Minerva最新文献_第10页

China's "Gene War of the Century" and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On. 中国的“世纪基因战争”及其后果:竞赛仍在继续。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7

Sun-Wei Guo

{"title":"China's \"Gene War of the Century\" and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On.","authors":"Sun-Wei Guo","doi":"10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7","url":null,"abstract":"Following the successful cloning of genes for mostly rare genetic diseases in the early 1990s, there was a nearly universal enthusiasm that similar approaches could be employed to hunt down genes predisposing people to complex diseases. Around 1996, several well-funded international gene-hunting teams, enticed by the low cost of collecting biological samples and China's enormous population, and ushered in by some well-connected Chinese intermediaries, came to China to hunt down disease susceptibility genes. This alarmed and, in some cases, enraged many poorly funded Chinese scientists, who perceived them as formidable competitors. Some depicted foreign gene-hunters as greedy pilferers of the vast Chinese genetic gold mine, comparing it to the plundering of national treasures from China by invaders in the past, and called upon the government and their fellow countrymen to rise up and protect China's genetic gold mine. Media uproar ensued, proclaiming the imminent \"gene war of the century.\" This article chronicles the key events surrounding this \"war\" and its aftermath, exposes some inherent complexities in identifying susceptibility genes for complex diseases, highlights some issues obscured or completely overlooked in the passionate and patriotic rhetoric, and debunks some misconceptions embedded in this conflict. In addition, it argues that during the entire course of this \"war,\" the public's interest went conspicuously unmentioned. Finally, it articulates several lessons that can be learned from this conflict, and outlines challenges facing human genetics researchers.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"51 4","pages":"485-512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37773760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Pumpkin or the Tiger? Michael Polanyi, Frederick Soddy, and Anticipating Emerging Technologies. 南瓜还是老虎?Michael Polanyi, Frederick Soddy和预测新兴技术。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2012-09-01 Epub Date: 2012-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8

David H Guston

{"title":"The Pumpkin or the Tiger? Michael Polanyi, Frederick Soddy, and Anticipating Emerging Technologies.","authors":"David H Guston","doi":"10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine putting together a jigsaw puzzle that works like the board game in the movie \"Jumanji\": When you finish, whatever the puzzle portrays becomes real. The children playing \"Jumanji\" learn to prepare for the reality that emerges from the next throw of the dice. But how would this work for the puzzle of scientific research? How do you prepare for unlocking the secrets of the atom, or assembling from the bottom-up nanotechnologies with unforeseen properties - especially when completion of such puzzles lies decades after the first scattered pieces are tentatively assembled? In the inaugural issue of this journal, Michael Polanyi argued that because the progress of science is unpredictable, society must only move forward with solving the puzzle until the picture completes itself. Decades earlier, Frederick Soddy argued that once the potential for danger reveals itself, one must reorient the whole of one's work to avoid it. While both scientists stake out extreme positions, Soddy's approach - together with the action taken by the like-minded Leo Szilard - provides a foundation for the anticipatory governance of emerging technologies. This paper narrates the intertwining stories of Polanyi, Soddy and Szilard, revealing how anticipation influenced governance in the case of atomic weapons and how Polanyi's claim in \"The Republic of Science\" of an unpredictable and hence ungovernable science is faulty on multiple levels.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"50 3","pages":"363-379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30941357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

On the Teaching of Science, Technology and International Affairs. 论科学技术与国际事务的教学。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2012-03-01 Epub Date: 2012-02-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9

Charles Weiss

{"title":"On the Teaching of Science, Technology and International Affairs.","authors":"Charles Weiss","doi":"10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the ubiquity and critical importance of science and technology in international affairs, their role receives insufficient attention in traditional international relations curricula. There is little literature on how the relations between science, technology, economics, politics, law and culture should be taught in an international context. Since it is impossible even for scientists to master all the branches of natural science and engineering that affect public policy, the learning goals of students whose primary training is in the social sciences should be to get some grounding in the natural sciences or engineering, to master basic policy skills, to understand the basic concepts that link science and technology to their broader context, and to gain a respect for the scientific and technological dimensions of the broader issues they are addressing. They also need to cultivate a fearless determination to master what they need to know in order to address policy issues, an open-minded but skeptical attitude towards the views of dueling experts, regardless of whether they agree with their politics, and (for American students) a world-view that goes beyond a strictly U.S. perspective on international events. The Georgetown University program in Science, Technology and International Affairs (STIA) is a unique, multi-disciplinary undergraduate liberal arts program that embodies this approach and could be an example that other institutions of higher learning might adapt to their own requirements.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"50 1","pages":"127-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30505102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Challenging Incommensurability: What We Can Learn from Ludwik Fleck for the Analysis of Configurational Innovation. 挑战不可通约性:从路德维克·弗莱克对构型创新分析的借鉴。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-12-01 Epub Date: 2011-11-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4

Alexander Peine

{"title":"Challenging Incommensurability: What We Can Learn from Ludwik Fleck for the Analysis of Configurational Innovation.","authors":"Alexander Peine","doi":"10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that Ludwik Fleck's concepts of thought collectives and proto-ideas are surprisingly topical to tackle some conceptual challenges in analyzing contemporary innovation. The objective of this paper is twofold: First, it strives to establish Ludwik Fleck as an important classic on the map of innovation analysis. A systematic comparison with Thomas Kuhn's work on paradigms, a concept highly influential in various branches of innovation studies, suggests a number of pronounced yet under-researched advantages of a Fleckian perspective in the context of technological change and innovation. Secondly, the paper links these advantages to some recent changes in the organization of innovation. Due to the rising pervasiveness of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), configurational innovation has become commonplace that cuts across the boundaries of established trajectories of knowledge generation. Fleck's graded understanding of the closedness of thought collectives and his weak notion of incommensurability provide powerful metaphors to grasp the peculiarities of configurational innovation.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"49 4","pages":"489-508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30357164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Mark B. Brown, Science in Democracy. Expertise, Institutions, and Representation: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA., and London, 2009. Mark B. Brown, Science in Democracy.专业知识、制度和代表性》：麻省理工学院出版社，马萨诸塞州剑桥和伦敦，2009 年。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-09-01 Epub Date: 2011-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9179-x

Robert Hoppe

引用次数: 0

Practical Applications as a Source of Credibility: A Comparison of Three Fields of Dutch Academic Chemistry. 作为可信度来源的实际应用:荷兰学术化学三个领域的比较。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-06-01 Epub Date: 2011-04-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1

Laurens K Hessels, Harro van Lente

{"title":"Practical Applications as a Source of Credibility: A Comparison of Three Fields of Dutch Academic Chemistry.","authors":"Laurens K Hessels, Harro van Lente","doi":"10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1","url":null,"abstract":"In many Western science systems, funding structures increasingly stimulate academic research to contribute to practical applications, but at the same time the rise of bibliometric performance assessments have strengthened the pressure on academics to conduct excellent basic research that can be published in scholarly literature. We analyze the interplay between these two developments in a set of three case studies of fields of chemistry in the Netherlands. First, we describe how the conditions under which academic chemists work have changed since 1975. Second, we investigate whether practical applications have become a source of credibility for individual researchers. Indeed, this turns out to be the case in catalysis, where connecting with industrial applications helps in many steps of the credibility cycle. Practical applications yield much less credibility in environmental chemistry, where application-oriented research agendas help to acquire funding, but not to publish prestigious papers or to earn peer recognition. In biochemistry practical applications hardly help in gaining credibility, as this field is still strongly oriented at fundamental questions. The differences between the fields can be explained by the presence or absence of powerful upstream end-users, who can afford to invest in academic research with promising long term benefits.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"49 2","pages":"215-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30012317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

The Stakes in Bayh-Dole: Public Values Beyond the Pace of Innovation. Bayh-Dole的利害关系:超越创新步伐的公共价值。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-03-01 Epub Date: 2011-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9162-6

Walter D Valdivia

引用次数: 20

Participation as Post-Fordist Politics: Demos, New Labour, and Science Policy. 作为后福特主义政治的参与：德莫斯、新工党和科学政策》。

IF 3.2 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2010-12-01 Epub Date: 2010-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-010-9157-8

Charles Thorpe

{"title":"Participation as Post-Fordist Politics: Demos, New Labour, and Science Policy.","authors":"Charles Thorpe","doi":"10.1007/s11024-010-9157-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11024-010-9157-8","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, British science policy has seen a significant shift 'from deficit to dialogue' in conceptualizing the relationship between science and the public. Academics in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) have been influential as advocates of the new public engagement agenda. However, this participatory agenda has deeper roots in the political ideology of the Third Way. A framing of participation as a politics suited to post-Fordist conditions was put forward in the magazine Marxism Today in the late 1980s, developed in the Demos thinktank in the 1990s, and influenced policy of the New Labour government. The encouragement of public participation and deliberation in relation to science and technology has been part of a broader implementation of participatory mechanisms under New Labour. This participatory program has been explicitly oriented toward producing forms of social consciousness and activity seen as essential to a viable knowledge economy and consumer society. STS arguments for public engagement in science have gained influence insofar as they have intersected with the Third Way politics of post-Fordism.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"48 4","pages":"389-411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2010-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/a8/11024_2010_Article_9157.PMC2999726.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29618914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do Spin-Offs Make the Academics' Heads Spin?: The Impacts of Spin-Off Companies on Their Parent Research Organisation. 衍生产品会让学术界头晕吗?:分拆公司对母公司研究机构的影响。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2010-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-010-9154-y

Arend H Zomer, Ben W A Jongbloed, Jürgen Enders

{"title":"Do Spin-Offs Make the Academics' Heads Spin?: The Impacts of Spin-Off Companies on Their Parent Research Organisation.","authors":"Arend H Zomer, Ben W A Jongbloed, Jürgen Enders","doi":"10.1007/s11024-010-9154-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-010-9154-y","url":null,"abstract":"As public research organisations are increasingly driven by their national and regional governments to engage in knowledge transfer, they have started to support the creation of companies. These research based spin-off companies (RBSOs) often keep contacts with the research institutes they originate from. In this paper we present the results of a study of four research institutes within two universities and two non-university public research organisations (PROs) in the Netherlands. We show that research organisations have distinct motivations to support the creation of spin-off companies. In terms of resources RBSOs contribute, mostly in a modest way, to research activities by providing information, equipment and monetary resources. In particular, RBSOs are helpful for researchers competing for research grants that demand participation of industry. Furthermore, RBSOs may be seen as a proactive response by Dutch public research organisations to demands of economic relevance from their institutional environment. RBSOs enhance the prestige of their parent organisations and create legitimacy for public funds invested in PROs. At the same time, most RBSOs do not have a significant impact on the direction of the research conducted at the PROs.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"48 3","pages":"331-353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-010-9154-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29346181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 40

Virology Experts in the Boundary Zone Between Science, Policy and the Public: A Biographical Analysis. 处于科学、政策和公众之间边界地带的病毒学专家：传记分析。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2010-06-01 Epub Date: 2010-05-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-010-9145-z

Erwin van Rijswoud

{"title":"Virology Experts in the Boundary Zone Between Science, Policy and the Public: A Biographical Analysis.","authors":"Erwin van Rijswoud","doi":"10.1007/s11024-010-9145-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11024-010-9145-z","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to open up the biographical black box of three experts working in the boundary zone between science, policy and public debate. A biographical-narrative approach is used to analyse the roles played by the virologists Albert Osterhaus, Roel Coutinho and Jaap Goudsmit in policy and public debate. These figures were among the few leading virologists visibly active in the Netherlands during the revival of infectious diseases in the 1980s. Osterhaus and Coutinho in particular are still the key figures today, as demonstrated during the outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1). This article studies the various political and communicative challenges and dilemmas encountered by these three virologists, and discusses the way in which, strategically or not, they handled those challenges and dilemmas during the various stages of the field's recent history. Important in this respect is their pursuit of a public role that is both effective and credible. We will conclude with a reflection on the H1N1 pandemic, and the historical and biographical ties between emerging governance arrangements and the experts involved in the development of such arrangements.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"48 2","pages":"145-167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3b/50/11024_2010_Article_9145.PMC2898100.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29159151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0