Applied Physics A最新文献

{"title":"Manganese-driven evolution: tuning optical and radiation shielding properties in advanced lithium borophosphate-sulfide glasses","authors":"Faizah Salah Aljohani,&nbsp;Lama Almudaimeegh,&nbsp;Zuhal Y. Hamd,&nbsp;Mohammad Sayed,&nbsp;Abdulaziz A Alshihri,&nbsp;Abdulrahman I. AbuAqil,&nbsp;Norah Alsairy,&nbsp;A. S. Abdel-Moety,&nbsp;Atef Ismail","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10272-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10272-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a sulfur-containing lithium borophosphate glass system, 48 Li₂B₄O₇ + (50 − x) P₂O₅ + x Mn₂O₃ + 2S (x = 0–4 mol%), was prepared by the melt-quenching technique to investigate the effect of Mn₂O₃ incorporation on its structural, optical, and gamma-ray shielding properties. Structural modifications were examined by FTIR spectroscopy in the rang 4000 –400 cm^− 1, while optical properties were evaluated from UV–Vis measurements in the 200–750 nm range. Gamma-ray attenuation parameters were calculated using the XCOM database. Increasing Mn₂O₃ content results in higher glass density and systematic modifications of the borate–phosphate network, including an increase in the relative BO₃ contribution. The optical band gaps decrease with increasing Mn₂O₃ content, whereas the Urbach energy increases, indicating enhanced localized disorder and modification of the electronic structure. At 0.662 MeV, the mass attenuation coefficient increases from 0.0817 to 0.0906 cm²/ g, while the half-value layer decreases from 3.67 to 3.17 cm. These results demonstrate that Mn₂O₃ incorporation provides an effective means of tuning the structural, optical, and radiation-shielding characteristics of sulfur-containing lithium borophosphate glasses, highlighting their potential for multifunctional optical and transparent radiation-shielding applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Sb doping on structural, electronic, and dielectric properties of Co3O4","authors":"Jisna Rahman,&nbsp;Samanway Mohanta,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar Shukla,&nbsp;Rajashri R. Urkude,&nbsp;Asokan Kandasami,&nbsp;N. E. Rajeevan","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10317-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10317-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cobalt-based oxides are promising candidates for advanced dielectric applications due to their versatile structural and electronic properties. In this work, we investigate the effect of antimony (Sb) doping on the structural and dielectric characteristics of Co₃O₄. A series of Sb-doped Co₃O₄ compounds was synthesized via solid-state reaction and characterized using X-ray diffraction, dielectric spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the solubility limit of Sb in Co₃O₄ is reached for dopant concentrations exceeding x = 0.3. Dielectric measurements reveal a significant increase in permittivity with temperature, accompanied by Maxwell-Wagner-type relaxation. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis suggests that Sb incorporation modifies the local electronic environment due to the formation of oxygen vacancies, while extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results confirm the preservation of the Co₃O₄ framework with subtle changes in bond lengths and local disorder. Notably, Sb doping alters Co-O-Co bonding by inducing changes in bond distances. Overall, the dielectric response is strongly tuneable with Sb content, frequency, and temperature, highlighting the potential of Sb-doped Co₃O₄ for the design of functional dielectric materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning of electron affinity of high-k zirconia gate dielectrics for next-generation electronic devices","authors":"Ritishri Priyaranjan Pradhan,&nbsp;Sheo K. Mishra,&nbsp;Arvind Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10327-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10327-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple method based on the current-voltage (I-V) measurements is developed to estimate the Zirconia’s (ZrO₂) electron affinity. The estimated electron affinity of ZrO₂ is 2.86 eV, 2.85 eV, 3.07 eV, and 2.84 eV for the annealing temperatures of 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C, respectively. The electron affinities are comparable to those deduced from the Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) and Internal photoemission measurements. The estimated electron affinity is used to draw the band alignment of ZrO₂-based MOS devices, which gives an insight into various conduction mechanisms across the ZrO₂. An important observation of our study is that the electron affinity of zirconia can be tuned by varying the annealing temperature. The method developed here may be generalized for the other high-k materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic dilution and low-temperature vibrational behavior in Ga-substituted NdCrO3","authors":"Kousik Sutradhar,&nbsp;D. Pal","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10306-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10306-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rare-earth orthochromites are functional oxides in which magnetic ordering, rare-earth moments, octahedral distortions, and lattice vibrations are closely coupled. In this study, we examine the effect of non-magnetic Ga³⁺ substitution on the structural, magnetic, and vibrational properties of NdCrO₃. Ga-substituted NdCr_1-xGa_xO₃ ceramics with <i>x</i> = 0.0–0.5 were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement confirm that all compositions retain the orthorhombic <i>Pbnm</i> structure. Only minor changes in the lattice parameters are observed, consistent with the close ionic radii of Ga³⁺ and Cr³⁺. Magnetic measurements show that the Néel temperature remains nearly unchanged, decreasing slightly from about 225.2 K for <i>x</i> = 0.0 to 223.3 K for <i>x</i> = 0.5. This behavior is consistent with the preservation of long-range Cr–O-Cr antiferromagnetic ordering. In contrast, the spin-reorientation transition becomes broader and shifts from approximately 37.1 K to 31.2 K with increasing Ga content. This trend reflects a gradual weakening of the magnetic exchange balance involving the Nd and Cr sublattices. Exchange bias is observed in the system, and the maximum bias field decreases from about 2300 Oe for the undoped sample to 330 Oe for <i>x</i> = 0.5. The reduction in exchange bias reflects weakened inter-sublattice magnetic coupling after B-site magnetic dilution. Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals low-temperature anomalies in the phonon frequency and linewidth, confirming the presence of spin-phonon coupling in the system. Despite changes in magnetic behavior, the spin-phonon response remains comparatively robust against Ga content. Overall, the results show that Ga substitution can tune the magnetic properties of NdCrO₃ without strongly disturbing its lattice dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process window, microstructure evolution and magnetocaloric properties of single-track La-Fe-Co-Si alloy coatings fabricated on CrNi3MoVA gun steel by laser cladding","authors":"Ruochen Zhang,&nbsp;Junzhe Liu,&nbsp;Mingfang Qian,&nbsp;Xuexi Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10320-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10320-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>La-Fe-Co-Si magnetocaloric coatings were deposited on CrNi3MoVA gun steel by laser cladding, and the single-track process parameters were optimized through a 25-group orthogonal design. The lowest height-based dilution index of 18.78% was achieved at laser power of 1200 W, scanning speed of 5 mm/s, powder feed rate of 1.2 r/min, and volumetric energy density of 160.0 J/mm³, with no discernible heat-affected zone at the coating/substrate interface. Crack density increased with the height-based dilution index. Large lack-of-fusion (LoF) defects (50–200 μm) were associated with an imbalance between laser-energy input and powder loading, including insufficient effective energy at intermediate-to-high powder feed rates and excessive linear energy input at low feed rate. Quantitative image analysis yielded crack length densities of 1.8–5.7 mm^− 1, with no statistically significant correlation with the height-based dilution index. As-deposited coatings consisted of dendritic α-Fe(Co, Si) and La-rich phases. After annealing at 1323 K for 3 days, the magnetocaloric 1:13 phase formed predominantly via a peritectic reaction. The optimized annealed coating exhibited a second-order magnetic transition at a Curie temperature of approximately 292 K, as confirmed by the positive slopes of the Arrott isotherms, with no resolvable separation between the heating and cooling <i>M</i>-<i>T</i> curves within the measured interval of 240–350 K. A broad working temperature range of 34 K, maximum magnetic entropy of 6.3 J/(kg.K), and refrigeration capacity of 155.4 J/kg were obtained at a magnetic field of 2 T, demonstrating strong potential for magnetic refrigeration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of optical, magnetic, dielectric and electrical properties in BiFeO3-SrTiO3-NaNbO3 ceramic composites","authors":"M. Sudhadhar,&nbsp;Venkateswara Rao Mannepalli,&nbsp;V. Sudharshan,&nbsp;G. Bhavani,&nbsp;B. Sattibabu,&nbsp;P. Kanaka Raju,&nbsp;K. Lakshun Naidu,&nbsp;D. Tirupathi Swamy,&nbsp;T. Durga Rao","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10323-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10323-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polycrystalline (1–x)(0.7BiFeO₃–0.3SrTiO₃)–xNaNbO₃ ceramics (x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) were synthesized using a conventional solid-state reaction route. Structural analysis based on Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data confirmed the coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases in all compositions. The enhanced optical band gap from 2.16 to 2.24 eV was observed with the increase in NaNbO₃ content. With the increase of NaNbO₃ content, the modification in the magnetic exchange interactions was observed and as a result, changes in the remanent magnetization and coercive field were observed. Frequency-dependent dielectric studies, impedance spectroscopy and AC conductivity analyses indicated the enhanced insulating behaviour and low loss values with the increase in NaNbO₃ content. The observed electrical transport was found to be governed by oxygen-vacancy migration mechanisms. These results demonstrate that NaNbO₃ incorporation is a promising approach to tuning the characteristics of multifunctional materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic impact of dual metal-oxide doping on the morphological and optoelectronic properties of flexible electrospun PVA nanofiber detectors","authors":"Maryam A. Abood,&nbsp;Isam M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10309-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10309-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents the design, fabrication, and comprehensive characterization of UV–visible photodetectors based on electrospun ZnO–CoO/PVA composite nanofibers deposited on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. Three compositions were prepared by systematically varying the metal-oxide loading: a pristine PVA baseline (M1), a low-loading composite (M2, 8:2), and a high-loading composite (M3, 6:4), enabling a direct correlation between stoichiometry and optoelectronic performance. The optimized M3 (6:4) sample exhibited extremely fine one-dimensional nanostructures with a fiber diameter as small as 22 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a predominantly amorphous phase within the polymeric matrix, while Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed a highly homogeneous distribution of Zn, Co, and O throughout the nanofibrous network. Optical measurements demonstrated effective tuning of the bandgap structure with increasing metal-oxide content. Under periodic illumination at a fixed bias, the M3 configuration displayed a strong broadband photoresponse, achieving a maximum sensitivity of 1833.3% at 395 nm, corresponding to a three-order-of-magnitude increase in current relative to the M2 (8:2) configuration. Furthermore, the M3 device delivered fast temporal response, with a rise time of τ_r = 0.076 s and a fall time of τ_f = 0.074 s, together with a high specific detectivity of D* = 9.51 × 10⁸ Jones. Combining these figures of merit with its mechanical flexibility, non-toxic composition, and low-cost fabrication, the developed ZnO–CoO/PVA photodetector represents a promising candidate for flexible, broadband optoelectronic devices operating across the UV–visible spectral range.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visible‐light excitable TiO2/Na-P-g-C3N4 heterojunction catalysts for photocatalytic epoxidation of styrene","authors":"Jiacheng Xu,&nbsp;Yumeng Qiao,&nbsp;Tongqin Zhang,&nbsp;Rong Hou,&nbsp;Li Huang,&nbsp;Haiyong Liu,&nbsp;Fuyou Wang,&nbsp;Hui Xie","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10298-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10298-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A composite photocatalyst consisting of titanium-deposited sodium and phosphorus co-modified graphitic carbon nitride (TiO₂/Na-P-g-C₃N₄) was successfully synthesized via calcination and hydrothermal methods. The prepared photocatalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, BET, SEM, TEM, EDX, XPS, UV–vis DRS, PL, Mott-Schottky and EIS to elucidate its structural and photoelectrochemical properties. Subsequently, the conditions for the photocatalytic epoxidation of styrene were optimized. The results demonstrated the successful construction of a heterostructure between TiO₂ and Na-P-g-C₃N₄, with the 20% TiO₂/Na-P-g-C₃N₄ sample exhibiting an outstanding specific surface area, the lowest band gap energy, the weakest photoluminescence intensity, and the minimal interfacial charge transfer resistance. Owing to its superior photoelectrochemical properties, the 20% TiO₂/Na-P-g-C₃N₄ catalyst achieved a high styrene conversion rate of 58.67% and a styrene oxide selectivity of 83.75% under conditions employing 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution as the oxidant and acetonitrile as the solvent. The catalytic activity of this composite was found to be five times greater than that of pure g-C₃N₄. Furthermore, combined analysis of the band structure, XPS binding-energy shifts, and radical scavenging experiments suggests that the TiO₂/Na-P-g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst operates via a Z-scheme heterojunction charge-transfer mechanism.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Sm³⁺ substitution on the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of SrFe12O19 hexaferrites","authors":"V. Prasad,&nbsp;A. Raghavendra Rao,&nbsp;K. Anil Kumar,&nbsp;V. Srinivasa Rao,&nbsp;T. Madhu Mohan","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10322-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10322-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The sol-gel auto-combustion method has been used to prepared M-type Sr_1−xSm_xFe₁₂O₁₉ hexagonal ferrite nanoparticles with various compositions x = 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 respectively. The samples were sintered for 4 h at 1200 °C for the reaction to occur and investigate the effects of Sm³⁺ substitution on the host material’s structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties. The properties of these were investigated using XRD, FESEM, FTIR, magnetic, and impedance analysis. The confirmation of the formation of the crystalline M-type has been carried out by XRD patterns, which were identified as pure hexagonal with space group P6₃<i>/mmc</i> (No. 194). The morphology observed under FESEM was a speckle-like morphology in the nanoscale. FTIR analysis confirmed the synthesis of hexaferrite, where stretching bands of oxygen atoms and metal ions (M–O), in this case the Fe–O bond is observed in the range 413–421 cm^− 1 and 586–593 cm^− 1. The saturation magnetization decreases with increasing concentrations and is low at x = 0.10. The concentration of Sm³⁺ increases the coercivity. The dielectric analysis showed that the sample has a frequency-dependent behavior, with the highest dielectric constant value of the synthesized sample and a low value for dielectric loss. The polarization and conduction mechanisms were explained by Koop’s theory, the Maxwell-Wagner model, and the Verwey hopping model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction-field-regulated Fe₂O₃/carbon-paper cathodes for reliable lithium–oxygen energy-storage materials","authors":"Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad,&nbsp;Asokan Vasudevan,&nbsp;Rashed Abu Hammour,&nbsp;Rekha M. M.,&nbsp;Abhilasha Mishra,&nbsp;Rahul Saxena,&nbsp;Lalita Chopra,&nbsp;Faiz Mahmood,&nbsp;Nosir Xurramov,&nbsp;Amirali Nikpendar","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10292-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10292-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Emerging energy-storage materials require electrode architectures that not only enhance electrochemical activity but also regulate transport, reaction distribution, discharge-product accumulation, and structural reliability. Lithium–oxygen batteries are attractive high-energy-density systems; however, their practical performance is strongly limited by oxygen depletion, heterogeneous Li₂O₂ deposition, pore blockage, film-resistance growth, charge polarization, and mechanically induced degradation within porous cathodes. Herein, ultralow Fe₂O₃ loading (~ 1 wt%) on P50 carbon-paper cathodes is investigated as a reaction-field-regulating material strategy for improving Li–O₂ cathode operation. A coupled physicochemical framework was developed to resolve oxygen transport, lithium-ion migration, electronic and ionic charge conservation, Butler–Volmer interfacial kinetics, Li₂O₂ deposition/decomposition, porosity evolution, film-resistance growth, and Li₂O₂-induced stress formation. Compared with pristine P50, the Fe₂O₃/P50 cathode increased final oxygen availability by 26.8% and improved the Reaction Uniformity Index by 28.6%, demonstrating that dispersed Fe₂O₃ domains redistribute electrochemical activity across the porous carbon-paper network. This redistribution reduced mean Li₂O₂ thickness by 24.1%, improved porosity retention by 13.0%, decreased film resistance by 31.7%, and lowered charge overpotential by 7.4%. Mechanically, Fe₂O₃/P50 reduced maximum Von Mises stress by 33.4%, high-risk stressed area by 46.5%, and the Mechanical Reliability Index by 41.1%. The predicted 7.4% reduction in charge overpotential was quantitatively consistent with the experimentally reported ~ 7.0% reduction for Fe₂O₃/P50 cathodes, corresponding to a normalized RMSE of 0.0028. Additional qualitative agreement was obtained with reported XRD evidence of reversible Li₂O₂ formation/decomposition and SEM observations of less localized Li₂O₂ deposition. These results indicate that ultralow Fe₂O₃ loading acts beyond conventional catalytic acceleration, functioning as a materials-level regulator of reaction uniformity, transport preservation, Li₂O₂ distribution, and mechanical reliability. The study provides a design principle for developing reliable metal-oxide-modified carbon cathodes for next-generation Li–O₂ energy-storage materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}