite-bearing granite ore (0.68% REEs, 0.045% Cd). The extraction process involved two consecutive thermal treatment stages designed to maximize recovery of REEs and Cd from El-Missikat fluorite-bearing ore. In the initial fluorine deactivation stage, finely ground ore (-150 mesh) was thermally treated with MgO under controlled conditions, with systematic investigation of critical parameters including mixing ratio, roasting temperature, and reaction duration. This was followed by a secondary sulfation roasting stage where the deactivated matrix was mixed with (NH₄)₂SO₄ and roasted, with careful optimization of salt ratio, temperature profile, and residence time. Subsequent leaching of the optimally roasted product with hot distilled water (80–90 °C, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:2) demonstrated excellent retention of valuable elements, recovering approximately 92% of initial REEs content and 95% of original Cd content in the aqueous sulfate solution. The recovery process achieved exceptional separation efficiency, with no less than 98% of REEs precipitated as oxalates using 2 g/L oxalic acid, while quantitative recovery (100%) of Cd was obtained as sulfide using 10 g/L Na₂S through precise pH adjustment. Comprehensive characterization of the final products by EDS analysis confirmed both the phase purity of the REE oxalate precipitate and the composition of the CdS product, validating the effectiveness of the sequential thermal and precipitation processes for element recovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prolonged drought in Tenerife (1990–2022): altitudinal precipitation trends and challenges for water management in island territories","authors":"Juan C. Santamarta,&nbsp;Noelia Cruz-Pérez,&nbsp;Susana Clavijo-Núñez,&nbsp;Alejandro García-Gil,&nbsp;César Paradinas-Blázquez","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12503-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12503-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study carries out an analysis of a precipitation diminution in Tenerife, located in the Canary Islands. The research focuses on the apparent reduction in precipitation occurring during the 2020s compared to historical climate patterns, a trend that may be accelerated by the impact of climate change. Mean precipitation during the period 1990–2022 undergoes significant reductions, with December experiencing the most pronounced decreases. Analyzing the time series from 1990 to 2019 with respect to 2020 to 2022, there is a 33.43% reduction in average annual precipitation on the island, with the most significant decreases in the higher altitude regions. Historical observations at long-term weather observation stations confirm spatio-temporal fluctuations in this island’s region. The northern slope of the island receives a higher average annual rainfall. However, the results show that the southern slope experiences greater reductions when comparing the two time series analyses. These new trends defy traditional elevation-precipitation relations and therefore make water-resource planning a complex issue. The conclusions derived from this analysis confirm the importance of developing studies and strategies adapted to each island’s context, as in the case of Tenerife, where its complex orography influences the evolution of precipitation. An adaptable approach proposed for countering this challenge prioritizes improving water-use efficiency and employing nature-based solutions, such as reforestation and wetland restoration programs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-026-12503-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing flood risk zones leveraging geospatial techniques and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"Olubusola Stephen Ilugbo,&nbsp;Babatunde Adebo,&nbsp;Olayinka Olanike Alada,&nbsp;Boluwatife Precious Ajala,&nbsp;Alaba Olatunde Olaniyi,&nbsp;Adesola Musa Bawallah,&nbsp;Nelson Ayobami Adeyemo","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12505-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12505-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Floods have claimed lives and devastated communities and ecosystems. Due to their devastating impact and the heavy financial losses plus fatalities they trigger, floods have increasingly become a major global concern in recent years. This study aims to pinpoint inundated areas and deliver detailed flood risk mapping insights. To enable computation of the Flood Risk Index (FRI), the study identified key flood forecasting parameters including: stream power index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, elevation, distance from rivers, land use/land cover, topographic roughness index, slope, topographic wetness index, rainfall intensity, aspect, drainage capacity, soil texture, sediment transport index, flow accumulation, and runoff coefficient all carefully considered. The weighting of each forecasting factor within the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was established by soliciting expert opinions from relevant public agencies. Subsequently, a flood hazard map was generated by integrating the collected data via AHP methodology. Multicollinearity (MC) analysis was employed to assess the model’s forecasting accuracy. Findings reveal that flood risks are prevalent in high risk zones like Ibeju Lekki, Epe, Eti-Osa, Mainland, Amuwo, and Ajeromi regions within the areas notably marked by low elevation, gentle slopes, high drainage capacity, proximity to rivers, elevated topographic wetness index (TWI), and related factors. Results indicated that the model derived flood vulnerability maps aligned with historical flood events in the study area, thereby validating the methodology’s effectiveness in identifying and mapping flood risk zones. Hence, regular and sustained deployment of flood forecasting, early warning systems, and mitigation measures can be effectively implemented.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the time factor and lime state on strength properties of the aeolian sand improved with different percentages of lime","authors":"Mohammad Javad Kalantar Hormozi,&nbsp;Rassoul Ajalloeian,&nbsp;Zeinab Jorkesh,&nbsp;Meysam Rezaei","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12490-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12490-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the effect of using lime on the strength properties of aeolian sands provides valuable information for improving the quality of these soils. In this study, a series of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and direct shear tests were carried out on some aeolian sands. These sands were improved with different percentages of lime (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) at different curing times (1, 7, 28, and 60 days). The UCS of the samples was investigated in two separate states (slurry and powder). Regarding the obtained UCS results, only the powder state was used for performing the direct shear test. The major findings of this study are threefold: First, adding lime to aeolian sands at different percentages increases its strength parameters. Second, adding lime powder gives much better results in enhancing the UCS of these materials than adding lime slurry. Third, curing time plays a crucial role in improving the strength properties of lime-improved aeolian sand. Overall, it is concluded that the use of lime is a good option for aeolian sand improvement with low compressive and shear strengths.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring groundwater potential zones using AHP-GIS and RS techniques with RF validation: a case study of tangshan city for sustainable groundwater management","authors":"Arifullah,&nbsp;Yicheng Wang,&nbsp;Hejia Wang,&nbsp;Sajjad Hussain,&nbsp;Jia Liu,&nbsp;Haider Abbas,&nbsp;Farkhanda Abbas,&nbsp;Sana Nazli,&nbsp;Nazim Hussain","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12479-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12479-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Groundwater resources face increasing stress due to climate change and rapid urban growth in semi-arid regions. The current study used an integrated approach involving the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS) to delineate groundwater potential zones in Tangshan City. Seven important thematic layers were derived from the geospatial database. These layers were assigned weights based on expert knowledge and normalized them using AHP techniques to generate GWPZ map. The results indicate that around 35.6% of the area falls into good to excellent potential zone, mainly found in the northeastern and southeastern plains, showing permeable alluvial soils and high rainfall infiltrations. Whereas, 18.4% of the areas fall into the poor to fair zones, mostly located in urban and industrial area. Previous studies mostly used a single-model frameworks, this study deployed AHP-GIS approach with Random-forest based validation, achieving a strong predictive accuracy of AUC = 0.83. This integration increases model robustness and provides a reliable foundation for exploring groundwater potential zones in data-scarce semi-arid regions. We further performed the spatial alignment of the GWPZ map with LULC data to validate the results. The high recharge zones matched well with alluvial areas, while the low-potential zones overlapped with built-up areas. The findings provide a valuable framework for groundwater sustainability in the semi-arid areas, suggesting policymakers protect vulnerable zones from overexploitation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated hydrokinetic characterization of a saline-vulnerable coastal aquifer system using multivariate transmissibility indices and geo-electrostratigraphic derivations","authors":"Ndifreke I. Udosen","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12499-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12499-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Aquifer transmissibility indices influence interactions between the rock matrix and pore water and, consequently, fluid flow within aquifer systems. This study quantified multiple transmissibility indices within a complex, saline-vulnerable aquifer system to improve the accuracy of fluid-flow modeling. Geo-electrostratigraphic data obtained from vertical electrical soundings (VES) were integrated to derive aquifer transmissibility indices, including bulk aquifer resistivity, formation factor, porosity, intrinsic permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, tortuosity, surface capillary radius, surface area per unit pore volume, and specific surface area. Permeability ranged from 4303.4 mD to 48049.7 mD, and hydraulic conductivity varied from 2.6 to 28.7 m/day, indicating good transmissibility. Large values of porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, surface capillary radius, and specific surface area indicated good transmissibility, while high surface area per pore volume indicated reduced transmissibility. Groundwater yield potential ranged from 1075.6 to 20664.3, indicating a prolific aquifer, and longitudinal conductance values indicated that 50% of the investigation area had poor aquifer protectivity. This work has delineated the roles of diverse hydrokinetic transmissibility indices in aquifer fluid-flow dynamics. It has evaluated the interrelationships between these indices, generating valuable empirical relationships and formulations that are generalizable to other heterogeneous coastal milieus worldwide.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oligocene karstification of the dammam formation in Qatar","authors":"Alexandre Ortiz,&nbsp;Cécile Allanic,&nbsp;Renaud Couëffé,&nbsp;Jérôme Perrin,&nbsp;Gildas Noury,&nbsp;Maria Dezes,&nbsp;Thierry Vilmus,&nbsp;Julien Daranlot,&nbsp;Bastien Lemaire,&nbsp;Oliver Higgins,&nbsp;Boris Matti,&nbsp;Clément Lerevenu,&nbsp;Andreas Schönrock,&nbsp;Richesh Pillai,&nbsp;Salem Al-Yafei,&nbsp;Elalim Ahmed,&nbsp;Umi Samad,&nbsp;Sayed Bukhari","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12481-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12481-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Karst features develop due to dissolution of carbonate and evaporitic rocks, producing geomorphologically complex and hydrologically sensitive landscapes. While karst development in humid and temperate regions is well documented, the occurrence in arid environments is less documented and understood. In Qatar, major unconformity occurs between Dammam (Eocene) and Dam formations (Miocene). Karsts occur primarily within the Dammam Formation (Eocene) and are observed as depressions and caves generated by dissolution, subsidence, and collapse processes. Field observations along with petrographic, cathodoluminescence, strontium isotope, and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to determine the origin and timing of karstification affecting the Dammam Formation. Textural, geochemical and isotopic affinities between karstic infills and sediments of the overlying Dam Formation - particularly Al-Kharrara and Al-Nakash members - indicate that material from the Dam Formation has been preserved within Dammam cavities. The Dam age sediment fills are found in karst features where the Dam Formation is absent in the present day due to erosion, suggesting a broader areal extent of the Dam Formation during the Miocene. Diagenetic and lithological relationships suggest that karst sediment infills—and thus karst formation—postdates Oligocene dolomitization and silicification, with major speleogenesis having occurred during the Oligocene. This event coincided with regional eustatic regression and tectonic uplift associated with the reactivation of the Qatar–South Fars Arch during the Zagros Orogeny. This study identifies a previously unrecognized karstification phase predating Pleistocene features, refining current models of Qatar’s landscape evolution and related geohazards. This suggests that geohazards associated with karsts are relatively stable due to the age of the major karst formation event.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Digital Earth (DE) for sustainable development in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Michael Stanley Peprah,&nbsp;Abdul-Wadood Moomen,&nbsp;Jude Maalesangne Sey","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12502-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12502-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reliable and accessible geospatial data are essential for monitoring sustainable development; however, many African countries face persistent data gaps that hinder evidence-based policymaking. Digital Earth (DE) technologies integrating Earth Observation, geospatial analytics, and cloud computing offer new opportunities to address these challenges. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of Digital Earth applications supporting sustainable development in Africa. Using a PRISMA-based approach, 52 peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2025 were analysed to evaluate the application domains, technological frameworks, and development outcomes associated with DE technologies. The results show that Digital Earth platforms significantly enhance environmental monitoring and decision-support capabilities, particularly in agriculture, land management, water resources, and urban development. However, major barriers remain, including limited technical capacity, inadequate digital infrastructure, and challenges in integrating multi-source geospatial datasets. This study contributes to the literature by providing the first comprehensive synthesis of Digital Earth applications for sustainable development in Africa and by identifying key technological and institutional conditions required for scaling geospatial data systems across the continent.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping lithology and hydrothermal alteration using remote sensing and field methods: a case study from Wadi Rusas, Egypt","authors":"Khaled Zaghlol,&nbsp;Mohamed Ramzey,&nbsp;Mahmoud A. Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12491-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12491-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lithological mapping and the identification of hydrothermal alteration zones are critical for mineral exploration in the Neoproterozoic basement of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. This study presents an integrated approach utilizing Landsat-9 and ASTER data to map the Wadi Rusas area in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt. The advanced radiometric capabilities of these satellite datasets were exploited to enhance the spectral discrimination of basement rock units. Image processing techniques, including Optimum Index Factor (OIF), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Band Ratios (BR), were applied to delineate lithological boundaries and alteration zones. To ensure robust validation, a supervised classification using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) was conducted, supported by field observations and petrographic studies. The resulting geological map achieved an Overall Accuracy of 87.7% and a Kappa Coefficient of 0.84. While felsic units showed high precision, minor spectral confusion between younger gabbros and basic metavolcanics was attributed to their comparable mafic mineral assemblages, as confirmed by detailed thin-section examination. Structural analysis based on automatic lineament extraction using the LINE module revealed that hydrothermal alteration is strongly controlled by a dominant NE–SW structural trend, which acts as a primary conduit for mineralizing fluids. This integrated, cost-efficient methodology provides a reliable framework for geological mapping and mineral exploration in similar crystalline terrains.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating InSAR time-series and ensemble learning for corridor-scale landslide susceptibility assessment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China","authors":"Ruijie Sun,&nbsp;Wanli Liu,&nbsp;Jiayu Ling,&nbsp;Jiyun Wang,&nbsp;Echuan Yan","doi":"10.1007/s12517-026-12504-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12517-026-12504-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Landslides frequently occur along mountainous highway corridors, posing substantial risks to infrastructure and reservoir operations. To enhance the structural reliability and spatial interpretability of landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM), this study proposes a point–line–area integrated framework that combines ensemble learning, slope-unit-based InSAR time-series analysis, and spatial clustering diagnostics within a unified GIS workflow. A stacking ensemble model integrating XGBoost, Random Forest, and Multilayer Perceptron was developed using a 70/30 train-test split and five-fold cross-validation. Hyperparameters were optimized via Bayesian search, achieving a strong predictive performance with an AUC of 0.9603 and an accuracy of 0.8925. A Consistency–Significance Index (CSI) was used to jointly evaluate cluster dominance and statistical significance and to enhance spatial coherence. Furthermore, Sentinel-1 InSAR data acquired between May 2021 and April 2024 were processed to classify deformation trends into accelerated, seasonal, and steady types, with − 5 mm/year defined as the threshold for accelerated instability. A rule-based calibration strategy integrated these probabilistic, spatial, and dynamic indicators into a refined five-level susceptibility scheme. Quantitative validation via frequency ratio (FR) analysis and bootstrap testing (B = 5000) demonstrates that the refined map restores strict monotonic ordering, increasing the combined FR of the high- and very high-susceptibility zones from 1.062 to 1.717. This integrated approach provides a robust and interpretable framework for corridor-scale geohazard assessment and infrastructure risk management.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":476,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal of Geosciences","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.827,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}