IF 3.2 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09422-5

Frank Fernandez, David P Baker, Yuan Chih Fu, Ismael G Munoz, Karly S Ford

{"title":"A Symbiosis of Access: Proliferating STEM PhD Training in the U.S. from 1920-2010.","authors":"Frank Fernandez, David P Baker, Yuan Chih Fu, Ismael G Munoz, Karly S Ford","doi":"10.1007/s11024-020-09422-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11024-020-09422-5","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of the 20th century, unprecedented growth in scientific discovery was fueled by broad growth in the number of university-based scientists. During this period the American undergraduate enrollment rate and number of universities with STEM graduate programs each doubled three times and the annual volume of new PhDs doubled six times. This generated the research capacity that allowed the United States to surpass early European-dominated science production and lead for the rest of the century. Here, we focus on origins in the organizational environment and institutional dynamics instead of conventional economic factors. We argue that three trends of such dynamics in the development of American higher education not often considered together-mass undergraduate education, decentralized founding of universities, and flexible mission charters for PhD training-form a process characterized by a term coined here: access symbiosis. Then using a 90-year data series on STEM PhD production and institutional development, we demonstrate the historical progression of these mutually beneficial trends. This access symbiosis in the U.S., and perhaps versions of it in other nations, is likely one critical component of the integration of higher education development with the growing global capacity for scientific discovery. These results are discussed in terms of the contributions of American universities to the Century of Science, recent international trends, and its future viability.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"59 1","pages":"79-98"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7923690/pdf/nihms-1643508.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25431428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Navigating Uncertainty: Early Career Academics and Practices of Appraisal Devices. 导航不确定性:评估工具的早期职业学术和实践。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09425-2

Jonatan Nästesjö

{"title":"Navigating Uncertainty: Early Career Academics and Practices of Appraisal Devices.","authors":"Jonatan Nästesjö","doi":"10.1007/s11024-020-09425-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09425-2","url":null,"abstract":"There is a lack of objective evaluative standards for academic work. While this has been recognized in studies of how gatekeepers pass judgment on the works of others, little is known about how scholars deal with the uncertainty about how their work will be evaluated by gatekeepers. Building upon 35 interviews with early career academics in political science and history, this paper explores how junior scholars use appraisal devices to navigate this kind of uncertainty. Appraisal devices offer trusted and knowledgeable appraisals through which scholars are informed whether their work and they themselves are good enough to succeed in academia. Investigating how early career academics rely upon appraisals from assessors (i.e., 'academic mentors'), the study adds to existing literature on uncertainty and worth in academic life by drawing attention to how scholars' anticipatory practices are informed by trusting the judgment of others. The empirical analysis demonstrates that early career academics are confronted with multiple and conflicting appraisals that they must interpret and differentiate between. However, the institutional conditions for dealing with uncertainty about what counts in future evaluations, as well as which individuals generally come to function as assessors, differ between political science and history. This has an impact on both valuation practices and socialization structures. Focusing on what I call practices of appraisal devices, the paper provides a conceptual understanding of how scholars cope with uncertainties about their future. Furthermore, it expands existing theory by demonstrating how scholars' self-concept and desired identities are key to the reflexive ways appraisal devices are used in the course of action.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"59 2","pages":"237-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-020-09425-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38731065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Clinician-Scientists in-and-between Research and Practice: How Social Identity Shapes Brokerage. 研究与实践之间的临床科学家:社会认同如何塑造经纪。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09420-7

Esther de Groot, Yvette Baggen, Nienke Moolenaar, Diede Stevens, Jan van Tartwijk, Roger Damoiseaux, Manon Kluijtmans

{"title":"Clinician-Scientists in-and-between Research and Practice: How Social Identity Shapes Brokerage.","authors":"Esther de Groot, Yvette Baggen, Nienke Moolenaar, Diede Stevens, Jan van Tartwijk, Roger Damoiseaux, Manon Kluijtmans","doi":"10.1007/s11024-020-09420-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09420-7","url":null,"abstract":"Clinician-scientists (CSs) are vital in connecting the worlds of research and practice. Yet, there is little empirical insight into how CSs perceive and act upon their in-and-between position between these socio-culturally distinct worlds. To better understand and support CSs' training and career development, this study aims to gain insight into CSs' social identity and brokerage. The authors conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 17, purposively sampled, CSs to elicit information on their social identity and brokerage. The CSs differ in how they perceive their social identity. Some CSs described their social identity strongly as either a research or clinical identity (dominant research or clinical identity). Other CSs described combined research and clinical identities, which might sometimes be compartmentalised, intersected or merged (non-dominant-identity). In the types of brokerage that they employ, all CSs act as representatives. CSs with a non-dominant identity mostly act as liaison and show considerable variability in their repertoire, including representative and gatekeeper. CSs with a dominant identity have less diversity in their brokerage types. Those with a dominant research identity typically act as a gatekeeper. Combining lenses of social identity theory and brokerage types helps understand CSs who have a dual position in-and-between the worlds of clinical practice and research. Professional development programs should explicitly address CSs' professional identities and subsequent desired brokerage. Research and policy should aim to clarify and leverage the position of CSs in-and-between research and practice.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"59 1","pages":"123-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-020-09420-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38476205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Re-invent Yourself! How Demands for Innovativeness Reshape Epistemic Practices. 重塑自我！对创新性的要求如何重塑认识论实践？

IF 3.2 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-021-09447-4

Ruth I Falkenberg

{"title":"Re-invent Yourself! How Demands for Innovativeness Reshape Epistemic Practices.","authors":"Ruth I Falkenberg","doi":"10.1007/s11024-021-09447-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11024-021-09447-4","url":null,"abstract":"In the current research landscape, there are increasing demands for research to be innovative and cutting-edge. At the same time, concerns are voiced that as a consequence of neoliberal regimes of research governance, innovative research becomes impeded. In this paper, I suggest that to gain a better understanding of these dynamics, it is indispensable to scrutinise current demands for innovativeness as a distinct way of ascribing worth to research. Drawing on interviews and focus groups produced in a close collaboration with three research groups from the crop and soil sciences, I develop the notion of a project-innovation regime of valuation that can be traced in the sphere of research. In this evaluative framework, it is considered valuable to constantly re-invent oneself and take 'first steps' instead of 'just' following up on previous findings. Subsequently, I describe how these demands for innovativeness relate to and often clash with other regimes of valuation that matter for researchers' practices. I show that valuations of innovativeness are in many ways bound to those of productivity and competitiveness, but that these two regimes are nevertheless sometimes in tension with each other, creating a complicated double bind for researchers. Moreover, I highlight that also the project-innovation regime as such is not always in line with what researchers considered as a valuable progress of knowledge, especially because it entails a de-valuation of certain kinds of long-term epistemic agendas. I show that prevailing pushes for innovativeness seem to be based on a rather short-sighted temporal imaginary of scientific progress that is hardly grounded in the complex realities of research practices, and that they can reshape epistemic practices in potentially problematic ways.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"59 4","pages":"423-444"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8184871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39088897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States. 粘性政策、功能失调系统:路径依赖与美国政府科学资助的问题。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2

Frank N Laird

{"title":"Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States.","authors":"Frank N Laird","doi":"10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2","url":null,"abstract":"Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"58 4","pages":"513-533"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38298626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Epistemic Consultants and the Regulation of Policy Knowledge in the Obama Administration. 认知顾问与奥巴马政府政策知识的调控。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-06-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09411-8

Jack Wright, Tiago Mata

引用次数: 1

How Do Academic Elites March Through Departments? A Comparison of the Most Eminent Economists and Sociologists' Career Trajectories. 学术精英如何通过院系?最杰出的经济学家和社会学家的职业轨迹比较。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-020-09399-1

Philipp Korom

引用次数: 1

Pandemic Stories: Rhetorical Motifs in Journalists' Coverage of Biomedical Risk. 流行病故事:记者报道生物医学风险的修辞母题。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2019-01-01 Epub Date: 2019-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-019-09383-4

Tess Laidlaw

{"title":"Pandemic Stories: Rhetorical Motifs in Journalists' Coverage of Biomedical Risk.","authors":"Tess Laidlaw","doi":"10.1007/s11024-019-09383-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-019-09383-4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that journalists' discursive actions in an outbreak context manifest in identifiable rhetorical motifs, which in turn influence the delivery of biomedical information by the media in such a context. Via a critical approach grounded in rhetorical theory, I identified three distinct rhetorical motifs influencing the reportage of health information in the early days of the H1N1 outbreak. A public-health motif was exhibited in texts featuring a particular health official and offering the statements of such an official as a mechanism of reassurance. A concealment-of-information motif was exhibited in texts emphasizing the importance of the transparency of health officials, and in texts demonstrating ambivalence about information provided by socially-sanctioned sources. Finally, in texts mythologizing the outbreak to the exclusion of other functions of the text (e.g., conveying who is at risk, protective behaviours, symptoms), I identified a pandemic motif. Each motif differs in the conclusions it offers to audiences seeking to gauge relative levels of risk, and to receive information about protective behaviours. I suggest that one means of interpreting the manifestation of distinct rhetorical motifs in the context of a high-risk health threat is the certainty that this context alters moral responsibilities, consequently influencing the manifestation of narrative role.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"57 4","pages":"433-451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-019-09383-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37773761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Imaginaries of Invention Management: Comparing Path Dependencies in East and West Germany. 发明管理的想象:比较东德和西德的路径依赖。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2018-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-018-9347-3

Lisa Sigl, Liudvika Leišytė

{"title":"Imaginaries of Invention Management: Comparing Path Dependencies in East and West Germany.","authors":"Lisa Sigl, Liudvika Leišytė","doi":"10.1007/s11024-018-9347-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-018-9347-3","url":null,"abstract":"The ways in which societies and institutions institutionalize and practice invention management reflects not only how new ideas are valued, but also imaginaries about the role of science and technology for societal development. Often taking the US Bayh-Dole-Act as a model, many European states have recently implemented changes in how inventions at academic institutions are to be handled to optimize their societal impact. We analyze how these changes have been taken up-and made sense of-in regions with different pre-existing infrastructures, practices and semantics of invention management. For doing so, we build on a comparative analysis of continuities and changes in infrastructures, practices and semantics of invention management in North-Rhine Westphalia (NRW, a former Western state) and Saxony (a former GDR state) to reflect on how academic institutions have been handling inventions along transforming socio-political contexts. Building on document analysis and qualitative interviews with research managers, we discuss ongoing differences in practices of invention management and the semantic framing of the societal value of inventions in NRW and Saxony, and discuss how this can be understood before the background of their ideological, political and economic separation until reunification in 1990. Joining the conceptual perspectives of path dependencies and sociotechnical imaginaries, we argue that two critical incidents in the history of these states (the reunification in 1990 and a legal change in 2002) allowed for wide-ranging institutional alignments, but also allowed path dependencies in practices and semantics of invention management to prevail.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"56 3","pages":"357-380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-018-9347-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36431141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Engaging Experts: Science-Policy Interactions and the Introduction of Congestion Charging in Stockholm. 专家参与:科学-政策互动和斯德哥尔摩拥堵收费的引入。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2018-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-017-9331-3

Anders Broström, Maureen McKelvey

{"title":"Engaging Experts: Science-Policy Interactions and the Introduction of Congestion Charging in Stockholm.","authors":"Anders Broström, Maureen McKelvey","doi":"10.1007/s11024-017-9331-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-017-9331-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the conditions for mobilizing the science base for development of public policy. It does so by focusing upon the science-policy interface, specifically the processes of direct interaction between scientists and scientifically trained experts, on the one hand, and agents of policymaking organizations, on the other. The article defines two dimensions - cognitive distance and expert autonomy - which are argued to influence knowledge exchange, in such a way as to shape the outcome. A case study on the implementation of congestion charges in Stockholm, Sweden, illustrates how the proposed framework pinpoints three central issues for understanding these processes: (1) Differentiating the roles of, e.g., a science-based consultancy firm and an academic environment in policy formation; (2) Examining the fit between the organizational form of the science-policy interface and the intended goals; and (3) Increasing our understanding of when policymaker agents themselves need to develop scientific competence in order to interact effectively with scientific experts.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"56 2","pages":"183-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-017-9331-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36114583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

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