City & Community最新文献

{"title":"Underlying Conditions: Global Anti-Blackness Amid COVID-19","authors":"Jean Beaman","doi":"10.1111/cico.12519","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cico.12519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent events have revealed two global crises—one, the COVID-19 pandemic and related quarantine measures, and two, police violence against Black individuals and subsequent protests. Both reveal how anti-blackness is global, and how populations racialized as Black are forever suspect and marginalized. As a Black woman who has researched race and racism in France for over a decade, I see how these two crises present themselves in France as indictive of how anti-blackness manifests globally.</p><p>On April 18, 2020, in Villeneuve-la-Garenne, a <i>banlieue</i><sup>1</sup> in the Hauts-de-Seine <i>département</i> north of Paris, Mouldi, a 30-year-old man, left his apartment and went on a brief ride on his moped to get some air that evening. He later admitted he did not have the proper <i>attestation</i>, or signed certificate needed in order to travel more than five kilometers from one's home during France's COVID-19-related quarantine period. He quickly collided with a police car. Accounts vary, but some residents felt the officers purposely opened the police car door as Mouldi approached, causing him multiple injuries including a broken leg. In the immediate days afterwards, some residents burned cars and buildings and shot fireworks and police fired teargas at protestors in both Villeneuve-la-Garenne and nearby <i>banlieues</i>. As one French analysis put it, this is revolt against “the police who control them all year round, who ‘tutoyer’ them,<sup>2</sup> who insult them, who violate them” (Ramdani <span>2020</span>; <i>Le Parisien</i> <span>2020</span>). From his hospital bed, Mouldi appealed for calm (<i>Le Parisien</i> <span>2020</span>; McAuley <span>2020a</span>; Ramdani <span>2020</span>).</p><p>This incident reflects both the confinement of marginalized populations, even before COVID-19 as I discuss below, as well as the tenuous relations between racial and ethnic minorities—or visible minorities in French parlance—and the police. COVID-19 has illustrated various racial and ethnic inequalities, or the general marginalization of Black individuals, and the global attention to the death of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, has illustrated the persistence of anti-Black violence around the world.</p><p>In an interview in March with <i>Mediapart</i> (a French online journal), Youcef Brakini, an activist working with Comité Vérité et Justice pour Adama, stated “all year round, the <i>quartiers populaires</i> [working-class neighborhoods] are confined” (Polloni <span>2020</span>). Between March 17th and May 11th, France was under lockdown, or <i>l’état d'urgence sanitaire</i> (state of health emergency), to reduce the spread of COVID-19.<sup>1</sup> During this period, residents could be asked for their identification and reason for being outside, and fined by police for not having the proper <i>attestation</i>.</p><p>Residents of various <i>quartiers populaires</i> and <i>banlieues</i>, particularly in the Seine-Saint-Denis and Hauts-de-Seine <i>d","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"19 3","pages":"516-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41261196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suburbs and Urban Peripheries in a Global Perspective","authors":"Xuefei Ren","doi":"10.1111/cico.12505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12505","url":null,"abstract":"Herbert Gans’ classic book, The Levittowners, has inspired generations of urban sociologists studying American suburbs, but it has also confined the field’s focus to studies of the local community. At the same time, however, outside the discipline of American urban sociology, an interdisciplinary field of global suburban studies has flourished. Global suburban studies address a wider range of topics that extends to infrastructural provision, governance, and popular resistance. By introducing the key debates in global suburban studies, this essay argues that it is time for American urban sociologists to broaden their analytical focus beyond community institutions and power relations, and that much can be gained by adopting an international and comparative perspective to learn about urban peripheries elsewhere in the world. A comparative vantage point can help U.S. sociologists better situate socio–spatial transformations in American suburbs among a world of cities (and suburbs), and mine new insights on topics involving poverty, segregation, and community life that have been at the center of suburban research in American sociology.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":"38 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43166929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconceptualizing Segregation from the Global South","authors":"M. Garrido","doi":"10.1111/cico.12504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12504","url":null,"abstract":"In American sociology, segregation is usually conceived in terms of spatial concentration, social isolation, and the consolidation of race, place, and poverty. This conceptualization fails to capture the reality of segregation in many of the largest cities in the Global South. Studying segregation in these places presents an opportunity to “open up” the concept and reimagine it more expansively. In the paper, I compare segregation in Manila, Philippines, to the standard model. The case challenges the model in significant ways. First, we see a form of segregation characterized not by the concentration of poor black neighborhoods but by the interspersion of slums and enclaves, and thus are led to view segregation as relational. Second, we are led to emphasize not the isolation of people living inside segregated spaces but their unequal interactions with people outside them. Third, we are better able to identify the role of segregation in constituting, not merely consolidating, group difference through a process of spatialization. These aspects also apply to American segregation but tend to be overlooked. By looking at segregation in Manila, however, they come into focus. We are led to think about segregation in different ways and see American segregation in a new light.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":"24 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49520735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evictions: Reconceptualizing Housing Insecurity from the Global South","authors":"L. Weinstein","doi":"10.1111/cico.12503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12503","url":null,"abstract":"Urban sociologists have recently discovered the problem of residential evictions. Although displacement has been a major theme in sociological studies of gentrification, homelessness, and public housing transformation, the forced removal of tenants from rental housing been the subject of surprisingly little sociological research (Desmond 2012a; Hartman and Robinson 2003). With the new visibility that Matthew Desmond has brought to the topic with his award–winning ethnography Evicted and the rigorously researched articles he and his colleagues have produced, evictions have begun to attract more scholarly attention (Herring 2014; Desmond and Shollenberger 2015; Purser 2016; Desmond, Gershenson, and Kiviat 2015; Brady 2017; Sullivan 2018; Garboden and Rosen 2019; Brady 2019). Yet while the topic has been largely overlooked by American urban sociologists, interdisciplinary scholars studying cities in the Global South have been researching the problem of forced removals for decades, particularly in informal, auto–constructed, or “slum” settlements prevalent in southern cities. As American urban sociologists turn their attention to evictions, it is important that they not overlook the empirically grounded, theoretically robust insights drawn from urban research in the Global South. In this paper, I set up a conversation between the usually separate literatures on rental evictions in U.S. cities and urban “slum” evictions in the Global South. Given the geographical and disciplinary breadth of research on southern cities, I limit my review to studies of evictions in India and South Africa. As two former British colonies with distinct developmental trajectories but comparable levels of housing insecurity, these cases underscore both the common themes and contextual specificity found in this literature.1 When we reconceptualize evictions from the South, I argue that two aspects of housing insecurity come into clearer focus: First, despite the emphasis on individuals and families in the recent U.S. literature, evictions are also collective events that impact whole neighborhoods and communities. This insight is important for understanding not only the experience of evictions and their effects on cities, but also the possibilities for collective action. Secondly, when we re–center the study of evictions southward, it becomes clearer that evictions are patently political acts, and cannot be explained solely with a focus on markets and housing affordability. While housing insecurity in the United States is also shaped by historically entrenched political conflicts, discriminatory logics, and local power brokering, these political dimensions may be easier to discern in contexts where governments, rather than private landlords, typically do the evicting. 100069 CTYXXX10.1177/15356841211000695City & CommunityWeinstein research-article2020","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":"13 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48343226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconceptualizing Urban Violence from the Global South","authors":"Ana Villarreal","doi":"10.1111/cico.12506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12506","url":null,"abstract":"Although urban violence is most often theorized in relation to marginality, violence affects wealthy and poor in Latin America, albeit in different ways. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork and media coverage of a gruesome turf war in Monterrey, Mexico, this paper illustrates how an increase in violence have led the upper class to “disembed” the municipality of San Pedro from the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, revamp the police, and attempt to create not only a “defended neighborhood,” but an entire “defended city.” Contemporary San Pedro reveals that violence and related fear can prompt not only the fragmentation of urban space into numerous gated communities, but also the simultaneous concentration of urban wealth and public security at a city level. Latin American metropoles call for a reconceptualization of urban violence beyond the margins and a closer examination of the invisible walls enclosing the urban wealthy around the world.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":"48 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41965692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalizing the Sociology of Gentrification","authors":"M. Valle","doi":"10.1111/cico.12507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12507","url":null,"abstract":"How can the gentrification scholarship of US urban sociologists be enhanced by expanding beyond the confines of the Global North to include empirical and theoretical analyses of Southern gentrifications? This article engages the debate around the utility of the gentrification concept outside of postindustrial Northern cities. It argues that, in contrast to geographers and other interdisciplinary urbanists, many US-based sociologists have unduly overlooked or minimized two aspects of gentrification that may be more clearly observed in the Global South: the roles of local political-economic forces and the state. This article also notes what the discipline of sociology can add to apt explorations of gentrification in the Global South. It marries the oft-disparate discourses of sociologists of gentrification primarily in North America and Western Europe with geographers and other urbanists conducting gentrification research in the Global South in order to globalize the sociology of gentrification.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":"59 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41483388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Global Urban Sociology: Keywords","authors":"M. Garrido, Xuefei Ren, L. Weinstein","doi":"10.1111/cico.12502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12502","url":null,"abstract":"Many cities in the Global South are structurally different from the Northern, particularly American, cities on which much of urban sociology’s conceptual apparatus has been based. Thus, depicting them in terms of a standard urban vocabulary risks imposing an inappropriate way of seeing. We need a vocabulary that is able to accommodate their different urban experience. This special issue contributes to the work of building that vocabulary. We select five keywords in urban sociology—eviction, segregation, suburbs, violence, and gentrification—and reconstruct them in light of the places we study (India, China, Mexico, the Philippines, and South Africa). Our aim is to produce a set of keywords better equipped to travel South and, in the process, advance a truly global urban sociology.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":"4 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41916996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/cico.12509","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cico.12509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"19 2","pages":"448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42039722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Patchwork City: Class, Space, and Politics in Metro Manila, by Marco Garrido. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2019. ISBN: 9780226643144; 288 pp. $30 paper.","authors":"Zachary Levenson","doi":"10.1111/cico.12500","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cico.12500","url":null,"abstract":"There are so many layers and facets to The New Noir that it’s hard to believe it fits within the covers of just one book. Clergé recounts history from the colonial era to the present, charts the migrations of Jamaicans, Haitians, and Black Southerners, does a multi-sited ethnography, and conducts 60 interviews with residents of neighborhoods in Queens and Long Island, New York. The New Noir is a work of urban sociology, and also of migration studies, Black Studies, comparative ethnic studies, and the sociology of culture. The book packs a powerful sociological punch, and it is also appetizingly readable. Clergé keeps the reader’smouth watering with each chapter title: Fish Soup, Callalloo, Children of the Yam, and Vanilla Black. These titles are not just empty flourishes. The chapter entitled “Blood Pudding,” for example, recounts not only the house bombings and racial terror that Black people endured when they moved to Queens and Long Island in large numbers in the mid-20th century, but also the erasure of Native Americans, and the 17th and 18th Century presence of 1,300 enslaved Black people in Queens, and 1,000 enslaved Black people in Nassau County. The food references offer rich cultural metaphors for the complex social process that Clergé analyzes in the book. A primary argument of The New Noir is that local places cannot be understood without adopting a global lens. Hence, although the book is about the “Black diasporic suburb”— as illustrated by a section of Queens pseudonymously called Cascades, and a section of Long Island called Great Park—the story reaches far beyond New York. As Clergé writes: “The racial caste system of Charleston, the uneven industrialization of Kingston, and the dictatorship politics of Port au Prince are interrelated global processes that have shaped Black migrant experiences and perspectives” (13). Of course Clergé could have also added sending cities and villages in Ghana, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, and Colombia, but the book is already impressively comparative. The insight gained from integrating these groups and histories is a clear understanding of the contours of racial capitalism and its effects on traveling systems of stratification. For example, Clergé uses the label of the “brown middle class” to highlight similarities in skin tone stratification in Jamaica, Haiti, and the United States, but also to show how this bodily currency lost much of its power in the trip to the United States, especially for Haitians. Formerly upper class Haitians—driven out by the Duvalier regime—soon found themselves in the same","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"19 2","pages":"445-447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43063843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The New Noir: Race, Identity, and Diaspora in Black Suburbia, by Orly Clergé. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2019. ISBN: 9780520296787; 320 pp. $29.95 paper.","authors":"Mary Pattillo","doi":"10.1111/cico.12501","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cico.12501","url":null,"abstract":"There are so many layers and facets to The New Noir that it’s hard to believe it fits within the covers of just one book. Clergé recounts history from the colonial era to the present, charts the migrations of Jamaicans, Haitians, and Black Southerners, does a multi-sited ethnography, and conducts 60 interviews with residents of neighborhoods in Queens and Long Island, New York. The New Noir is a work of urban sociology, and also of migration studies, Black Studies, comparative ethnic studies, and the sociology of culture. The book packs a powerful sociological punch, and it is also appetizingly readable. Clergé keeps the reader’smouth watering with each chapter title: Fish Soup, Callalloo, Children of the Yam, and Vanilla Black. These titles are not just empty flourishes. The chapter entitled “Blood Pudding,” for example, recounts not only the house bombings and racial terror that Black people endured when they moved to Queens and Long Island in large numbers in the mid-20th century, but also the erasure of Native Americans, and the 17th and 18th Century presence of 1,300 enslaved Black people in Queens, and 1,000 enslaved Black people in Nassau County. The food references offer rich cultural metaphors for the complex social process that Clergé analyzes in the book. A primary argument of The New Noir is that local places cannot be understood without adopting a global lens. Hence, although the book is about the “Black diasporic suburb”— as illustrated by a section of Queens pseudonymously called Cascades, and a section of Long Island called Great Park—the story reaches far beyond New York. As Clergé writes: “The racial caste system of Charleston, the uneven industrialization of Kingston, and the dictatorship politics of Port au Prince are interrelated global processes that have shaped Black migrant experiences and perspectives” (13). Of course Clergé could have also added sending cities and villages in Ghana, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, and Colombia, but the book is already impressively comparative. The insight gained from integrating these groups and histories is a clear understanding of the contours of racial capitalism and its effects on traveling systems of stratification. For example, Clergé uses the label of the “brown middle class” to highlight similarities in skin tone stratification in Jamaica, Haiti, and the United States, but also to show how this bodily currency lost much of its power in the trip to the United States, especially for Haitians. Formerly upper class Haitians—driven out by the Duvalier regime—soon found themselves in the same","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"19 2","pages":"443-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/cico.12501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45373170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}