Minerva最新文献_第9页

What is Basic Research? Insights from Historical Semantics. 什么是基础研究？历史语义学的启示

IF 3.2 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-014-9255-0

Désirée Schauz

{"title":"What is Basic Research? Insights from Historical Semantics.","authors":"Désirée Schauz","doi":"10.1007/s11024-014-9255-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11024-014-9255-0","url":null,"abstract":"For some years now, the concept of basic research has been under attack. Yet although the significance of the concept is in doubt, basic research continues to be used as an analytical category in science studies. But what exactly is basic research? What is the difference between basic and applied research? This article seeks to answer these questions by applying historical semantics. I argue that the concept of basic research did not arise out of the tradition of pure science. On the contrary, this new concept emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a time when scientists were being confronted with rising expectations regarding the societal utility of science. Scientists used the concept in order to try to bridge the gap between the promise of utility and the uncertainty of scientific endeavour. Only after 1945, when United States science policy shaped the notion of basic research, did the concept revert to the older ideals of pure science. This revival of the purity discourse was caused by the specific historical situation in the US at that time: the need to reform federal research policy after the Second World War, the new dimension of ethical dilemmas in science and technology during the atomic era, and the tense political climate during the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"52 ","pages":"273-328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4141150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10341140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Why New Hybrid Organizations are Formed: Historical Perspectives on Epistemic and Academic Drift. 为什么会形成新的混合组织？认识论和学术漂移的历史视角》。

IF 3.2 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-013-9226-x

Thomas Kaiserfeld

{"title":"Why New Hybrid Organizations are Formed: Historical Perspectives on Epistemic and Academic Drift.","authors":"Thomas Kaiserfeld","doi":"10.1007/s11024-013-9226-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11024-013-9226-x","url":null,"abstract":"By comparing three types of hybrid organizations-18th-century scientific academies, 19th-century institutions of higher vocational education, and 20th-century industrial research institutes-it is the purpose here to answer the question of why new hybrid organizations are continuously formed. Traditionally, and often implicitly, it is often assumed that emerging groups of potential knowledge users have their own organizational preferences and demands influencing the setup of new hybrid organizations. By applying the concepts epistemic and academic drift, it will be argued here, however, that internal organizational dynamics are just as important as changing historical conjunctures in the uses of science when understanding why new hybrid organizations are formed. Only seldom have older hybrid organizations sought to make themselves relevant to new categories of knowledge users as the original ones have been marginalized. Instead, they have tended to accede to ideals supported by traditional academic organizations with higher status in terms of knowledge management, primarily universities. Through this process, demand has been generated for the founding of new hybrid organizations rather than the transformation of existing ones. Although this study focuses on Swedish cases, it is argued that since Sweden strove consistently to implement existing international policy trends during the periods in question, the observations may be generalized to apply to other national and transnational contexts.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"51 2","pages":"171-194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31534180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coordination in the Science System: Theoretical Framework and a Case Study of an Intermediary Organization. 科学系统中的协调:理论框架与中介组织的个案研究。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-013-9230-1

Laurens K Hessels

{"title":"Coordination in the Science System: Theoretical Framework and a Case Study of an Intermediary Organization.","authors":"Laurens K Hessels","doi":"10.1007/s11024-013-9230-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-013-9230-1","url":null,"abstract":"Many science systems are witnessing the rise of intermediary organizations with a coordinating mission, but to date a systematic understanding of their function and effects is lacking. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the coordinating efforts of intermediary organizations. Starting from the definition of coordination as the establishment or strengthening of a relationship among the activities in a system, with the aim to enhance their common effectiveness, I develop a heuristic framework that facilitates the systematic analysis of coordination in science. I illustrate and substantiate my framework with the empirical case study of a Dutch coordination task force in the area of chemical technologies. Thanks to the framework I could disentangle a number of functions that this task force fulfils concerning research programming, funding allocation and supporting interactions and collaborations. This approach enabled me to systematically analyse a very heterogeneous set of processes that each deserve to be called coordination. The analysis yields a clear overview of eight coordination processes that are each described in terms of activities, intervention, relationships, mechanisms and performance. I conclude my paper with suggestions for further research on coordination in the science system.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"51 ","pages":"317-339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-013-9230-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31661077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

China's "Gene War of the Century" and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On. 中国的“世纪基因战争”及其后果:竞赛仍在继续。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7

Sun-Wei Guo

{"title":"China's \"Gene War of the Century\" and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On.","authors":"Sun-Wei Guo","doi":"10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7","url":null,"abstract":"Following the successful cloning of genes for mostly rare genetic diseases in the early 1990s, there was a nearly universal enthusiasm that similar approaches could be employed to hunt down genes predisposing people to complex diseases. Around 1996, several well-funded international gene-hunting teams, enticed by the low cost of collecting biological samples and China's enormous population, and ushered in by some well-connected Chinese intermediaries, came to China to hunt down disease susceptibility genes. This alarmed and, in some cases, enraged many poorly funded Chinese scientists, who perceived them as formidable competitors. Some depicted foreign gene-hunters as greedy pilferers of the vast Chinese genetic gold mine, comparing it to the plundering of national treasures from China by invaders in the past, and called upon the government and their fellow countrymen to rise up and protect China's genetic gold mine. Media uproar ensued, proclaiming the imminent \"gene war of the century.\" This article chronicles the key events surrounding this \"war\" and its aftermath, exposes some inherent complexities in identifying susceptibility genes for complex diseases, highlights some issues obscured or completely overlooked in the passionate and patriotic rhetoric, and debunks some misconceptions embedded in this conflict. In addition, it argues that during the entire course of this \"war,\" the public's interest went conspicuously unmentioned. Finally, it articulates several lessons that can be learned from this conflict, and outlines challenges facing human genetics researchers.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"51 4","pages":"485-512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37773760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Pumpkin or the Tiger? Michael Polanyi, Frederick Soddy, and Anticipating Emerging Technologies. 南瓜还是老虎?Michael Polanyi, Frederick Soddy和预测新兴技术。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2012-09-01 Epub Date: 2012-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8

David H Guston

{"title":"The Pumpkin or the Tiger? Michael Polanyi, Frederick Soddy, and Anticipating Emerging Technologies.","authors":"David H Guston","doi":"10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine putting together a jigsaw puzzle that works like the board game in the movie \"Jumanji\": When you finish, whatever the puzzle portrays becomes real. The children playing \"Jumanji\" learn to prepare for the reality that emerges from the next throw of the dice. But how would this work for the puzzle of scientific research? How do you prepare for unlocking the secrets of the atom, or assembling from the bottom-up nanotechnologies with unforeseen properties - especially when completion of such puzzles lies decades after the first scattered pieces are tentatively assembled? In the inaugural issue of this journal, Michael Polanyi argued that because the progress of science is unpredictable, society must only move forward with solving the puzzle until the picture completes itself. Decades earlier, Frederick Soddy argued that once the potential for danger reveals itself, one must reorient the whole of one's work to avoid it. While both scientists stake out extreme positions, Soddy's approach - together with the action taken by the like-minded Leo Szilard - provides a foundation for the anticipatory governance of emerging technologies. This paper narrates the intertwining stories of Polanyi, Soddy and Szilard, revealing how anticipation influenced governance in the case of atomic weapons and how Polanyi's claim in \"The Republic of Science\" of an unpredictable and hence ungovernable science is faulty on multiple levels.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"50 3","pages":"363-379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-012-9204-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30941357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

On the Teaching of Science, Technology and International Affairs. 论科学技术与国际事务的教学。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2012-03-01 Epub Date: 2012-02-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9

Charles Weiss

{"title":"On the Teaching of Science, Technology and International Affairs.","authors":"Charles Weiss","doi":"10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the ubiquity and critical importance of science and technology in international affairs, their role receives insufficient attention in traditional international relations curricula. There is little literature on how the relations between science, technology, economics, politics, law and culture should be taught in an international context. Since it is impossible even for scientists to master all the branches of natural science and engineering that affect public policy, the learning goals of students whose primary training is in the social sciences should be to get some grounding in the natural sciences or engineering, to master basic policy skills, to understand the basic concepts that link science and technology to their broader context, and to gain a respect for the scientific and technological dimensions of the broader issues they are addressing. They also need to cultivate a fearless determination to master what they need to know in order to address policy issues, an open-minded but skeptical attitude towards the views of dueling experts, regardless of whether they agree with their politics, and (for American students) a world-view that goes beyond a strictly U.S. perspective on international events. The Georgetown University program in Science, Technology and International Affairs (STIA) is a unique, multi-disciplinary undergraduate liberal arts program that embodies this approach and could be an example that other institutions of higher learning might adapt to their own requirements.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"50 1","pages":"127-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-012-9191-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30505102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Challenging Incommensurability: What We Can Learn from Ludwik Fleck for the Analysis of Configurational Innovation. 挑战不可通约性:从路德维克·弗莱克对构型创新分析的借鉴。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-12-01 Epub Date: 2011-11-02 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4

Alexander Peine

{"title":"Challenging Incommensurability: What We Can Learn from Ludwik Fleck for the Analysis of Configurational Innovation.","authors":"Alexander Peine","doi":"10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that Ludwik Fleck's concepts of thought collectives and proto-ideas are surprisingly topical to tackle some conceptual challenges in analyzing contemporary innovation. The objective of this paper is twofold: First, it strives to establish Ludwik Fleck as an important classic on the map of innovation analysis. A systematic comparison with Thomas Kuhn's work on paradigms, a concept highly influential in various branches of innovation studies, suggests a number of pronounced yet under-researched advantages of a Fleckian perspective in the context of technological change and innovation. Secondly, the paper links these advantages to some recent changes in the organization of innovation. Due to the rising pervasiveness of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), configurational innovation has become commonplace that cuts across the boundaries of established trajectories of knowledge generation. Fleck's graded understanding of the closedness of thought collectives and his weak notion of incommensurability provide powerful metaphors to grasp the peculiarities of configurational innovation.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"49 4","pages":"489-508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-011-9180-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30357164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Mark B. Brown, Science in Democracy. Expertise, Institutions, and Representation: MIT Press, Cambridge, MA., and London, 2009. Mark B. Brown, Science in Democracy.专业知识、制度和代表性》：麻省理工学院出版社，马萨诸塞州剑桥和伦敦，2009 年。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-09-01 Epub Date: 2011-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9179-x

Robert Hoppe

引用次数: 0

Practical Applications as a Source of Credibility: A Comparison of Three Fields of Dutch Academic Chemistry. 作为可信度来源的实际应用:荷兰学术化学三个领域的比较。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-06-01 Epub Date: 2011-04-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1

Laurens K Hessels, Harro van Lente

{"title":"Practical Applications as a Source of Credibility: A Comparison of Three Fields of Dutch Academic Chemistry.","authors":"Laurens K Hessels, Harro van Lente","doi":"10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1","url":null,"abstract":"In many Western science systems, funding structures increasingly stimulate academic research to contribute to practical applications, but at the same time the rise of bibliometric performance assessments have strengthened the pressure on academics to conduct excellent basic research that can be published in scholarly literature. We analyze the interplay between these two developments in a set of three case studies of fields of chemistry in the Netherlands. First, we describe how the conditions under which academic chemists work have changed since 1975. Second, we investigate whether practical applications have become a source of credibility for individual researchers. Indeed, this turns out to be the case in catalysis, where connecting with industrial applications helps in many steps of the credibility cycle. Practical applications yield much less credibility in environmental chemistry, where application-oriented research agendas help to acquire funding, but not to publish prestigious papers or to earn peer recognition. In biochemistry practical applications hardly help in gaining credibility, as this field is still strongly oriented at fundamental questions. The differences between the fields can be explained by the presence or absence of powerful upstream end-users, who can afford to invest in academic research with promising long term benefits.","PeriodicalId":47427,"journal":{"name":"Minerva","volume":"49 2","pages":"215-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s11024-011-9167-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30012317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

The Stakes in Bayh-Dole: Public Values Beyond the Pace of Innovation. Bayh-Dole的利害关系:超越创新步伐的公共价值。

IF 2.3 2区哲学

Minerva Pub Date : 2011-03-01 Epub Date: 2011-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11024-011-9162-6

Walter D Valdivia

引用次数: 20