Fatemehzahra Khammar, Cyrus Taghizadeh Delkhoush, Fatemeh Ehsani
{"title":"Study of the electromyographic activity in patellofemoral pain syndrome accompanied by secondary myofascial pain syndrome specifically affecting the popliteus muscle following dry needling: a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Fatemehzahra Khammar, Cyrus Taghizadeh Delkhoush, Fatemeh Ehsani","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2396709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2024.2396709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Myofascial pain syndrome in the popliteus muscle may change motor control in the affected and related muscles due to changes in proprioceptive and nociceptive afferents, which can exacerbate patellofemoral pain syndrome. The primary purpose of the current study was to explore the electromyographic activity of the local and proximal muscles of the knee joint in patellofemoral pain syndrome accompanied by secondary myofascial pain syndrome specifically affecting the popliteus muscle following dry needling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Myofascial pain syndrome in the popliteus muscle may change motor control in the affected and related muscles due to changes in proprioceptive and nociceptive afferents, which can exacerbate patellofemoral pain syndrome. The primary purpose of the current study was to explore the electromyographic activity of the local and proximal muscles of the knee joint in patellofemoral pain syndrome accompanied by secondary myofascial pain syndrome specifically affecting the popliteus muscle following dry needling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During step-up, the onset and offset latencies of the local and proximal muscles of the knee joint, except for the offset latency of the gluteus maximus muscle (p-value=0.162), significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p-value<0.046). Additionally, there were no significant differences (p-value>0.116) between the groups in the amplitude ratio of the local and proximal muscles of the knee joint during both step-up and step-down.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study revealed that dry needling of the popliteus muscle with secondary myofascial pain syndrome associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome constructively modified the local and proximal motor control of the knee joint during step-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spinal mobilization in infants reconsidered.","authors":"Eric Saedt","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2392211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2024.2392211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this letter to the editor, we discuss additional viewpoints and identify relevant literature to supplement the evidence statement of the authors. We want to make a positive contribution to the discussion about Pediatric Manual Therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trang Ngoc Anh Nguyen, Nam Hoai Nguyen, Duy Kim Vu, Lam Tung Ngoc Cu
{"title":"Short-term effects of Kinesiotaping combined with a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff-related shoulder pain: a randomized, assessor-blinded clinical trial.","authors":"Trang Ngoc Anh Nguyen, Nam Hoai Nguyen, Duy Kim Vu, Lam Tung Ngoc Cu","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2387913","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2387913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to determine the clinical efficacy of Kinesiotaping (KT) combined with a rehabilitation program to reduce symptoms and functional limitations in patients with Rotator Cuff-Related Shoulder Pain (RCRSP) in Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 82 participants who were diagnosed with RCRSP were randomly allocated into two groups. Both groups received a standard rehabilitation program; additionally, the intervention group was treated with KT. Outcomes, assessed at baseline, and 3, 7, and 14 days postintervention, included pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), functional disability (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, SPADI), and active range of motion (ROM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The KT group exhibited significant improvements in all outcome measures. VAS scores decreased by an average of 13.3 points in the KT group at 14 days, which was notably greater than that in the control group (95% CI: -17.77 to -8.82). SPADI scores also improved significantly in the KT group, with reductions of -11.36, -15.27, and -13.3 at days 3, 7, and 14, respectively. Regarding ROM, the KT group showed notable improvements in flexion and external rotation, with flexion ROM differences of 10.78, 10.35, and 11.8 degrees at the respective time points. No significant changes were observed in the abduction or internal rotation ROM. After adjusting for age, baseline scores, and gender, there was a statistically significant interaction between Group and Time on the VAS, SPADI, and ROM abduction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Incorporating KT into a standard rehabilitation program for RCRSP demonstrated enhanced efficacy in reducing pain and improving shoulder function. The results suggest that KT can be a valuable component of the treatment regimen for RCRSP.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141910139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Short-term effectiveness of dry needling on pain and ankle range of motion in athletes with medial tibial stress syndrome- a randomized control trial.","authors":"Amrinder Singh, Nikita Wadhwani, Monika Sharma","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2024.2384611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2024.2384611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is also called soleus syndrome because the resultant periostitis is localized to the medial insertion of the soleus muscle. This study explores the effectiveness of dry needling (DN) targeting soleus myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in managing MTSS.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the impact of DN on pain reduction and ankle range of motion (ROM) improvement in athletes with MTSS.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>This randomized controlled trial (RCT) included 50 university-level athletes. (DN group = 25; control group = 25).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Outcome variables, pain, and ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and universal goniometer, respectively. The trial used statistical analyses like Wilcoxon rank test for within-group comparisons and Mann-Whitney U test for between-group comparisons. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India; CTRI/2023/10/058837.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>There were 24 Females (Age = 21.4 ± 2.06) & 26 Males (Age = 20.5 ± 2.35). DN significantly reduced pain in the intervention group from NPRS 7 ± 1.30 to 2 ± 0.87 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but in the control group, the pain increased from NPRS 7 ± 0.99 to 7 ± 1.05 (<i>p</i> = 0.009). There was no improvement in ankle ROM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DN effectively alleviated MTSS-associated pain in the short-term but was not effective in improving ankle ROM.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eman Embaby, Aya A Khalil, Abdallah Mansour, Hend A Hamdy
{"title":"The relationship between myofascial trigger points sensitivity, cervical postural abnormality, and clinical tension-type headache parameters.","authors":"Eman Embaby, Aya A Khalil, Abdallah Mansour, Hend A Hamdy","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2299186","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2299186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Myofascial Trigger Points (MTrPs) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Tension Type Headache (TTH). Abnormal cranio-cervical posture has been linked to various types of headaches. However, the correlation between MTrPs sensitivity, cervical postural alignment, and clinical measures of headache has not been extensively studied in patients with TTH.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the relationship between MTrPs sensitivity in cervical and pericranial muscles, cervical postural abnormality, and clinical headache parameters in patients with TTH. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of sex on the examined variables and their association with headache type (episodic vs chronic TTH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 72 patients with TTH of both sexes were enrolled in this study. Headache frequency and disability as clinical measures of headache, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of bilateral upper trapezius (UT) and suboccipital (SUB) muscles, cervical lordosis angle (CA), and anterior head translation (AHT) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pericranial MTrPs sensitivity did not demonstrate any correlation with clinical headache parameters or cervical postural abnormality. However, there was a significant correlation between the frequency of headaches and the level of disability (<i>r</i> = 0.32, <i>P</i> < 0.05). In addition, episodic TTH was more prevalent in females who exhibited greater AHT and MTrPs sensitivity of both bilateral UT and right SUB muscles than males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was no correlation found between the frequency of headaches and the level of disability with measures of cervical posture alignment or MTrPs sensitivity in individuals with TTH.. Based on findings, Clinicians should consider sex differences when assessing patients with TTH.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"390-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Riazi, Olena Klahsen, Merwa Al-Rasheed, Shawn M Beaudette, Stephen H M Brown
{"title":"Non-invasive assessment of sacroiliac joint and lumbar spine positioning in different unilateral sitting postures.","authors":"Sara Riazi, Olena Klahsen, Merwa Al-Rasheed, Shawn M Beaudette, Stephen H M Brown","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2273005","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2273005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) motion has been documented using invasive and noninvasive kinematic techniques. No study has explored SIJ angular positions in functional postures using noninvasive techniques. The purpose of this study was to quantify SIJ positioning among different seated postures in a healthy population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve female and 11 male healthy young participants participated. Left and right anterior and posterior superior iliac spines were manually digitized during standing, neutral sitting and four different seated postures. Rigid bodies recorded the kinematics of the lumbar spine. Angles calculated included transverse sacroiliac angle, innominate sagittal angle, sacral tilt, lumbar flexion-extension, lumbar lateral bend and lumbar axial twist.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The observed range of angular positions was approximately 3 to 4 degrees across the SIJ-related angles. The main effect of seated posture was observed for all angles measured. The main effect of sex was observed for all angles except lumbar lateral bending. Females consistently experienced more posterior sacral tilt than males. Interaction effects between sex and posture were only observed at the right-transverse sacroiliac angle and sacral tilt. Previous sitting posture affected the subsequent neutral sitting posture for the right-transverse sacroiliac angle and lumbar spine angle.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>SIJ angular position differences among the seated postures were similar in magnitude to motions previously reported in participants undergoing prone passive hip abduction and external rotation. Sex differences, including greater sacral posterior tilt observed in females, likely reflect underlying morphological and physiological differences. Future studies should explore SIJ positioning during functional tasks in pathological populations to help elucidate the underlying causes of SIJ pain and inform treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"446-456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abigail T Wilson, William J Hanney, Randi M Richardson, Sheila H Klausner, Joel E Bialosky
{"title":"Biopsychosocial contributors to irritability in individuals with shoulder or low back pain.","authors":"Abigail T Wilson, William J Hanney, Randi M Richardson, Sheila H Klausner, Joel E Bialosky","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2294679","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2294679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Irritability is a foundational clinical reasoning concept in rehabilitation to evaluate reactivity of the examination and treatment. While originally theorized to reflect tissue damage, a large body of evidence supports pain is a biopsychosocial experience impacted by pain sensitivity and psychological factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine biopsychosocial contributors to irritability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>40 patients with shoulder (<i>n</i> = 20) and low back (<i>n</i> = 20) pain underwent Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) (Pressure Pain Threshold, Heat Pain Threshold, Conditioned Pain Modulation, Temporal Summation), completed pain-related psychological questionnaires, an Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia protocol, and standardized irritability assessment based on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Participants were then categorized as irritable or not irritable based on Maitland's criteria and by irritability level based on Clinical Practice Guidelines. An independent samples t-test examined for differences in QST and psychological factors by irritability category. A MANOVA examined for differences in QST and psychological factors by irritability level (high, moderate, low).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly lower heat and pressure pain thresholds at multiple locations (<i>p</i> < 0.05), as well as less efficient conditioned pain modulation (<i>p</i> = 0.02), were demonstrated in individuals categorized as irritable. Heat and pressure pain thresholds were also significantly lower in patients with high irritability compared to other levels. Significantly higher depression and anger, as well as lower self-efficacy, were reported in individuals with an irritable presentation.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>Biopsychosocial factors, including widespread hyperalgesia and elevated psychological factors, may contribute to an irritable presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"400-411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138806031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Kuik, Darren Calley, Ryan Buus, John Hollman
{"title":"Beliefs and practice patterns of spinal thrust manipulation for mechanical low back pain of physical therapists in the state of Minnesota.","authors":"Matthew Kuik, Darren Calley, Ryan Buus, John Hollman","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2279821","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2279821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The primary purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and utilization of spinal thrust manipulation (STM) techniques of physical therapists who treat patients with low back pain (LBP) in the State of Minnesota. A secondary purpose was to investigate differences between physical therapists who perform STM and those who do not.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional design was utilized through the completion of an electronic survey. 74 respondents completed the survey. Descriptive measures were recorded as frequencies for categorical data or mean ± standard deviation for continuous data. For between-group comparisons, chi-square analyses were used for categorical items of nominal or ordinal data and t-tests were utilized for continuous data. The alpha level was set at <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>60.2% of respondents reported using STM when treating patients with LBP. 69.9% of respondents utilize a classification system. 76.7% of individuals answered correctly regarding the Minnesota State practice act. Of those who use STM, 81.8% utilize a Clinical Prediction Rule. Respondents who use STM were more likely to have a specialist certification (chi-square = 6.471, <i>p</i> = 0.011) and to have completed continuing education courses on manual therapy (chi-square = 4.736, <i>p</i> = 0.030).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusions: </strong>Physical therapists who perform STM are more likely to have a better understanding of their state practice act, be board certified, and have completed continuing education in manual therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"421-428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71522864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyle R Adams, William H Kolb, Mary Beth Geiser, Michelle Dolphin
{"title":"A novel model for developing thrust joint manipulation skills: a teaching and learning perspective.","authors":"Kyle R Adams, William H Kolb, Mary Beth Geiser, Michelle Dolphin","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2299184","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2299184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal and extremity thrust joint manipulation (TJM) has been shown to be an effective intervention when treating patients with various musculoskeletal conditions. Learning skilled TJM requires the proper execution of many discrete tasks. If any of these are missing, effectiveness and safety may be limited. While it is accepted that practice and feedback are important when physical therapists are learning clinical tasks, the best type of practice has not been identified for learning to perform TJM tasks. In this paper, we propose an educational model for instruction of joint manipulation that: 1) standardizes feedback terminology and 2) describes a core set of four discrete tasks (lift, drop, pull, and combination-rotation) that apply to most TJM tasks. The model includes instructing TJM tasks followed by identifying key errors related to the components of setup and thrust. Once these key errors have been identified, intentional practice activities are provided to address the noted positional and movement errors. Finally, reassessment is performed to determine if errors have diminished. This model is similar to the test-retest approach that is commonly used when treating patients. We hope this educational model will provide a framework for teaching TJM and will also foster future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"412-420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139425711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lance M Mabry, Aaron Keil, Brian A Young, Nicholas Reilly, Michael D Ross, Angela Spontelli Gisselman, Don Goss
{"title":"Physical therapist awareness of diagnostic imaging referral jurisdictional scope of practice: an observational study.","authors":"Lance M Mabry, Aaron Keil, Brian A Young, Nicholas Reilly, Michael D Ross, Angela Spontelli Gisselman, Don Goss","doi":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2296260","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10669817.2023.2296260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine physical therapist awareness and utilization of imaging referral privileges in the United States (US) and how it relates to direct access frequency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized survey data collected in 2020-2021 from US physical therapists. Subjects were asked about imaging referral jurisdictional authority in their state. Responses were analyzed for accuracy and compared to the level of jurisdictional authority and its impact on imaging referral. Analysis of imaging skills performance and imaging referral practices were compared to direct access frequency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 42.0% of physical therapists practicing in states that allow imaging referral were aware of this privilege. Those practicing where imaging referral was allowed via state legislation were significantly more likely (<i>p</i> < 0.01) to be aware of this privilege (71.4%) compared to those granted by the state board (25.2%). Those aware of their imaging referral scope were more likely (<i>p</i> < 0.01) to practice imaging referral (44.5%) compared to those who were unaware (3.2%). Direct access frequency was positively associated with imaging skill performance and imaging referral practice (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Doctors of Physical Therapy, residency/fellowship-trained physical therapists, and board-certified physical therapists all reported practicing greater frequency of direct access (<i>p</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>There is a striking lack of awareness of imaging privileges among physical therapists as influenced by the level of jurisdictional scope. These results suggest that the lack of awareness may have a dampening effect on diagnostic imaging referrals. The American Physical Therapy Association should consider engaging with state boards to raise imaging privilege awareness.</p>","PeriodicalId":47319,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"435-445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138832260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}