{"title":"Environmental and social governance performance and enterprise total factor productivity","authors":"Zhonghua Cheng, Lele Han","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2974","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2974","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the popularity of both green development and sustainable investment concepts, evaluation of environmental performance, social responsibility and corporate governance (ESG) is the way for enterprises to protect the environment and, at the same time, interact with stakeholders. This paper first analyses how ESG influences corporate total factor productivity (TFP), then, using A-share listed company data from 2009 to 2021, conducts an empirical test proving that ESG greatly boosts TFP. Examination of the intermediate mechanism reveals that ESG can improve TFP by raising R&D investment, enhancing the attention of stakeholders, and increasing internal control capabilities. The heterogeneity study shows that, for state-owned firms, non-polluting industries, and small-scale and low-market degree enterprises, ESG enhances TFP more. Further analysis indicates that ESG uncertainty and ESG catering behaviour will weaken the fostering impact, but environmental regulation has a beneficial regulatory role.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1411-1428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling financial inclusion dynamics: Fintech's resonance in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)","authors":"Dao Ha, Mai Nguyen, Kim Nguyen, Ahmet Şensoy","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2963","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2963","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the determinants of financial inclusion in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEANs), with a particular focus on the role of financial technology (fintech). We constructed an extensive and up-to-date Global Financial Inclusion database (2011, 2014, 2017, and 2021) to generate 26,185 observations for seven ASEAN countries over a decade, and conducted a separate case study for Singapore, the region's most financially developed member. The results reveal that financial inclusion and financial technology have experienced robust growth in ASEAN but to varying degrees amongst the member countries. Fintech has a significant impact on financial inclusion over the specified period. The relationship between age and financial inclusion follows an inverted U-shaped pattern, with the turning point occurring between the ages of 29 and 45. Surprisingly, gender does not appear to be a determining factor. These results align with the aspirations of ASEAN policymakers to promote financial inclusion in line with the sustainable development goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1348-1371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijfe.2963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140377239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank Kwabi, Chizindu Wonu, Ernest Ezeani, Andrews Owusu, Vitor Leone
{"title":"Impacts of cross-border equity portfolio flow and central bank transparency on financial development: The role of economic freedom and international bonds","authors":"Frank Kwabi, Chizindu Wonu, Ernest Ezeani, Andrews Owusu, Vitor Leone","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2947","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2947","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the effects of international equity portfolio diversification and central bank independence on financial development using panel data from 49 countries from 2001 to 2016. We find that international equity portfolio diversification improves financial development. We correspondingly examine potential factors through which international equity portfolio diversification may impact financial development and find that central bank transparency provides an important channel for improving financial development. We further find that the relationship between international equity portfolio diversification and financial development is sensitive to economic freedom. Concerning sequencing, we find that foreign equity and debt flow are complementary to financial system development. Our results are robust to endogeneity using the exogenous shock of the 2008 financial crisis. This study offers new empirical evidence on the relationship between international capital and financial development.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1319-1347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijfe.2947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140375913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CEO cultural heritage and R&D expenditures","authors":"Yu Sung Ha, Jangkoo Kang, Kyung Yoon Kwon","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2970","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2970","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines how the cultural heritage of chief executive officers (CEOs) in US firms affects research and development (R&D) investment. Utilizing economically significant and unexpected R&D-increasing events, we examine how six dimensions of CEO cultural heritage—individualism, power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence—influence it. We find that CEOs with a high–power distance heritage are more likely to increase R&D. We confirm that this effect of CEO power distance is robust to other cultural effects, the model specification, and endogeneity issues. We conjecture that CEOs with a high–power distance heritage are more likely to increase R&D expenditures because they use their power to pursue personal objectives. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that R&D increases made by CEOs with a high–power distance culture generate significantly lower benefits in the future, reflecting the inefficiency of these R&D investment decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1390-1410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140377506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adedeji Daniel Gbadebo, Festus Victor Bekun, Joseph Olorunfemi Akande, Ahmed Oluwatobi Adekunle
{"title":"Defence spending and real growth in an asymmetric environment: Accessing evidence from a developing economy","authors":"Adedeji Daniel Gbadebo, Festus Victor Bekun, Joseph Olorunfemi Akande, Ahmed Oluwatobi Adekunle","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2966","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2966","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The connection between the defence spending and real growth remains a forefront subject of theoretical and empirical research. Nigeria, like many other developing nations, continues to devote numerous fiscal resources to military spending in ensuring peaceful coexistence and to attain sustainable economic growth after her independence in 1960. Because the interdependence between them has policy implications, this paper studies whether there exists asymmetric causality between them. The dataset, from World Bank database, includes long-range historical series for military expenditure/GDP ratio and growth rate of GDP, covering 1960–2021. In exploring the empirical relations, the paper shows evidence for the symmetric Granger causality, from Toda–Yamamoto (1995) and asymmetric causality, from Hatemi-J (2012). The standard (symmetric) identifies unidirectional causality evidence, from defence spending to the GDP per capital growth, with no retained potential feedback from real growth to defence spending. The Hatemi-J (asymmetric) causality maintains evidence that positive shocks in the defence spending may cause a positive shock in the GDP per capital, supposing that increase perturbations to defence spending would be productive and growth-enhancing. This causal impact is not evident for positive growth shocks. The findings support the need for policymakers to consider sustained growth targets when redesigning the military budget.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1372-1389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What drives the return and volatility spillover between DeFis and cryptocurrencies?","authors":"Ata Assaf, Ender Demir, Oguz Ersan","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2969","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we study the return and volatility connectedness between cryptocurrencies and DeFi Tokens, considering the impact of different uncertainty indices on their connectivity. Initially, we estimate a TVP-VAR model to obtain the total connectedness between the two markets. We find that returns on the cryptocurrencies transmit significantly larger shocks and, thus, are responsible for most variations in the majority of DeFis' returns. Then, to analyse the impact of uncertainty on total return and volatility connectedness, we use four factors, namely, Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), The Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index (VIX), Infectious Disease Equity Market Volatility Tracker (ID-EMV) and Geopolitical Risks (GPR). We find that except for geopolitical risks, all three measures have a positive impact on return and volatility connectedness, while GPR exerts a negative impact. Finally, we provide implications for researchers, market participants and policymakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1302-1318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140378460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aitzaz Ahsan Alias Sarang, Asad Ali Rind, Riadh Manita, Asif Saeed
{"title":"Does a co-opted director affect a firm's financial distress risk?","authors":"Aitzaz Ahsan Alias Sarang, Asad Ali Rind, Riadh Manita, Asif Saeed","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2959","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2959","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the relationship between co-opted directors <i>(CODIR)</i>, measured as the fraction of directors appointed after the Chief Executive Officer <i>(CEO)</i> assumes office to board size, and firms' financial distress risk <i>(FFDR)</i>. Understanding the relationship between <i>CODIR</i> and <i>FFDR</i> is imperative due to the significant impact of high risk-taking on financial crises and the heightened expectations placed on board members for risk oversight. Despite growing research on corporate governance and <i>FFDR</i>, little attention has been paid to the role of <i>CODIRs</i>, presenting a significant gap in the literature. Using a US sample from 1996 to 2019, covering 13,486 firm-year observations, we document that <i>CODIR</i> reduces <i>FFDR</i>, supporting the hypothesis that co-opted directors have a lower financial distress risk-taking propensity than their non-co-opted counterparts. We also find that a critical mass of at least three <i>CODIRs</i> and independent <i>CODIRs</i> reduces <i>FFDR</i>. Our results also document that <i>CEO</i> power in the form of <i>CEO</i> duality and <i>CEO</i> tenure, external monitoring in the form of the number of analysts following the firm, competition, and takeover susceptibility do not drive our main conclusions for co-option and <i>FFDR</i>. Finally, the results show that <i>CODIR</i> reduces <i>FFDR</i> through liquidity channels. The findings remain robust to various definitions of co-option and distress risk, and are consistent in both difference-in-differences analysis and propensity score matching.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1275-1301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Japanese stock market sectoral dynamics: A time and frequency analysis","authors":"Rim El Khoury, Muneer M. Alshater, Onur Polat","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2965","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2965","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the Japanese stock market connectedness across different sectors, focusing on both the time and frequency dimensions. The dataset used spans from January 1999 to April 2022 and employs various methodologies, including time-varying parameter vector autoregressions, TVP-VAR frequency dependency, and Quantile coherency. The empirical findings reveal that cyclical or aggressive stocks predominantly act as net transmitters of shocks across sectors. Moreover, short-term spillovers are more significant compared to intermediate-term spillovers, indicating that Japanese sectors are more pronounced to market shocks in the short run. The spillover effects are also asymmetric and vary over time. Additionally, the real estate sector exhibits diversification benefits across different time horizons, while the energy sector provides protection primarily in the short run. This research contributes to the development of financial policies aimed at reducing sectoral imbalances and promoting stable growth. Furthermore, it offers insights for investors seeking to devise optimal portfolio diversification strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1249-1274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140172159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Partial index tracking enhanced mean–variance portfolio","authors":"Zhaokun Cai, Zhenyu Cui, Majeed Simaan","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2967","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2967","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimation constitutes a major challenge in the implementation of mean–variance portfolios. To overcome this, we propose a partial index-tracking strategy that aims to mitigate estimation error ex-ante. Theoretically, we minimize the mean-squared error of the proposed strategy by shrinking the portfolio variance to its tracking error. Using an empirical design with over 50 years of data, our paper makes two important observations. First, we show that our proposed approach is consistent with both linear and non-linear shrinkage strategies in terms of robustness. Second, the proposed decision rule leads to a lower out-of-sample tracking error. Our findings, overall, stress the appeal of partial index tracking not only in terms of shrinkage (robustness) but also in terms of relative performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1206-1224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does environmental credit affect bank loans? Evidence from Chinese A-share listed firms","authors":"Shihao Yin, Zhongguo Lin, Panni Li, Binbin Peng","doi":"10.1002/ijfe.2968","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijfe.2968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the effect of government-initiated enterprise environmental credit ratings on firms' bank loans. While prior research indicates that companies with superior environmental performance tend to secure more bank loans, it is crucial to acknowledge that these performance metrics predominantly rely on voluntary corporate social responsibility or environmental, social, and governance disclosures made by the firms themselves or evaluated by third-party agencies. Consequently, the evaluation results could be biased due to incomplete information disclosure, methodologies, or systems, raising concerns among scholars about potential “greenwashing” or symbolic environmental actions. In contrast, we employ a dataset comprising 27,388 observations from 2009 to 2021, applying propensity score matching and a time-varying difference-in-difference model to better discern the relationship between firms' environmental credit ratings and their ability to obtain bank loans. Our findings highlight that firms participating in environmental credit evaluation can secure more bank loans compared to non-participating firms. This effect is especially pronounced in regions with advanced green finance development. Further analysis shows that non-state-owned enterprises with excellent or good environmental credit ratings receive more loans, thus mitigating ownership bias in loan distribution. Overall, our results demonstrate that mandatory government environmental credit ratings mitigate information asymmetry by enabling lenders to better understand firms' environmental information.</p>","PeriodicalId":47461,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Finance & Economics","volume":"30 2","pages":"1225-1248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140244419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}