BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Developing a multivariate model for the prediction of concussion recovery in sportspeople: a machine learning approach.","authors":"Louise C Yates, Elliot Yates, Xuanxuan Li, Yiping Lu, Kamal Yakoub, David Davies, Antonio Belli, Vijay Sawlani","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002090","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sportspeople suffering from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) who return prematurely to sport are at an increased risk of delayed recovery, repeat concussion events and, in the longer-term, the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Therefore, determining the appropriate recovery time, without unnecessarily delaying return to sport, is paramount at a professional/semi-professional level, yet notoriously difficult to predict.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To use machine learning to develop a multivariate model for the prediction of concussion recovery in sportspeople.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographics, injury history, Sport Concussion Assessment Tool fifth edition questionnaire and MRI head reports were collected for sportspeople who suffered mTBI and were referred to a tertiary university hospital in the West Midlands over 3 years. Random forest (RF) machine learning algorithms were trained and tuned on a 90% outcome-balanced corpus subset, with subsequent validation testing on the previously unseen 10% subset for binary prediction of greater than five missed sporting games. Confusion matrices and receiver operator curves were used to determine model discrimination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>375 sportspeople were included. A final composite model accuracy of 94.6% based on the unseen testing subset was obtained, yielding a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93.8% with a positive predictive value of 71.4% and a negative predictive value of 100%. The area under the curve was 96.3%.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In this large single-centre cohort study, a composite RF machine learning algorithm demonstrated high performance in predicting sporting games missed post-mTBI injury. Validation of this novel model on larger external datasets is therefore warranted.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>ISRCTN16974791.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002090"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary habits and knee and shoulder injury incidence in adolescent male and female handball players: the Swedish Handball Cohort.","authors":"Clara Onell, Eva Skillgate, Pierre Côté, Markus Waldén, Henrik Källberg, Martin Hägglund, Klara Edlund, Anna Melin, Martin Asker","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002332","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the association between (1) dietary habits and knee/shoulder injury incidence in male and female adolescent handball players and (2) menstrual dysfunction and injury incidence in females.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is based on seasons 2020-2022 of the Swedish Handball Cohort including 1144 participants (1703 player seasons) free from a substantial knee and shoulder injury. Participants self-reported meal frequency, meal timing, nutritional intake and menstrual function (season 2022/2023) at baseline. Weekly follow-ups throughout the season assessed training and matches, and substantial knee/shoulder injuries. Cox regression analyses estimated a hazard rate ratio (HRR) with the first event of a knee/shoulder injury (combined), with minutes of handball training and matches as the timescale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In females, adjusted analyses generated an HRR for knee/shoulder injuries of 1.46 (95% CI 1.08, 1.98) for moderate-high nutritional quality compared with low quality and an HRR of 1.38 (95% CI 1.02, 1.86) for ≥2 unfavourable dietary habits compared with 1 unfavourable dietary habit. For poor meal timing, adjusted analyses generated an HRR of 1.20 (95% CI 0.90, 1.61) compared with adequate timing in females. In males, adjusted analyses generated an HRR of 1.23 (95% CI 0.69, 2.17) for low meal frequency and an HRR of 0.83 (95% CI 0.60, 1.15) for poor meal timing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In adolescent female handball players, moderate-high nutritional quality and ≥2 unfavourable dietary habits are associated with higher knee/shoulder injury incidence; whereas, no or unprecise associations were found for other dietary habits in females and males and for menstrual dysfunction in females.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11934375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combinations of psychological and physical risk factors for sport injuries in youth floorball players: a latent profile analysis.","authors":"Sofia Levin, Taru Tervo, Andreas Ivarsson, Martin Hägglund, Andreas Stenling","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002309","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Sport injuries in youth sports are common, and holistic predictive approaches have been called for to better understand how combinations of risk and protective factors contribute to injury occurrence. This study utilises a person-centred approach to identify how combinations of psychological and physical factors are associated with injuries in youth floorball players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At season start, 222 youth athletes conducted physical field tests and measures of self-reported mental health and demographics. Postseason, participants reported any sustained acute or overuse injuries during the season. Latent profile analysis, using psychological (anxiety and depression) and physical (field test performance) factors, such as input variables, was employed to identify risk profiles. Covariate analysis was conducted with demographic predictors of profile membership. Finally, sport injury occurrence was compared between profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three profiles were identified: 'Moderate mental health/high physical performance' (profile 1, n=101), 'Very low mental health/average physical performance' (profile 2, n=49) and 'High mental health/low physical performance' (profile 3, n=72). Athletes injured at baseline were less likely to belong to profile 1. Profile 1 had higher injury occurrence than profile 2 (OR=3.63, 95% CI (1.34 to 9.81)) and profile 3 (OR=2.63, 95% CI (1.06 to 6.47)) during the season.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicate that players in the profile characterised by moderate mental health and high physical performance (profile 1) at the start of the season, reported the highest injury occurrence during the season (based on retrospective injury reporting). Future studies should explore factors that can explain this relationship, such as engagement in risk situations, load and recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: The Cambridge Knee Injury Tool (CamKIT): a clinical prediction tool for acute soft tissue knee injuries.","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002357corr1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002357corr1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002357.].</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002357corr1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of position-specific head impact severities among professional and Division I collegiate American football athletes during games.","authors":"Lee F Gabler, Declan A Patton, Kristen A Reynier, Ian J Barnett, Alexander M Miles, Nathan Z Dau, James R Clugston, Daniel G Cobian, Kimberly G Harmon, Anthony P Kontos, Robert C Lynall, Jason P Mihalik, Ryan N Moran, Douglas P Terry, Thom Mayer, Gary S Solomon, Allen K Sills, Kristy B Arbogast, Jeff R Crandall","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002365","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the severity of head impacts between professional and Division I (D-I) collegiate football games for the purpose of improving protective equipment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 243 football players from the National Football League (NFL) and from D-I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) were equipped with instrumented mouthpieces capable of measuring six degrees-of-freedom head kinematics. Head impacts were processed using a custom algorithm and combined with game period descriptors to produce a curated dataset for analysis. Head impact severity distributions for several kinematic-based metrics were compared within position groupings between leagues.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 11 038 head impacts greater than 10 g from 1208 player-games were collected during 286 player-seasons (2019-2022). No significant differences were found between leagues in the distributions of kinematic-based metrics for all investigated position groupings (p≥0.320). The median and IQRs for peak linear acceleration for NFL and NCAA were 17.2 (9.3) g and 17.0 (8.6) g for linemen, 20.7 (13.8) g and 20.0 (13.5) g for hybrid and 21.0 (17.0) g and 20.8 (15.5) g for speed position groupings, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The absence of statistically significant differences in the distributions of head impact severity between professional and D-I collegiate football players indicates that these data can be combined for the purpose of understanding the range of loading conditions for which new protective equipment, such as position-specific helmets, should be designed. This observation underscores the potential for knowledge transfer regarding biomechanical factors affecting head loading across professional and D-I college football, highlighting crucial implications for innovation in protective equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in physical fitness in transgender adolescents receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy: protocol for a prospective cohort pilot study.","authors":"Sigrid F Wolf, Lisa M Kuhns, Raina V Voss, Delanie L Rybacki, Rebecca L Carl, Jamie K Burgess, Summer Baptiste, Robert Garofalo","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002477","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is very little data about the physical fitness of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth. This protocol paper describes the methods for a pilot study that aims to measure changes in fitness levels in TGD adolescents undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) using FitnessGram, a reliable, validated tool used to measure physical fitness. A secondary aim of the study is to compare the physical fitness of TGD adolescents with normative data for cisgender individuals. This will be a prospective cohort study. We will recruit 25 TGD participants who are 13-18 years old and patients in our organisation's Gender Development Clinic, planning to initiate GAHT. Participants will complete FitnessGram before starting GAHT and undergo repeat assessments 6 months and 12 months after GAHT initiation. Participants will also complete the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. We plan to report changes in the participant's ability to achieve the FitnessGram standards over 12 months. Secondary outcomes will include a comparison of the achievement of the FitnessGram standards in the cohort with the reported achievement of standards for cisgender adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Good communication and good team building, it's half of the work in managing a player': how team doctors perceive communication in the European professional men's football context.","authors":"Caroline Bolling, Jan Ekstrand, Markus Waldén, Håkan Bengtsson, Michael Davison, Evert Verhagen, Martin Hägglund","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002392","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Communication influences players' performance and health and is influenced by the leadership style of coaches, internal team communication and the integration of the medical team in the professional men's football setting. However, the communication process between medical teams and other stakeholders in professional football has not been described in depth. Therefore, we explored the perspectives of team doctors regarding the communication process within the medical team and with other stakeholders in men's professional football. We conducted semistructured interviews with 10 team doctors from nine teams in six countries playing at the highest level of European professional football participating in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. Data were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed through reflexive thematic analysis. Three main themes described the communication process: (1) communication practices, (2) communication context and (3) communication foundation. The communication practices included involving specific stakeholders, using different communication channels and considering timing. The contextual factors in team structure, available resources and team standings require them to adapt their communication strategies. The foundation of effective communication relied on cultivating trust, acting respectfully, defining clear roles, following ethics and proactively developing relationships over time. In conclusion, the communication process is highly influenced by the context while team doctors constantly communicate with a diverse stakeholder group. This requires the team doctors to adapt to the different scenarios of professional football and dedicate time and effort to cultivating trustworthy relationships with stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multicentre randomised controlled trial protocol comparing structured physical exercise programme (SPEP) and medication versus conventional care for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Suraiya Yesmin Sharna, Kazi Md Azman Hossain, Feroz Kabir, Md Zahid Hossain, Sharmila Jahan, Ehsanur Rahman, Shagun Agarwal, Md Kabir Hossain, Farzana Sharmin, Azharul Islam, K M Amran Hossain","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002527","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>One of the most widespread non-communicable diseases in the world is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, in addition to elevated blood pressure, and lipid disorders, for which physical activity and exercise programmes have shown a great impact on reducing cholesterol and glucose level. So, this study aims to generate a proper or Structured Physical Exercise Programme (SPEP) for the glycaemic control of people with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>The study will be a double-blinded, multicentre, randomised controlled trial where participants with T2DM will be enrolled from three Diabetic Centres in Bangladesh. All the participants will be allocated to experimental and control groups in a 1:1 ratio. Both groups will receive 18 sessions/6 weeks of intervention with an additional 24-week follow-up. Warm-up exercises, stretching and aerobic exercise will be provided along with medication for experimental and conventional approaches will be provided in the control group. A glucometer will measure the primary outcome (capillary blood glucose level). The secondary outcomes (cardiorespiratory fitness, T2DM-related comorbidities and quality of life) will be measured by a 6-min walk-test, self-structured questionnaire and SF-36. All outcomes will be measured at baseline, post-test after 6 weeks and follow-up after 24 weeks.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>CTRI/2023/08/057032.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143694078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home-based exercise and PHysical activity maintenance interventiOn after livEr traNsplantation: Impact of eXercise intensity (PHOENIX-Liver).","authors":"Stefan De Smet, Sofie Leunis, Hanne Van Criekinge, Marieke Vandecruys, Lieze Vrancken, Marie Renier, Steffen Fieuws, Kaatje Goetschalckx, Jeroen Luyten, Jeroen Raes, Stijn Bogaerts, Sabina De Geest, Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck, Véronique Cornelissen, Diethard Monbaliu","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002436","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver transplant recipients experience comorbidities, including impaired physical fitness, which could be managed by exercise and physical activity interventions. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a 6-month exercise intervention, followed by a 15-month tailored physical activity maintenance intervention, in de novo liver transplant recipients. This single-centre, randomised, controlled, single-blinded trial will recruit 147 adult liver transplant recipients at 3-5 months post-transplant. Participants will be randomised into (1) 6 months of enhanced usual care, not followed by a physical activity intervention (control (CON) group, n=49), (2) 6 months of moderate-intensity exercise training, followed by a physical activity intervention (moderate-intensity training (MIT) group; n=49) or (3) consecutively 3 months of moderate-intensity exercise training, 3 months of high-intensity interval training and a physical activity intervention (moderate and high-intensity training (MHIT) group; n=49). Exercise training will consist of home-based stationary bicycling and muscle-strengthening exercises, partially supervised by participants' local physiotherapists. The physical activity intervention includes an array of behaviour change techniques. Primary hypothesis: after the exercise intervention, peak oxygen uptake (V̇O₂peak) will be higher in MHIT versus CON (α-level 0.05). Secondary hypotheses: after the exercise intervention, V̇O₂peak will be higher in MIT versus CON and MHIT versus MIT (α-level 0.025). Secondary outcomes, assessed up to 2 years post-transplant, include physical fitness, cardiovascular and graft health, quality of life, physical activity and implementation outcomes. Trial registration number NCT06302205.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11911812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the effectiveness of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) and three conventional treatment approaches for biceps brachii muscle in exercise-induced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS): a protocol for a randomised clinical trial.","authors":"Azharul Islam, K M Amran Hossain, Md Feroz Kabir, Sharmila Jahan, Ehsanur Rahman, Md Mafrohi Sattar, Md Kabir Hossain, Md Zahid Hossain","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) is a typical physiological response to unaccustomed intense exercise, characterised by pain, stiffness and reduced muscle function. DOMS is often impacting an individual's physical performance and overall well-being. For the effective management of DOMS, physiotherapy is a better option rather than analgesics or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. A research gap on radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT), myofascial release (MFR), cryotherapy, etc, has an individual and unique effect on early pain reduction and functional improvement. An assessor and participants-blinded randomised clinical trial (RCT) will be used for the investigation. On the participants, DOMS will be induced for research purposes. Three groups will receive rESWT, MFR and stretching combined with cryotherapy. After DOMS is induced, the treatment will be given once daily for 0-48 hours (three times in 3 days). Each group will include 40 students, and the research will measure how rESWT, MFR, cryotherapy and stretching affect pain alleviation before treatment (pretest), immediately after treatment (post-test-1), 24 hours later (post-test-2), 48 hours later (post-test-3) and 72 hours later (post-test-4). The outcome metric will be pain intensity and range of motion measured by pressure algometry and inclinometer. The Ethical Review Committee of Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST) has granted ethical approval. The research will adhere to the ethical principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. The study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated with stakeholders through conferences and seminars. Trial registration number: CTRI/2023/08/056649.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"e002486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11907026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}